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Previous research on grandparents as kinship care providers demonstrated that grandparents are confronted with both challenges and rewards. Using qualitative research methods, I examined the lives of 35 black aunts who served as kinship care providers for nieces and nephews. I found that grandparents and aunts experienced increased time demands, financial burdens, and family stress. However, this study demonstrated that aunts’ experiences differ from grandparents’, due to the younger age of aunts and the fact that aunts are of the same generation as the biological parents. Moreover, I found that aunting, or the care and nurture of children by aunts and great-aunts, is gendered and invisible work that, at the most basic level, salvages children’s lives. Salvaging children’s lives involved three non-linear stages: making the decision to become a kinship care provider, transitioning from aunting to parenting, and parenting nieces and nephews. I utilized a synthesis of symbolic interactionism and black feminist thought as a theoretical framework that examines how the meanings that black women attach to family influence their definitions of self and affect their decisions to act on behalf of family members. These findings extend the research on black women’s lives and on kinship care within black families. I used a narrative style that allows the respondents’ voices to be heard, as these are their stories. I offer suggestions for future research, as well as outline a number of policy and theoretical implications. This research is important because black children are disproportionately represented within the child welfare system. If interventions and policies are to influence other black women or black men to accept responsibility for many of the most at-risk children in their families and neighborhoods, research must explore and report the challenges, sacrifices, costs, and rewards of becoming kinship care providers within black families.

Doctor of Philosophy / Ethnic Racial Socialization (ERS) is the process Black parents utilize to convey attitudes and beliefs about the meaning of race and ethnicity, teach their children what it means to be an ethnic/racial minority and equip their children with the skills to cope with racial discrimination (Neblett, Cooper, Banks, et. al, 2013). This process includes culture specific messages, artifacts and modeled behavior that provide a toolbox of which Black children can pull from when enduring racial experiences. Research suggests ERS has the ability to act as a protective factor against negative outcomes, such as low self-esteem, anxiety and depression among minority children (Reynold and Gonzales-Backen, 2017). In this study, I examined how particular experiences influence how Black fathers engage in ERS. This qualitative study explored how Black fathers' race-related social experiences shape their ERS processes through semi-structured interviewing. This study was informed by Critical Race Theory and Extended Family Systems Theory. Grounded Theory methodology was utilized. In this study, I aimed to address the following overarching research question: How do Black fathers' social experiences shape the way they engage in ERS with their children? Twenty-two participants from fifteen states and the District of Columbia participated in this study. The data from this study suggests that fathers' race-related social experiences regarding racism and discrimination shapes their worldviews. In turn, fathers' worldviews influence the messages transmitted to their children about living in a racially charged environment. Results from this study indicate a need to examine family processes in Black families within a context where race and racism have a more central role (James, Fine, and Rudy, 2018). Through the emphasis of Black fathers' situated context, this research highlights the social context of fathers with differing experiences and worldviews that all contribute to the ERS process. This research has implications for the field and implications for families and practitioners who work with children and families.

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Submitted by Maike Costa (maiksebas@gmail.com) on 2016-04-05T12:05:09Z No. of bitstreams: 1 arquivo total.pdf: 2262834 bytes, checksum: 0e24a6e1103d200acff727bae9e6108c (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-05T12:05:09Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 arquivo total.pdf: 2262834 bytes, checksum: 0e24a6e1103d200acff727bae9e6108c (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-03-26 / In this text discussed the formation of black families and relations of cronyism established by enslaved the Freguesia de Nossa Senhora dos Milagres, located in the current city of the São João do Cariri, located in the Paraiba cariri, between the years 1850 and 1872. To this end was made study of the Vila Real de São João do Cariri analyzing the presence of the enslaved population in this locality, in order to understand the relationships of solidarity established from the ritual ties of marriage and spiritual kinship. The proposed discussion is based on the Social History, whose research focus the enslaved, using the concept of experience proposed by Thompson. For the construction of the narrative of the nineteenth century period was essential to use the ecclesiastical documents, such as baptism and death seats; the notary records as inventories of Province of President reports and the 1st Brazilian Population Census of 1872. With the passing of these sources show the importance of slavery within Paraiba, especially in Cariri, thus we highlight the Vila de São João do Cariri economy in the imperial period, driven by livestock and by the enslaved presence in this region. These slaves constituted families (parent or nuclear) and established crony relationships with people higher in the social hierarchy and often relatives of their masters. We note the various causes of the deaths of the captives too, the site of his burial, and the clothes that used to be buried. This study is linked to the Research Line Regional History, and helps to extend our knowledge of the history of enslaved and freed in nineteenth century of Brazil. / No presente texto discutimos a formação de famílias negras e as relações de compadrio estabelecidas pelos escravizados da Freguesia de Nossa Senhora dos Milagres, localizado no atual município de São João do Cariri, situado no cariri paraibano, entre os anos de 1850 e 1872. Para tanto foi feito um estudo da Vila Real de São João do Cariri analisando a presença da população escravizada nesta localidade, a fim de compreendermos as relações de solidariedade estabelecidas a partir dos laços ritualísticos do matrimônio e das relações de parentesco espiritual. A discussão proposta se fundamenta na História Social, que tem como foco de pesquisa os escravizados, utilizando-se do conceito de experiência proposto por Thompson. Para a construção da narrativa sobre o período oitocentista foi indispensável a utilização dos documentos eclesiásticos, como os assentos de batismo e óbito; os registros cartoriais como inventários, os relatórios de Presidente de Província e o 1º Censo da População Brasileira de 1872. Com o cruzamento destas fontes mostramos a importância da escravidão no interior paraibano, especialmente no Cariri, com isso destacamos a economia da Vila de São João do Cariri no período imperial, impulsionada pela pecuária e pela presença do escravizado nesta região. Estes cativos constituíram famílias (monoparentais ou nucleares) e estabeleceram relações de compadrio com pessoas mais elevadas na hierarquia social e muitas vezes familiares de seus senhores. Também ressaltamos as diversas causas das mortes dos cativos, o local de seus sepultamentos e a roupa que usavam para serem enterrados. Este trabalho vincula-se a Linha de Pesquisa História Regional, e contribui para ampliar nossos conhecimentos sobre a história de escravizados e libertos no Brasil Oitocentista.

