The purpose of this thesis is to examine to what extent representations of double jeopardy and the stereotypical images of African American females: Mammy, Matriarch, Sapphire, and Strong Black Woman emerge in the blues lyrics of Alberta Hunter, Gertrude "Ma" Rainy, Memphis Minnie, and Victoria Spivey, using the theoretical framework of Black feminist rhetorical critique. The findings in this research entail several meanings regarding the lives of African American women during the 1920s and 1930s. Representations of racism, sexism, and classism also appear in the theme of relationships with various subthemes. The focus of this study is to explore the evolution of Black music and examine the role women have played in both the development and advancement of the blues genre. Additionally, the study will explore various concepts of cultural identity development in order to establish the process of how identity is constructed and negotiated in African Americans specifically African American women.

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A proposta desta tese é analisar a representação de questões sócio-históricas em American blues, de Tennessee Williams, coletânea de cinco peças curtas escritas durante as décadas de 1930 e 1940 e reunidas para publicação em 1948. Cada uma delas é de vital importância para a compreensão da sociedade norte-americana desse período. Considerando que o blues expressa o pathos e as condições de vida da classe trabalhadora e dos excluídos das relações de produção, afirma-se que as peças Moony´s kid don´t cry, The dark room e The long stay cut short, or The unsatisfactory supper figuram os efeitos causados sobre essa larga camada da população nos anos da Depressão Econômica. The case of the crushed petunias a lyrical fantasy parodia o impacto da sufocante ideologia do American way of life sobre a classe média e o desinteresse dessa pelos principais acontecimentos durante a II Guerra Mundial. Por fim, Ten blocks on the Camino Real a fantasy alegoriza a sociedade capitalista do pós-guerra e o nascedouro da era macartista. Por meio de um sucinto levantamento das peças escritas por Tennessee Williams até a publicação da coletânea é possível extrair elementos que permitem evidenciar a constituição e organicidade de American blues. / The purpose of this thesis is to analyze the representation of socio-historical issues in American blues, by Tennessee Williams, a collection of five short plays written during the 1930s and 1940s and grouped for publication in 1948. Each one is vitally important to the understanding of the American society of that period. Taking into consideration that the blues express the pathos and the living conditions of the working class and those excluded from the relations of production, we assert that the plays Moony\'s kid don´t cry, The dark room and The long stay cut short, or The unsatisfactory supper represent the effects of the Great Depression on this broad population group. The case of the crushed petunias a lyrical fantasy parodies the impact of the American way of life ideology on the middle class as well as this class´s indifference concerning the major events of World War II. Finally, Ten Blocks on the Camino Real a fantasy allegorizes postwar capitalist society and the roots of the McCarthy era. Through a brief survey of the plays written by Tennessee Williams until the publication of the collection it is possible to draw elements that evidence the constitution and organicity of American blues.

The goal of this essay is to look at the poems “The Weary Blues” and “JAZZTETMUTED” (hereafter to be referred to as “JAZZTET”) by Langston Hughes andexamine their relationships to both the blues and jazz structurally, lyrically, andthematically. I examine the relationship of blues and jazz to the African-Americancommunity of Harlem, New York in the 1920’s and the 1950’s when the poems wererespectively published. Integral to any understanding of what Hughes sought toaccomplish by associating his poetry so closely with these music styles are the contexts,socially and politically, in which they are produced, particularly with respect to theAfrican-American experience.I will examine Hughes’ understanding of not only the sound of the two stylesof music but of what the music represents in the context of African-American historyand how he combines these to effectively communicate blues and jazz to the page. / <p>A</p>

