Bakgrund: Fysisk aktivitet är en viktig del för hälsan och det krävs flera olika fysiska och psykosociala förmågor för att vara fysiskt aktiv. Ridterapi kan påverka de olika förmågorna till fysisk aktivitet, både fysiskt och psykosocialt, dock är den vetenskapliga evidensen tvetydig. Ett sätt att stärka den evidensbaserade praktiken för ridterapi är att öka kunskapen om fysioterapeuters erfarenheter av hur ridterapi påverkar förmågan till fysisk aktivitet. Syfte: Att utforska fysioterapeuters erfarenheter av hur ridterapi kan påverka förmågan till fysisk aktivitet hos individer med permanent fysisk funktionsnedsättning i olika åldrar. Metod: En kvalitativ deskriptiv studie genomfördes med en induktiv ansats och en semistrukturerad intervjuguide användes. Ett ändamålsenligt bekvämlighetsurval användes, där sex fysioterapeuter från olika verksamheter rekryterades. Resultat: Analysen resulterade i sex underkategorier och tre kategorier. Kategoriernas namn var ”Påverkan på fysisk funktion”, ”Ger möjligheter till att vara aktiv på fritiden” och ”Förändrade tankar och känslor om rörelse”. Slutsats: Deltagarna erfar att ridterapi påverkar förmågor till fysisk aktivitet, utifrån ett bio-psyko-socialt perspektiv. Förmågor på individ- och omgivningsnivå var kroppskontroll, motivation, självförtroende, handikappanpassad anläggning och kuperad terräng. Resultatet bidrar till EBP genom att fylla kunskapsluckan gällande fysioterapeuternas erfarenheter inom området. / Background: Physical activity is an important part of health, and several different physical and psychosocial abilities are required to be physical active. Hippotherapy can affect the different abilities to physical activity, both physically and psychosocially, however, the scientific evidence is ambiguous. One way to strengthen the evidence-based practice for hippotherapy is to increase knowledge about physiotherapists' experiences of how hippotherapy affects the ability to do physical activity. Aim: To explore physiotherapists experience of how hippotherapy can affect the ability to be physical active in individuals with permanent physical disability at different ages. Method: A qualitative descriptive study was conducted with an inductive approach and a semi-structured interview guide. A purposeful convenience sample was used, where six physiotherapists from different practices were recruited.  Results: The analysis resulted in six subcategories and tree categories. The name of the categories was “effect on physical function”, “provides opportunities to be active in free time” and “changed thoughts and feelings about movement”.  Conclusion: The participants experienced that hippotherapy affects abilities for physical activity based on biopsychosocial perspective. Abilities at the individual and environment level were body control, motivation, self-confidence, disabled facilities and hilly terrain. The result contributes to EBP by filling the knowledge gap regarding physiotherapists' experiences in the field.

Bakgrund: Stigmatisering har påtagliga negativa konsekvenser för individer inom autismspektrumtillstånd (AST). De har ett beteende som stämplas som normbrytande eftersom de inte följer de sociala normerna. Det gör att individer inom AST blir exkluderade, stämplade och diskriminerade för att de beter sig annorlunda, jämförelsevis med en “neurotypisk”, en individ utan diagnos inom AST. Dessa negativa stämplar och stereotyper från omgivningen gör att individer inom AST har högre risk att få en psykisk ohälsa än de “neurotypiska” och de hamnar i att stigmatisera sig själva, d.v.s. självstigmatisering. Syftet: Syftet är att ta reda på vilken kunskap som finns kring stigmatiseringsprocessen och stigmatiseringens konsekvenser. Metod: Jag har använt mig av en scoping study för att kartlägga den forskning som har gjorts kring stigmatiseringens konsekvenser för individer inom AST. Resultat: Stigmatisering har negativa konsekvenser för individer inom AST. Deras livsvillkor försämras när de blir stigmatiserade och lever i större utsatthet för exkludering på arbetsmarknaden, bostadsmarknaden, inom vården, ekonomisk utsatthet och socialt utanförskap. De lägger stor vikt på att kamouflera sig i sociala sammanhang vilket ökar risken för utmattning och psykisk ohälsa. Genom kamouflering bidrar det till instabil identitet och lägre självkänsla. Den instabila identiteten medför en sämre självbild och försöker istället att uppfylla de stereotyper som finns kring AST. / Background: Stigmatization has tangible negative consequences for individuals with autism spectrum conditions (AST). They have behavior that is labeled as norm-breaking because they do not follow the social norms. This means that individuals within