Yes / The World Health Organization (WHO) recommends 100% blood should be from voluntary non-remunerated donors (VNRD) yet the majority of blood donations (75%) in Barbados are family/replacement donations. Increasing VNRD is paramount to achieving a safe, reliable blood supply and understanding the population is a strategy suggested by the WHO to inform donor recruitment and education. To obtain information to devise strategies for a voluntary donor mobilization campaign in Barbados. Methods: Participants in Barbados (n=429) completed a self-administered questionnaire in 2014. The questionnaire comprised 31 questions including demographics (age, sex, highest educational attainment) and blood donation-related knowledge, attitudes and practices. Analysis of variance, t-test and linear regression were used to analyse data. Results: Fifty-three per cent (n=219) of participants had previously donated blood; only 23.9% of these had donated within the past two years and almost half were family/replacement donors only. Knowledge deficits included blood donation requirements, deferral factors and maximum yearly donations. Most participants (79%) were willing to donate with more information. Participants with higher educational attainment and previous donors had higher total knowledge and attitude scores (p<0.01). Single, female, and younger participants were less likely to donate blood (p<0.05). Conclusion: Barbados can likely increase voluntary blood donation rates by addressing knowledge deficits through education campaigns and increasing awareness of the need for donation.

A escala Blood Donation Reactions Inventory (BDRI) foi originalmente proposta por Meade et al. (1996) como parte de um estudo dos preditores psicológicos de reações em doadores voluntários. É composta por 11 itens respondidos pelo doador, cada um correspondendo a uma reação ou sensação referente à doação de sangue mais recente. Na literatura, a escala BDRI é associada à probabilidade de retorno de doadores de sangue, o que sugere que o instrumento é uma ferramenta efetiva para predizer se um doador realizará novas doações. O objetivo do presente estudo é traduzir para a língua portuguesa o BDRI e estudar a confiabilidade e consistência interna desta versão traduzida, bem como sua validade de critério e de constructo. O BDRI traduzido apresentou CVI superior a 80% em todos os itens e razoável consistência interna, além de mostrar que grande parte dos doadores que apresentaram pelo menos um sintoma eram primodoadores (42%) e que mais mulheres (32%) que homens (20%) relataram algum sintoma. Concluímos que os objetivos do trabalho de traduzir para a língua portuguesa e validar o BDRI foram atingidos. Esta pesquisa traz para a língua e cultura brasileiras um instrumento útil em pesquisas na área de hemoterapia. / The Blood Donation Reactions Inventory ( BDRI ) was originally proposed by Meade et al . (1996) as part of a study of the predictors of psychological reactions volunteer donors. It consists of 11 items answered by the donor , each corresponding to a reaction or feeling related to blood donation lately. In the literature , the scale BDRI is associated with the probability of return of blood donors , suggesting that the instrument is an effective tool to predicting whether a donor will carry out further donations . The aim of this study is to translate into Portuguese languagethe BDRI and study the reliability and internal consistency of this translated version, as well as its criteria validity and construct validity. The translated BDRI showed CVI more than 80 % on all items and reasonable internal consistency and showed that most of the donors who had at least one symptom were donating blood for the first time (42%), beyond showing that women reported more symptoms (32%) than men (20%). We conclude that the objectives of the work to translate into Portuguese and validate BDRI been achieved. This research brings to the Brazilian language and culture a useful tool for research in hematology.

