On January 30, 1972, in Derry, Northern Ireland, British soldiers opened fire on Irish citizens participating in a peaceful civil rights march, killing thirteen men and injuring as many others. This event, called “Bloody Sunday,” was the subject of two formal inquiries by the British government, one conducted by Lord Widgery in 1972 that exonerated the British soldiers and one led by Lord Saville, which published its findings in June 2010 and found the British troops to be at fault. Before the second investigation gave its report, a number of dramatic productions had contradicted the official British version of events and presented the Irish point of view. Two films and two plays in particular—the drama The Freedom of the City (1973), the filmed docudramas Bloody Sunday and Sunday (both 2002), and the documentary theater production Bloody Sunday: Scenes from the Saville Inquiry (2005)—were aimed at audiences that did not recognize the injustices that took place in Derry. All four dramatic presentations in some way replicate the words and actions of one or more significant individuals involved in the march or in the investigation that followed it. This report examines the possibilities and limitations of the three different genres the authors used to present the truth about the atrocity that the British government refused to acknowledge for thirty-eight years. It also reassesses the success and value of each production in the light of the Saville Inquiry findings. / text

This dissertation focuses on British imperial violence in India and Ireland just after the First World War. It compares incidents of violence in each place to argue that British violent repression was an essential component of the imperial system. It also analyzes the public reaction to these events to show new, sharp divisions in British politics that had significant implications for the fate of Ireland, then waging a war for independence. Specifically, this dissertation compares, by way of case studies, the “Amritsar Massacre” of April 13, 1919 and the administration of martial law in Punjab, to the ways in which Crown Forces exacted reprisals against unarmed civilians during the Irish war for independence, including the incident of November 21, 1920, commonly referred to as “Bloody Sunday,” when British ex-military officers opened fire on a crowd watching an Irish football match. The authorities in Punjab and Ireland committed reprehensible acts that resulted in official government inquiries. The Hunter Committee, as the inquiring body into the Punjab incidents is known, condemned the shooting at Amritsar. The Government of India forced the officer responsible, General Dyer, to retire. The British reaction to this was sharply divided between Conservatives and Irish Unionists who championed Dyer and Liberals, Indian and Irish nationalists who felt the government had been too lenient on the man. Similarly, countless voices decried the excesses of imperialism and the use of reprisals against the Irish Republican Army (IRA), but for varied reasons. The public reaction to these Irish and Indian developments, along with British policy, transpired in the context of a “crisis of empire.” Britain was beset by unrest not only in Ireland and India, but also in Egypt, Iraq, Afghanistan, and Palestine. Colonial nationalists radicalized by the war and Wilsonian notions of self-determination demanded self-government while Britain fought fiscal insolvency, domestic unrest, Bolshevism and Pan-Islamism. In this global context, concessions to moderate nationalists would have to be made and coercion used only as a last resort. In this sense the imperial system was changing, and the old guard stood determined to fight it. / text

Thesis (M.M.) Florida State University, 2006. / Advisor: Charles E. Brewer, Florida State University, College of Music. Title and description from dissertation home page (viewed 2006). Document formatted into pages; contains 69 pages. Includes biographical sketch. Includes bibliographical references.

Herman, Alexandr. Lirical elements in Lorca´s theatre - Bloody wedding. České Budějovice: Pedagogická fakulta Jihočeské univerzity v Českých Budějovicích, 2011, 103 s., Diploma thesis. This diploma thesis presents lyrical elements in teatral work of Federico García Lorca. Author himself belogs among top members of an avantgarde movement in Spain. His dramas are up to now very often shown at the most prestigious theatre house in the world, his poetry, very often explained in new interpretation, absorbing an echoe of the folk lyric. The author was bor in the year 1898, year that ment withdrawal from its ancient position. This new situation is reflected at a new actitude towards an art and Spain. This work is divided into three parts.

Shoegaze reached its peak of popularity in the early 1990s and then abruptly disappeared from the limelight and was outcompeted by other indie rock disciplines such as Britpop and grunge. Although the shoegazer movement was for a relatively short period, the genre has played a significant role in related genres. But what is shoegaze exactly? Why did the uninterested stare down at their shoes? Why does the movement have an influential role? The purpose of the essay is to identify characteristic features of shoegaze. The goal is to increase the understanding of what is characteristic of the genre and how it affects the soundscape, style and values. Existing terms to put into words what shoegaze is usually a personal and authentic expression. How does the genre relate to ideals and authenticity? The aim is to place shoegaze based on ideals and authenticity and how the sound image differs with a focus on My Bloody Valentine and their album Loveless in comparison to other related genres such as punk, post-punk, noise rock, dream pop, Britpop and grunge. It is tested via a music analysis of My Bloody Valentine's song “To Here Knows When” to test the survey results with a genre-defining music example. The starting point of the essay is to start broadly and then dive deeper and deeper until only a specific song is analyzed. The survey begins with gaining knowledge about ideals and attitudes towards authenticity in indie rock. Once identified, the text narrows and focuses on the indie rock subgenre shoegaze. The aim is to identify characteristic features within that genre, so after that chapter, the essay delves deep into the next part, which is a musical analysis of My Bloody Valentine's song "To Here Knows When" from 1991.