AST are excluded, labeled and discriminated against because they behave differently, compared to a "neurotypical", an individual without a diagnosis within AST. These negative labels and stereotypes from the environment mean that individuals within AST have a higher risk of getting a mental illness than the "neurotypical" and they end up stigmatizing themselves, i.e. self-stigmatization. The purpose: The purpose is to find out what knowledge exists about the stigmatization process and the consequences of stigmatization. Method: I have used a scoping study to map the research that has been done around the consequences of stigma for individuals within AST. Results: Stigmatization has negative consequences for individuals within AST. Their living conditions deteriorate when they become stigmatized and live in greater vulnerability to exclusion in the labor market, the housing market, in healthcare, economic vulnerability and social exclusion. They place great emphasis on camouflaging themselves in social contexts, which increases the risk of exhaustion and mental illness. Through camouflage, it contributes to a disturbed identity and lower self-esteem. The identity disturbance leads to a worse self-image and instead tries to fulfill the stereotypes that exist around AST.

Introduction: There has been a continuous development of new technologies in healthcare that are derived from national quality registries. However, this innovation needs to be translated into the workflow of healthcare delivery, to enable children with long-term conditions to get the best support possible to manage their health during everyday life. Since children living with long-term conditions experience different interference levels in their lives, healthcare professionals need to assess the impact of care on children’s day-to-day lives, as a complement to biomedical assessments. Aim: The overall aim of this thesis was to explore and describe the use of instruments about health-related quality of life (HRQOL) in outpatient care for children with long-term conditions on the basis of a national quality registry system. Methods: The research was conducted by using comparative, cross-sectional and explorative designs and data collection was performed by using different methods. The questionnaire DISABKIDS Chronic Generic Measure -37 was used as well as semi-structured interviews and video-recordings from consultations. Altogether, 156 children (8–18 years) and nine healthcare professionals participated in the studies. Children with Type 1 Diabetes (T1D) (n 131) answered the questionnaire DISABKIDS and children with rheumatic diseases, kidney diseases and T1D (n 25) were interviewed after their consultation at the outpatient clinic after the web-DISABKIDS had been used. In total, nine healthcare professionals used the HRQOL instrument as an assessment tool during the encounters which was video-recorded (n 21). Quantitative deductive content analysis was used to describe content in different HRQOL instruments. Statistical inference was used to analyse results from DISABKIDS and qualitative content analysis was used to analyse the interviews and video-recordings. Results: The findings showed that based on a biopsychosocial perspective, both generic and disease-specific instruments should be used to gain a comprehensive evaluation of the child’s HRQOL. The DISABKIDS instrument is applicable when describing different aspects of health concerning children with T1D. When DISABKIDS was used in the encounters, children expressed positive experiences about sharing their results with the healthcare professional. It was discovered that different approaches led to different outcomes for the child when the healthcare professionals were using DISABKIDS during the encounter. When an instructing approach is used, the child’s ability to learn more about their health and how to improve their health is limited. When an inviting or engaging approach is used by the professional, the child may become more involved during the conversations. Conclusions: It could be argued that instruments of HRQOL could be used as a complement to biomedical variables, to promote a biopsychosocial perspective on the child’s health. According to the children in this thesis, feedback on their results after answering to web-DISABKIDS is important, which implies that healthcare professionals need to prioritize time for discussions about results from HRQOL instruments in the encounters. If healthcare professionals involve the child in the discussion of the results of the HRQOL, misinterpreted answers could be corrected during the conversation. Concurrently, this claims that healthcare professionals invite and engage the child.