A escala Blood Donation Reactions Inventory (BDRI) foi originalmente proposta por Meade et al. (1996) como parte de um estudo dos preditores psicológicos de reações em doadores voluntários. É composta por 11 itens respondidos pelo doador, cada um correspondendo a uma reação ou sensação referente à doação de sangue mais recente. Na literatura, a escala BDRI é associada à probabilidade de retorno de doadores de sangue, o que sugere que o instrumento é uma ferramenta efetiva para predizer se um doador realizará novas doações. O objetivo do presente estudo é traduzir para a língua portuguesa o BDRI e estudar a confiabilidade e consistência interna desta versão traduzida, bem como sua validade de critério e de constructo. O BDRI traduzido apresentou CVI superior a 80% em todos os itens e razoável consistência interna, além de mostrar que grande parte dos doadores que apresentaram pelo menos um sintoma eram primodoadores (42%) e que mais mulheres (32%) que homens (20%) relataram algum sintoma. Concluímos que os objetivos do trabalho de traduzir para a língua portuguesa e validar o BDRI foram atingidos. Esta pesquisa traz para a língua e cultura brasileiras um instrumento útil em pesquisas na área de hemoterapia. / The Blood Donation Reactions Inventory ( BDRI ) was originally proposed by Meade et al . (1996) as part of a study of the predictors of psychological reactions volunteer donors. It consists of 11 items answered by the donor , each corresponding to a reaction or feeling related to blood donation lately. In the literature , the scale BDRI is associated with the probability of return of blood donors , suggesting that the instrument is an effective tool to predicting whether a donor will carry out further donations . The aim of this study is to translate into Portuguese languagethe BDRI and study the reliability and internal consistency of this translated version, as well as its criteria validity and construct validity. The translated BDRI showed CVI more than 80 % on all items and reasonable internal consistency and showed that most of the donors who had at least one symptom were donating blood for the first time (42%), beyond showing that women reported more symptoms (32%) than men (20%). We conclude that the objectives of the work to translate into Portuguese and validate BDRI been achieved. This research brings to the Brazilian language and culture a useful tool for research in hematology.

A continuous need for blood products, specifically for those who require frequent transfusions, such as individuals with sickle cell disease, warrants the need for targeted interventions to increase blood donations from underrepresented populations. One population in particular, African Americans, only account for 1% of blood donors in the United States. Literature indicates numerous reasons why this population is underrepresented amongst donors, including fear, lack of knowledge about the blood donation, and specific to this population, lack of trust in the medical community. This study involves the development, implementation, and assessment of a targeted educational approach, incorporating the Theory of Planned Behavior and various teaching methods, to motivate African Americans non-donors to attempt to donate blood. Participants attended a 1-hour educational session where they completed two surveys, one before the session and one directly after. A third survey was completed 2 months after the session. Of the 155 individuals enrolled in the study, 142 subjects were included in the data analysis. Sixteen percent of the study participants presented to donate as a result of attending the educational session. This resulted in a statistically significantly higher proportion of African Americans presenting to donate than the current proportion in Virginia. Analysis of results from the first two surveys indicated that subjective norm and attitude were significant predictors of one’s intent to donate blood, while perceived behavioral control was not a factor. The educational session increased survey scores related to intent to donate in comparison to scores obtained prior to the session. While this study resulted in a significant proportion of new donors, there is still a need for interventions that will focus specifically on changing attitudes toward blood donation and a need for methods to motivate African Americans to educate individuals in the community on the importance of becoming blood donors.

In this thesis, I explore the African, Caribbean, and Black communities— as it pertains directly to the Black racial classification— and their place within the Canadian blood donation system. The aim is to explore the ways in which the legacy of risk, the Black racial classification, pathology, and associations with disease may be manifested in donation policies and procedures (current and retired). Precisely, my interest lies in the subtle and diffuse ways in which Negrophobia (and its variant racism) survive in blood donation in spite of putative efforts to neutralize it. I undertook this study with the aim to fill a noticeable gap in the literature, by providing knowledge on the ways in which racial stereotypes can be disseminated discursively through institutionalized health policies. As data sources, I used explicitly publicly accessible national (and international) document materials on blood donation. With a critical discourse analysis methodology, the evidence presented demonstrate that under the guise of value-freedom, blood donation guidelines have the ability to reinforce dangerous assumptions providing a rationale for Negrophobic beliefs, behaviours and policies within the blood system. Studying blood donation in this manner offers evidence for the ways in which health institutions continue to treat Black populations based on racial stereotypes. This exceptional attention to the Black racial classification in blood donation provides important insights into the understanding of the lasting and plagued relationship that Black peoples have had with the scientific community, illustrating that institutionalized Negrophobia may remain imbedded despite decades of sociopolitical and medical progress.