(in English): The diploma thesis examines phenomenon of stigmas and stigmatised persons in the Middle Ages. This diploma thesis contains of three parts. The goal of first part is description of Crucifixion symbolism from beginning of Christianity up to first stigmas about Francis of Assisi from 1224. Main part presents its own phenomenon of stigmas: their definition, base and reception in religious and expert field. Final part focuses on significant middle-aged holders of stigmas and analysis of their hagiography. Klíčová slova (anglicky): Stigmas, Jesus Christ, cross, crucifixion, bloody sweat, bloody tears, thorn crown, mysticism, self-identification.

Le 30 janvier 1972, dans la ville nord-irlandaise de Derry/Londonderry, treize personnes furent tuées par des soldats britanniques alors qu’elles participaient à une manifestation pour les droits civiques. Ce « Bloody Sunday » provoqua immédiatement des polémiques : les soldats affirmaient avoir répliqué à des tirs, ce que contestaient vigoureusement les civils. Le verdict de la première enquête publique, qui conclut en 1972 que les soldats avaient agi dans les règles, ne fut jamais accepté par les familles des victimes, qui lancèrent en 1992 une campagne réclamant une nouvelle enquête. En 1998, dans le contexte du processus de paix, le gouvernement britannique accéda à cette requête et créa l’enquête Saville. Le défi était grand : comment réécrire la mémoire officielle d’un événement aussi symbolique, alors que celui-ci avait déjà été intégré dans des mémoires collectives antagonistes et fortement enracinées ? Ce travail étudie l’enquête Saville à la lumière de trois grands concepts : la vérité, la justice et la mémoire. La vérité, car la découvrir était l’objectif premier de l’enquête. La justice, car une enquête publique, bien que n’étant pas un procès, la sert en rétablissant la confiance en l’Etat de droit et en accordant aux victimes une reconnaissance officielle. Enfin, la mémoire, car une tentative de réécrire la version officielle d’un tel événement se heurtait forcément aux mémoires collectives existantes : celles des communautés nationaliste et unioniste, mais aussi de l’Etat. Cette enquête chargée d’oeuvrer pour la réconciliation a donc du gérer les difficultés nées de ces relations étroites mais parfois conflictuelles entre vérité, justice et mémoire. / On January 30th, 1972, in the Northern Irish city of Derry/Londonderry, thirteen people who had been taking part in a civil rights demonstration were shot dead by British soldiers. This ‘Bloody Sunday’ immediately sparked controversy: the soldiers claimed they had fired in retaliation, which civilian witnesses categorically denied. In 1972, the conclusion of the first public inquiry that the soldiers had acted within the rules was rejected by the victims’ families, who launched a campaign demanding a new inquiry in 1992. In 1998, as the peace process was under way, the British government granted a second public inquiry, to be chaired by Lord Saville. This inquiry faced a major challenge: how could they rewrite the official memory of such a symbolic event, which had already been integrated into deeply entrenched, antagonistic collective memories? Three main concepts were used to study the Saville inquiry in this work: truth, justice and memory. Finding the truth was announced as one of the inquiries’ main objectives. Justice is also highly relevant, for even though the inquiry is not a trial, it does serve justice by restoring confidence in the rule of law and providing official recognition for the victims. Finally, the importance of memory is paramount, as any attempt to rewrite the official narrative of an event was bound to clash with existing collective memories: the collective memories of the nationalist and unionist communities, but also the official memory of the British state. Truth, justice and memory thus appear to be closely linked, but may also collide, making it difficult for the inquiry to reach the objective of bringing about reconciliation.