Introdução De acordo com a literatura, 70 a 80 por cento das mulheres que sofreram uma cesárea desejavam um parto normal no início da gravidez. Entre os fatores relacionados, identificam-se decisões junto à equipe que acompanhou o pré-natal e o trabalho de parto. Infere-se que a frustração desse desejo pode ter implicações no pós-parto, em especial, na relação mãe-bebê, na amamentação e na saúde mental pós-parto. Objetivo Descrever e analisar a experiência da cesárea autorreferida como indesejada por mulheres que buscaram um parto normal e os mecanismos associados à discrepância entre o desejo original (parto normal) e o desfecho (cesárea) e suas implicações no pós-parto, a saber, no aleitamento materno, na ocorrência de depressão pós-parto/babyblues e na formação do vínculo. Métodos Pesquisa qualitativa que contou com o preenchimento de roteiro de questões semiestruturadas, via e-mail, por mulheres participantes de mídias sociais, e análise dos dados a partir de categorias pré-determinadas e novas categorias advindas da análise. Resultados Esta pesquisa evidenciou o uso rotineiro de práticas inadequadas e desrespeitosas, como o convencimento para realizar a cesárea com base em informação distorcida e ameaçadora, o descaso com o bem-estar físico e emocional da mulher, a privação de recursos e procedimentos baseados em evidências científicas na condução do pré-natal e do trabalho de parto, o desrespeito à Lei do Acompanhante, a privação do contato com o bebê após o nascimento, o uso de medicamento para sedar as mulheres logo após o parto, entre outras ocorrências analisadas sob a ótica da violência institucional obstétrica. Conclusões O processo que conduz as mulheres a uma cesárea indesejada é marcado por uma assistência que virtualmente inviabiliza a possibilidade do protagonismo feminino e de escolha informada, priorizando as conveniências e necessidades das equipes e instituições que as acompanham, com significante impacto emocional no pós-parto e na relação mãe-bebê / Introduction: According to the literature, 70-80 per cent of women who underwent a cesarean wanted a normal delivery in early pregnancy. Among the related factors, we identify decisions along with the team that accompanied the pre-natal and labor. We can infer that the frustration of this desire may have implications in the postpartum period, especially in relation MotherBaby, breastfeeding and postpartum mental health. Goals: To describe and analyze the experience of cesarean section (CS) self-reported as unwanted by women seeking a vaginal delivery and the mechanisms associated with the disagreement between the original desire (normal delivery) and the outcome (CS) and its implications in the postpartum period, namely in breastfeeding, in the occurrence of depression/babyblues and in bonding. Methods: Qualitative research which included filling out a script of semi-structured questions, via email, by women who take part in social media and the analysis of data from pre-determined categories and new categories that came from the analysis. Results: This study documented the routine use of inappropriate and disrespectful practices, such as the persuasion to perform a cesarean section based on threatening information, the disregard for the physical and emotional welfare of women, the lack of resources and procedures based on scientific evidence for conducting pre-natal and labor, the disrespect of the Lei do Acompanhante (Law of the Escort), the deprivation of contact with the baby after birth, the use of medication to sedate women after childbirth among other occurrences analyzed under the perspective of the obstetrics institutional violence. Conclusion: The process that leads women to an unwanted cesarean section is marked by an assistance that virtually precludes the possibility of female protagonism and informed choice, prioritizing convenience and needs of the team and the institution that accompany them, with significant emotional impact on the post delivery and the MotherBaby relationship