As transfusões sanguíneas constituem-se uma ferramenta indispensável na prática médica atual, sendo a captação e retenção de doadores uma preocupação de todo serviço hemoterápico, assim como a segurança dos doadores e receptores. Neste sentido, a educação prévia à doação de sangue exerce papel fundamental, sendo etapa obrigatória no processo de doação. Um doador bem orientado significa menor risco transfusional e maior probabilidade de retorno. Este trabalho descreve a elaboração e aplicação de um vídeo contendo informações necessárias à conscientização prévia à doação de sangue. Após o levantamento das necessidades de conteúdo, através da legislação, literatura e de grupo focal com doadores, produziu-se um vídeo que foi apresentado previamente à doação. Foram incluídos 500 doadores no grupo conscientizado com o vídeo e 500 no grupo controle, conscientizados com palestras, conforme rotina do serviço, sendo 25% de primeira vez e 75% de retorno. Após a doação, os doadores responderam a um questionário para avaliação dos conhecimentos adquiridos e os grupos foram comparados entre si. Responderam ao questionário 118 e 121 doadores de primeira vez e 375 e 345 de retorno, nos grupo do vídeo e controle, respectivamente. A distribuição dos doadores entre os grupos foi homogênea, não variando em relação a faixas etárias, gênero, escolaridade, número de comparecimentos e motivação para a doação. Quanto à nota obtida no questionário, foi significativamente superior para o grupo do vídeo em relação ao controle, marcadamente ente os doadores de primeira vez. Dentre as faixas etárias analisadas, foi inferior para a faixa etária maior de 50 anos. Os doadores de primeira vez tiveram notas inferiores em relação aos de retorno. A apresentação do vídeo não interferiu nas taxas de inaptidão clínica à doação, de situação de risco para doenças transmissíveis, de reações vasovagais, nem nos resultados sorológicos, sendo semelhantes ao grupo controle. A satisfação geral com o atendimento, medida através de instrumento padrão do serviço, foi superior no grupo do vídeo em relação ao grupo controle. Conclui-se que a ferramenta audiovisual é adequada à informação e educação dos doadores de sangue antes da efetivação da mesma, sendo de especial interesse para os doadores de primeira vez, gerando maior satisfação com o atendimento. / Blood Transfusions are an essential tool in the current medical practice, in which the capture and retention of donors is a concern of every hemotherapy service, as well as the safety of both, the donors and the receptors. Therefore, prior education to blood donation has a fundamental role for being a compulsory stage in the donation process. A well-targeted donor means less transfusion risk and more probability of return. This work describes the development and implementation of a video containing information necessary for prior awareness regarding to blood donation. After collecting data about the need of content, through the legislation, literature and focus group with donors, it was produced a video which was presented before the donation. There were 500 donors included in the group aware of the video and 500 in the control group, conscious with speeches, according to the service routine, being 25% of first time and 75% of regular donors. After the donation, the donors answered a questionnaire to evaluate the knowledge gained and the groups compared with each other. Donors from video and control group answered the questionnaire: 118 and 121 of the first time donors, and 375 and 345 regular donors, respectively. The distribution of donors among the groups was homogeneous, not varying according to age, gender, schooling, number of attendances and motivation for donation. Regarding the score of the questionnaire, it was significantly higher in the video group compared to the control group, especially for first time donors. It was lower for people over 50 years old related to the other ages, and for first time donors, related to the regular ones. The video presentation did not interfer in rates such as clinical deferral to donation, the situation of risk for communicable diseases, vasovagal reactions, not even in serological results, being similar to the control group. The general satisfaction with the attendance, which was measured through a service standard instrument, was higher in the video group compared to the control group. In conclusion, the audiovisual tool is suitable to the information and education of the blood donors before the completion of it, being of a special interest to all first time donors, generating greater satisfaction with the attendance.