Abstract Domestic minor sex trafficking in the United States is a human rights issue and social problem affecting over 300,000 children ages 12-17, 43% of whom are African American girls. This survey was an exploration of domestic minor sex trafficking knowledge among African American parents and their protective strategies to prevent victimization. Ecological systems theory provided a conceptual framework to examine the environmental factors shaping parental knowledge. The sample consisted of 2 Southern California African American churches (n = 38, n = 32) that served different socioeconomic groups. The African American Sex Trafficking Knowledge survey was researcher designed and pretested by 7 police colleagues. The qualitative data analysis provided sample demographic specifics and associated themes on their knowledge and strategy. Both had basic information about minor sex trafficking, but were unaware of its presence in their communities or the availability of local resources, if needed. Parents believed their children became insulated from victimization because they engaged in protective measures. The social change implications included building and coordinating resources in African American communities with the goal of reducing the high victimization rate of African American children. African American churches as family resource centers could facilitate meaningful parent-child dialogues about sex trafficking. This partnership could initiate innovative preventive programs with community organizations. The outcome could be a model for creating effective culturally-sensitive prevention programs for not only African American families, but also other vulnerable groups.

Esta tese investiga a produção, a guarda e a circulação de imagens fotográficas de habitantes negros na cidade de Porto Alegre, RS, através de uma pesquisa etnográfica junto a famílias negras e seus acervos fotográficos particulares, bem como de uma leitura interpretativa das fotografias que apóiam uma história visual urbana desta população em acervos públicos e institucionais. Discuto o problema das representações fotográficas em torno de uma memória de famílias negras no contexto urbano em Porto Alegre, tendo em vista os diferentes contextos históricos e sócio-culturais envolvidos na produção destas imagens. Com base na pesquisa etnográfica de projetos de documentação fotográfica de habitantes negros na cidade em contextos familiares e afro-religiosos, apresento as práticas destes moradores associadas à fotografia e à constituição de imagens de si, e de modo particular, as imagens narradas por estes habitantes na observação de seus acervos particulares. Discuto a trama das políticas culturais problematizando as diferentes dimensões éticas implicadas na execução de tais projetos, apresentando, à luz de uma antropologia visual compartilhada, a construção das fotografias produzidas durante a pesquisa e as negociações que pontuaram os consentimentos em torno de retratos familiares e afro-religiosos. A partir da convergência de temas como cultura, memória, imagem e etnicidade nas agendas políticas nacionais e internacionais, discuto a preocupação contemporânea da antropologia sobre as formas imagéticas que expressam valores de memória, os quais passam a ingressar em uma arena política. / This thesis investigates the production, circulation and safekeeping of photographic images of Black residents from the city of Porto Alegre, RS, through an ethnographic research with black families and their private photographic collections as well as an interpretative reading of the photographs that support a visual history of this urban population in public and institutional collections. I discuss the problem of photographic representations surrounding the memories of black families in the urban context of Porto Alegre, in view of the diverse historical and socio-cultural contexts involved in the production of these images. Based on ethnographic research from photographic documentation projects of black residents from the city in both familiar and afro-religious contexts, I present the practices of these residents associated with the photography and the constitution of self-images, and, in particular, the images narrated by these inhabitants in the observations of their private collections.I discuss the weaving of cultural policies by problematizing the different ethical dimensions involved in the implementation of such projects, presenting then, in light of a shared visual anthropology, the construction of the photographs produced during the research and the negotiations that punctuated the consents around both Afro-religious and family portraits. From the convergence of themes such as culture, memory, image and ethnicity in the national and international political agendas, it is discussed the concern of anthropology over the imagistic forms that express memory values, which are now entering a political arena.