Les membres de la communauté inuite de Kugluktuk au Nunavut souhaitent remédier à la détérioration des routes d'accès en VTT menant au Parc Territorial Kugluk. Les problèmes rencontrés concernent l'approfondissement des sillons des polygones à coins de glace sous le passage des VTT, la formation de mares boueuses et l'érosion de parties de la piste par le recul de parois de glissements de terrain rétrogressifs. Devant l'urgence d'agir, les autorités locales, en collaboration avec le département des Parcs et Endroits spéciaux du Gouvernement du Nunavut, ont fait la conception de deux infrastructures saisonnières, à savoir une route d'été sous la forme d'un remblai mince (50 cm) reliant le réseau routier du village jusqu'à l'entrée du Parc Territorial Kugluk et, à l'intérieur du parc, une route sur plateforme de bois, surélevée d'une trentaine de centimètres au-dessus du sol. Cette étude collaborative vise à caractériser et à identifier la variabilité des conditions de pergélisol le long de ces corridors routiers afin de guider les travaux de construction et de suggérer des méthodes de mitigation de la dégradation du pergélisol adaptées aux conditions et aux infrastructures locales. Une méthodologie multi technique a permis la cartographie à haute résolution des dépôts de surface et des conditions de pergélisol par la récolte avec un drone d'images aériennes à haute résolution, des levés de géoradar, des forages géotechniques, des analyses de laboratoires et des analyses géothermiques de données de câbles à thermistances et, finalement, la simulation numérique des températures du pergélisol pour la période s'échelonnant de 2020 à 2100. Les résultats indiquent la présence d'une vaste zone de pergélisol sensible le long de la route d'été; en plus, les deux routes traverseront en tout environ 379 sillons de coins de glace. L'analyse historique du climat local révèle que le réchauffement du climat s'est déjà manifesté par une hausse de 2°C de la température moyenne annuelle de l'air depuis 1950. Une méthode de mitigation innovante a été suggérée afin de réduire la vitesse de dégradation de coins de glace sous la route d'accès. Les résultats des simulations géothermiques indiquent que les infrastructures légères envisagées contribueront à préserver le pergélisol et les coins de glace dans le futur. / The members of the Inuit community of Kugluktuk in Nunavut wish to make corrections to the damages affecting the ATV trails leading to the Kugluk Territorial Park. The dominant problems are the deepening of ice wedge furrows at trail crossovers, formation of mud puddles and erosion of parts of the trail along head scarps of retrogressive landslides. Given the urgent need for action, local authorities and the Government of Nunavut's Parks and Special Places (NP&SP) department designed two types of seasonal infrastructure: 1- a summer road on a thin (50 cm) embankment from the village road network to the park entrance and, 2- a boardwalk trail laid about 30 cm high above the tundra surface inside the park area. This collaborative research project aims to characterize the permafrost conditions along the new road corridor in support of construction works and to suggest locally adapted mitigation approaches to prevent the degradation of permafrost. The applied multi-technique research methodology includes high resolution mapping of surficial geology and permafrost conditions, acquisition of high-resolution aerial photographs with a drone, making of a digital elevation model, ground penetrating radar surveys, geotechnical coring, geotechnical laboratory analyses, thermal analysis with on-site data from ground temperature monitoring stations and, finally, numerical simulations of permafrost temperatures for the period 2020-2100. Results indicate the presence of a wide zone of thaw sensitive permafrost along a part of the summer road; in addition, the two road types together will cross over about 379 ice-wedge furrows. Historical regional climate analysis reveals that global warming already provoked an increase of 2°C of the mean annual air temperature since 1950. A new mitigation technique intended for reducing ice wedge degradation under the summer gravel road has been suggested and discussed with the community. According to geothermal model results, the new infrastructures shall preserve the permafrost and the ice wedges from thawing in the future.

Depuis la signature de l’Accord de paix du Vendredi Saint, l’Irlande du Nord a entamé son processus de transition après trente ans d’un conflit communément appelé les Troubles. Parmi les questions relatives à son cheminement se pose celle du Bloody Sunday. Lors de cet évènement tristement célèbre des Troubles, quatorze civils furent tués par des soldats britanniques, alors qu’ils prenaient part à une manifestation pour les droits civiques. Les soldats n’ont pas eu à faire face au processus judiciaire, malgré la volonté des familles des victimes d’obtenir justice. Une amnistie visant les soldats responsables fut proposée en mars 2014, à titre de mécanisme de justice transitionnelle pour accompagner la société nord- irlandaise dans sa démarche vers un état de paix. Entre droit et politique, plusieurs questions se posent relativement à un tel projet. La présente étude vise à examiner la validité de cette proposition d’amnistie eu égard aux valeurs de l’État de droit. / Since the Good Friday Agreement was signed in 1998, the Northern Irish society has embarked on its transitional process towards peace, attempting to leave behind thirty years of a conflict commonly known as the Troubles. This outcome brings to light many different issues, amongst which is that of the Bloody Sunday. This infamous event of the Troubles saw fourteen civilians killed by British soldiers as they were taking part in a civil rights demonstration. The soldiers were spared the judicial process despite the efforts deployed by the victims’ families to bring them to justice. In 2014, an amnesty was suggested as a transitional justice mechanism to further the society’s transition to the post-conflict era. This study examines the validity of such an amnesty in light of the underlying values of the Rule of Law.

When Brian Friel’s play The Freedom of the City premiered in 1973, just a year after the events of Bloody Sunday, it was met with harsh criticism and called a work of propaganda. In the play, three peaceful protestors flee a civil rights demonstration turned violent and end up trapped inside the Guildhall in Derry, Northern Ireland. By the end of the play, they are shot dead. These three protestors, disoriented by violence as well as the aftereffects of life-long poverty, on the surface are not emblems of morality. However, this thesis employs Ami Harbin’s theorization of disorientation and moral action to challenge traditional virtue ethics and showcase that even in the midst of all-encompassing disorientation, moral action can easily emerge, even from the most unexpected person. Specifically, I look at the character Skinner, a flippant hooligan who leads the other trapped protestors through a series of games ultimately meant to encourage them to embrace their disorientation as he has. Within Friel’s drama, accepting and embracing disorientation as opposed to fighting it, I conclude, is what frees one from the bounds of disorientation, and in this case, allows a person to more fully perpetuate moral action.