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-26T20:21:18Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Jayme Walmer de Freitas.pdf: 831562 bytes, checksum: 7dc958147212ebe4d8a9a4b415089e15 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-10-22 / This paper aims at providing guidelines for secure framework of blood donation as a punishment involving the social alternative service rendering. As of the Federal Constitution in 1988, donating blood has become a logo for many, as a way of rendering services to the community or to public entities. However, the Supreme Court has ruled to the contrary and the doctrine has adhered to such interpretation. This paper incorporates blood donation, as in the donation of food baskets, not to the list of typical restrictive penalties, but to the unnamed alternative penalties provided for in article 45, paragraph 2, of the penal law. It starts from the premise that it cannot be imposed by a final verdict of guilty, but it is the result of an agreement, of a consensus, in minor and middle potential offense infractions. For its suitability to the suggested model, it is required two or more proposals &#61485; one containing blood donation &#61485; so the perpetrator or defendant, accompanied by his/her lawyer, exercises his/her option, respecting his/her individuality / O presente trabalho tem por fim oferecer diretrizes seguras de enquadramento da doação de sangue como prestação social alternativa. Desde a vigência da Constituição Federal, em 1988, a doação de sangue tornou-se bandeira para muitos como modalidade de prestação de serviços à comunidade ou a entidades públicas. Porém, o Supremo Tribunal Federal decidiu em sentido contrário e a doutrina seguiu a interpretação dada. Este trabalho enquadra a doação de sangue, a exemplo da doação de cestas básicas, não no rol das penas restritivas típicas, mas sim no das penas alternativas inominadas previstas no artigo 45, parágrafo 2º, do diploma penal. Parte-se da premissa que não pode ser imposta por sentença condenatória, mas fruto de acordo, de consenso, nas infrações de menor e médio potencial ofensivo. Para sua adequação ao modelo sugerido, exige-se que o acusador ofereça duas ou mais propostas uma delas contendo a doação de sangue , para que o autor do fato ou réu, acompanhado de seu advogado, exerça sua opção, respeitando-se sua individualidade

« Tout a ou bien un prix ou bien une dignité. On peut remplacer ce qui a un prix par un équivalent. En revanche, ce qui n’a pas de prix et donc pas d’équivalent, c’est ce qui possède une dignité». L’utilisation de la norme juridique comme fondement du principe de gratuité du don de sang ne répond pas à la question de savoir quel est le statut juridique du sang. Notre analyse rétrospective sur les prémices de la rémunération du don de sang permet de constater les carences juridiques relatives aux rapports dialectiques entre les personnes impliquées au don de sang. Notre réflexion consiste à démontrer en quoi le principe de gratuité du don de sang recommandé par le Conseil de l’Europe se légitime eu égard à l’objectif d’autosuffisance. Notre étude franco-allemande appréhende le principe de gratuité soumis aux enjeux antagonistes que soulève le don de sang. L’exigence de cette analyse juridique implique de tenir compte des facteurs pluridimensionnels d’ordre culturel, social, scientifique, économique. Le principe de gratuité révèle l’expression d’un choix « politico-juridique » et d’un juste arbitrage dans la hiérarchisation des valeurs et des priorités, plutôt que l’existence d’un statut juridique propre au produit sanguin.Nietzsche exposait déjà l’indissoluble dilemme car « dans l’éloge de la vertu on n’a jamais été bien désintéressé, on n’a jamais été bien altruiste». Nous démontrons l’intérêt de penser une certaine « médiété » entre les considérations éthiques très prononcées en France et les considérations industrielles et commerciales, capitales en Allemagne. De nouveaux aménagements juridiques ont ainsi été suggérés dans le cadre d’une alliance. / «Everything has either a price or a dignity.We can replace what has a price by an equivalent.On the other hand, the one which has no price, and therefore no equivalent, is the one which has a dignity.»Using the legal standard as the basis of the principle of free blood donation does not answer the question of what is the legal status of blood.However after a retrospective analysis of the beginnings of the remuneration of blood donation, the legal deficiencies on dialectical relationship between the people involved in the therapeutic use of blood donation are highlighted.Thus our discussion is to demonstrate how the principle of free blood donation recommended by the Council of Europe member states is legitimate in view of the goal of self-sufficiency.Our franco-german comparative study captures the principle of gratuity subject to conflicting issues raised by blood donation.To identify the requirements of the legal analysis, the multidimensional economic, cultural, social, scientific factors must consubstantially be taken into account.The principle of gratuity reveals the expression of a «political and legal» choice and arbitration in the hierarchy of values and priorities, rather than the existence of a legal status specific to blood product.Nietzsche had already outlined the indissoluble dilemma as «in the praise of virtue, people have never been very disinterested, they have never been good altruists.»We demonstrate the benefit of thinking a kind of «mediatedness» between the highly pronounced ethical considerations in France, and the industrial and commercial considerations, capital in Germany.New legal arrangements have been suggested within a franco-german alliance.