Esta tese investiga a produção, a guarda e a circulação de imagens fotográficas de habitantes negros na cidade de Porto Alegre, RS, através de uma pesquisa etnográfica junto a famílias negras e seus acervos fotográficos particulares, bem como de uma leitura interpretativa das fotografias que apóiam uma história visual urbana desta população em acervos públicos e institucionais. Discuto o problema das representações fotográficas em torno de uma memória de famílias negras no contexto urbano em Porto Alegre, tendo em vista os diferentes contextos históricos e sócio-culturais envolvidos na produção destas imagens. Com base na pesquisa etnográfica de projetos de documentação fotográfica de habitantes negros na cidade em contextos familiares e afro-religiosos, apresento as práticas destes moradores associadas à fotografia e à constituição de imagens de si, e de modo particular, as imagens narradas por estes habitantes na observação de seus acervos particulares. Discuto a trama das políticas culturais problematizando as diferentes dimensões éticas implicadas na execução de tais projetos, apresentando, à luz de uma antropologia visual compartilhada, a construção das fotografias produzidas durante a pesquisa e as negociações que pontuaram os consentimentos em torno de retratos familiares e afro-religiosos. A partir da convergência de temas como cultura, memória, imagem e etnicidade nas agendas políticas nacionais e internacionais, discuto a preocupação contemporânea da antropologia sobre as formas imagéticas que expressam valores de memória, os quais passam a ingressar em uma arena política. / This thesis investigates the production, circulation and safekeeping of photographic images of Black residents from the city of Porto Alegre, RS, through an ethnographic research with black families and their private photographic collections as well as an interpretative reading of the photographs that support a visual history of this urban population in public and institutional collections. I discuss the problem of photographic representations surrounding the memories of black families in the urban context of Porto Alegre, in view of the diverse historical and socio-cultural contexts involved in the production of these images. Based on ethnographic research from photographic documentation projects of black residents from the city in both familiar and afro-religious contexts, I present the practices of these residents associated with the photography and the constitution of self-images, and, in particular, the images narrated by these inhabitants in the observations of their private collections.I discuss the weaving of cultural policies by problematizing the different ethical dimensions involved in the implementation of such projects, presenting then, in light of a shared visual anthropology, the construction of the photographs produced during the research and the negotiations that punctuated the consents around both Afro-religious and family portraits. From the convergence of themes such as culture, memory, image and ethnicity in the national and international political agendas, it is discussed the concern of anthropology over the imagistic forms that express memory values, which are now entering a political arena.

Esta tese investiga a produção, a guarda e a circulação de imagens fotográficas de habitantes negros na cidade de Porto Alegre, RS, através de uma pesquisa etnográfica junto a famílias negras e seus acervos fotográficos particulares, bem como de uma leitura interpretativa das fotografias que apóiam uma história visual urbana desta população em acervos públicos e institucionais. Discuto o problema das representações fotográficas em torno de uma memória de famílias negras no contexto urbano em Porto Alegre, tendo em vista os diferentes contextos históricos e sócio-culturais envolvidos na produção destas imagens. Com base na pesquisa etnográfica de projetos de documentação fotográfica de habitantes negros na cidade em contextos familiares e afro-religiosos, apresento as práticas destes moradores associadas à fotografia e à constituição de imagens de si, e de modo particular, as imagens narradas por estes habitantes na observação de seus acervos particulares. Discuto a trama das políticas culturais problematizando as diferentes dimensões éticas implicadas na execução de tais projetos, apresentando, à luz de uma antropologia visual compartilhada, a construção das fotografias produzidas durante a pesquisa e as negociações que pontuaram os consentimentos em torno de retratos familiares e afro-religiosos. A partir da convergência de temas como cultura, memória, imagem e etnicidade nas agendas políticas nacionais e internacionais, discuto a preocupação contemporânea da antropologia sobre as formas imagéticas que expressam valores de memória, os quais passam a ingressar em uma arena política. / This thesis investigates the production, circulation and safekeeping of photographic images of Black residents from the city of Porto Alegre, RS, through an ethnographic research with black families and their private photographic collections as well as an interpretative reading of the photographs that support a visual history of this urban population in public and institutional collections. I discuss the problem of photographic representations surrounding the memories of black families in the urban context of Porto Alegre, in view of the diverse historical and socio-cultural contexts involved in the production of these images. Based on ethnographic research from photographic documentation projects of black residents from the city in both familiar and afro-religious contexts, I present the practices of these residents associated with the photography and the constitution of self-images, and, in particular, the images narrated by these inhabitants in the observations of their private collections.I discuss the weaving of cultural policies by problematizing the different ethical dimensions involved in the implementation of such projects, presenting then, in light of a shared visual anthropology, the construction of the photographs produced during the research and the negotiations that punctuated the consents around both Afro-religious and family portraits. From the convergence of themes such as culture, memory, image and ethnicity in the national and international political agendas, it is discussed the concern of anthropology over the imagistic forms that express memory values, which are now entering a political arena.