Introdução: A doação de plaquetas por aférese é um método de coleta que vem aumentando em relevância. Sabe-se que esta técnica apresenta inúmeras vantagens em comparação à doação de sangue total. Observamos que há uma preocupação na qualidade dos hemocomponentes enviados ao paciente, no entanto, não se observam muitas pesquisas em busca do cuidado com o doador. Órgãos como o Food and Drug Administration (FDA) já publicaram normas mais restritivas em relação à doação de plaquetas por aférese, pois pesquisas apontaram uma diminuição de algumas células e proteínas do sistema imunológico em doadores de repetição. Objetivos: Analisar doadores de plaquetas de repetição quanto a parâmetros hematimétricos e quantificação de subpopulações linfocitárias comparando-os com um grupo controle composto por doadores de sangue total que não doam há no mínimo um ano ou doando pela primeira vez e, ainda avaliar se a frequência de doações, o tempo de procedimento e o número de plaquetas doadas influenciam na contagem de leucócitos totais e nas subpopulações de linfócitos. Metodologia: Foram analisados 88 indivíduos em um estudo caso-controle, sendo que o grupo controle (CO) incluído foi de doadores de sangue total que haviam doado pela primeira vez ou haviam doado sangue total há mais de um ano. Os casos (CA) incluídos foram os doadores de repetição de plaquetaférese (quatro ou mais doações no último ano). O pareamento foi feito por sexo e idade. As amostras de sangue periférico foram coletadas em tubos contendo EDTA e analisadas em até 6 horas por citometria de fluxo, através da utilização de anticorpos monoclonais anti-CD3, CD4, CD8, HLADR, CD19 e CD56. Resultados: Foram avaliados 44 pares de doadores (caso vs controle). Destes, 81,8% eram homens, a média de idade dos grupos foi de 46 ±13 anos nos casos e 47 ±11 nos controles. Comparando os dois grupos, observou-se diferença estatisticamente significativa (p<0,05) na média de quantificação de leucócitos absolutos CA= 6476,6/μL vs CO=7115,4/μL (p=0,017), na média de linfócitos absolutos CA= 1862,6/μL vs CO= 2239,2/μL (p=0,007) e nos marcadores: CD3+/CD8+ (absoluto) CA= 437/μL vs CO= 597/μL (p=0,01), CD3+/CD4+(%) CA= 47,3/μL vs CO= 42,77/μL (p=0,007). Conclusões: Neste estudo foi possível observar que há uma diminuição em algumas células linfoides dos doadores de repetição em relação aos doadores convencionais, no entanto essa diferença não tem relevância clínica, demonstrando que os intervalos de doações que estes doadores estão sendo submetidos é adequado. A contagem de plaquetas dos doadores de repetição se mantiveram no decorrer do ano, este dado nos auxilia para mantermos um banco de dados de doadores de repetição com uma quantificação de plaquetas adequada, podendo ser convocado sem risco de ser bloqueado por contagem inferior ao preconizado. / Introduction: The donation of platelets by apheresis as a collection method has lately grown in relevance. This technique presents several advantages when compared to total blood donation. We understand there is a concern about the quality of the hemocomponents that are administered to the patients; however, there are not many researches concerned with caring for the donor. Entities such as the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) have published more restricting regulations regarding the donation of platelets by apheresis, since researches indicate a decrease in some cells and proteins present in the immunological systems of repeat donors. Objectives: To analyze repeat donors of platelets with regards to hematimetric parameters and quantification of lymphocyte sub-populations by comparing them with a control group consisting of total blood donors that have not donated blood for the past year at least or that are donating for the first time. Additionally, to evaluate if the frequency of donations, the duration of the procedure, and the donated platelet counts influence in the total leukocyte counts and in the sub-populations of lymphocytes. Methodology: We analyzed 88 individuals in a control case study. The control group (CG) consisted of total blood donors in their first donation or that had donated for the last time more than a year before. The cases (CA) included were the repeat donors by platelet apheresis (four or more donations in the past year). We matched the individuals by gender and age. Peripheral blood samples were collected in tubes containing EDTA and analyzed up until 6 hours later by flow cytometry, through monoclonal antibodies anti-CD3, CD4, CD8, HLADR, CD19, and CD56. Results: 44 pairs of donor were evaluated (case vs control). Among them, 81.8% were men, the average age of the groups was 46 (±13) years in the cases and 47 (±11) in the controls. When comparing the two groups, we observed a statistically significant difference (p<0,05) in the average of the quantification of absolute leukocytes CA= 6476.6/μL vs CG=7115.4/μL (p=0.017), in the average of absolute lymphocytes CA= 1862.6/μL vs CG= 2239.2/μL (p=0.007), and in the markers: CD3+/CD8+ (absolute) CA= 437/μL vs CG= 597/μL (p=0,01), CD3+/CD4+(%) CA= 47.3/μL vs CG= 42.77/μL (p=0.007). Conclusions: We were able to note in this study that there is a significant decrease in some lymphoid cells of repeat donors when compared to conventional donors. This difference, however, is not clinically relevant, which demonstrates that the donation intervals to which the donors are subject are appropriate. Platelet numbers of repeat donors remained the same throughout the year. This piece of data helps us keep a database of repeat donors with an adequate platelet number. These donors can be called for without risking of their being blocked in the screening for a number lower than the recommended.

中華血液基金會二十年來運用各種宣傳策略，成功的推廣台灣的自願無償捐血運動。同時，美國的捐血事業在過去三十年來也有很大的轉變，行銷觀念應用在非營利事業已逐漸受到重視，自願無償捐血運動以行銷觀念召募血源已成為必要的趨勢。 　　說服傳播是傳播效果研究中的重要課題之一。中華血液基金會近年來，陸續以各種傳播媒介進行宣傳活動，希望激發社會大眾捐血的意願。依據「社會行銷」及「說服傳播理論」效果模式指出，大眾傳播與人際傳播活動，會影響個人的知曉(Awareness)、態度(Attitude)和行為(Behavior)。本研究基於此模式中的各個變項，提出所欲探討的問題與變項關係為：捐血人對捐血宣傳訊息之大眾媒介注意程度與人際交往活動，對其捐血行為的影響；以及捐血態度、動機對捐血行為的影響。 　　本研究採實證方式進行，以適當的結構性問卷，蒐集上述變項的資料，以中華血液基金會台北捐血中心業務區（包括台北市、台北縣）為母體，採「集群抽樣法」進行抽樣。同時，為顧及樣本代表性問題，特將抽樣集群分為「定點」捐血車、「巡迴」捐血車及捐血站、捐血室等，並針對一般捐血人進行抽樣調查。資料的分析方式，採用SPSS套裝軟體，分析描述受訪者在各項中的分佈狀況及各變項間的影響關係。 　　研究的重要發現為：1.大部份的捐血人都曾在大眾媒介上接觸過捐血宣傳的訊息，且捐血人對大眾傳播媒介報導捐血訊息注意程度愈高，則愈可能捐血。2.捐血人對捐血訊息的人際傳播活動愈頻繁，則愈可能捐血。3.捐血人愈喜歡捐血廣告及文宣，則愈可能捐血。4.捐血人愈傾向利他動機，則愈可能捐血。5.捐血人愈傾向正面捐血態度，則愈可能捐血。