Introdução De acordo com a literatura, 70 a 80 por cento das mulheres que sofreram uma cesárea desejavam um parto normal no início da gravidez. Entre os fatores relacionados, identificam-se decisões junto à equipe que acompanhou o pré-natal e o trabalho de parto. Infere-se que a frustração desse desejo pode ter implicações no pós-parto, em especial, na relação mãe-bebê, na amamentação e na saúde mental pós-parto. Objetivo Descrever e analisar a experiência da cesárea autorreferida como indesejada por mulheres que buscaram um parto normal e os mecanismos associados à discrepância entre o desejo original (parto normal) e o desfecho (cesárea) e suas implicações no pós-parto, a saber, no aleitamento materno, na ocorrência de depressão pós-parto/babyblues e na formação do vínculo. Métodos Pesquisa qualitativa que contou com o preenchimento de roteiro de questões semiestruturadas, via e-mail, por mulheres participantes de mídias sociais, e análise dos dados a partir de categorias pré-determinadas e novas categorias advindas da análise. Resultados Esta pesquisa evidenciou o uso rotineiro de práticas inadequadas e desrespeitosas, como o convencimento para realizar a cesárea com base em informação distorcida e ameaçadora, o descaso com o bem-estar físico e emocional da mulher, a privação de recursos e procedimentos baseados em evidências científicas na condução do pré-natal e do trabalho de parto, o desrespeito à Lei do Acompanhante, a privação do contato com o bebê após o nascimento, o uso de medicamento para sedar as mulheres logo após o parto, entre outras ocorrências analisadas sob a ótica da violência institucional obstétrica. Conclusões O processo que conduz as mulheres a uma cesárea indesejada é marcado por uma assistência que virtualmente inviabiliza a possibilidade do protagonismo feminino e de escolha informada, priorizando as conveniências e necessidades das equipes e instituições que as acompanham, com significante impacto emocional no pós-parto e na relação mãe-bebê / Introduction: According to the literature, 70-80 per cent of women who underwent a cesarean wanted a normal delivery in early pregnancy. Among the related factors, we identify decisions along with the team that accompanied the pre-natal and labor. We can infer that the frustration of this desire may have implications in the postpartum period, especially in relation MotherBaby, breastfeeding and postpartum mental health. Goals: To describe and analyze the experience of cesarean section (CS) self-reported as unwanted by women seeking a vaginal delivery and the mechanisms associated with the disagreement between the original desire (normal delivery) and the outcome (CS) and its implications in the postpartum period, namely in breastfeeding, in the occurrence of depression/babyblues and in bonding. Methods: Qualitative research which included filling out a script of semi-structured questions, via email, by women who take part in social media and the analysis of data from pre-determined categories and new categories that came from the analysis. Results: This study documented the routine use of inappropriate and disrespectful practices, such as the persuasion to perform a cesarean section based on threatening information, the disregard for the physical and emotional welfare of women, the lack of resources and procedures based on scientific evidence for conducting pre-natal and labor, the disrespect of the Lei do Acompanhante (Law of the Escort), the deprivation of contact with the baby after birth, the use of medication to sedate women after childbirth among other occurrences analyzed under the perspective of the obstetrics institutional violence. Conclusion: The process that leads women to an unwanted cesarean section is marked by an assistance that virtually precludes the possibility of female protagonism and informed choice, prioritizing convenience and needs of the team and the institution that accompany them, with significant emotional impact on the post delivery and the MotherBaby relationship

Die Bluesbewegung war eine Jugendbewegung, die sich Ende der 1960er Jahre in der DDR formierte. Sie regte einen Kulturtransfer an, der in den 1970er und 1980er Jahren amerikanischen Blues in die DDR brachte. Die vorliegende Arbeit rekonstruiert diesen Prozess, angefangen bei den Motiven für die Jugendlichen, sich für Blues zu interessieren, über die Vermittlung des Blues durch verschiedene Medien, vor allem durch den Hörfunk, bis zur DDR-spezifischen Aneignung des Blues inner- und außerhalb der Szene. / “Bluesbewegung” is the name of a youth movement that arose in the late 1960’s in the GDR. This movement encouraged the cultural transfer which brought American blues music into the GDR. My study wants to reconstruct this process beginning with the motives for being interested in Blues music, continuing with the transfer of Blues music throughout the media (especially in radio broadcasting), and finally, ending with the GDR-specific appropriation of Blues within and outside of the youth scene.

During Aaron Copland's long and productive life, he has written many compositions of distinction; among his piano compositions are the Passacaglia, Piano Variations, and Four Piano Blues. These three piano works were composed during a span of over twenty years and reflect many different influences in the composer's musical life. The Passacaglia, an early work, was written under the direction of Copland's teacher, Nadia Boulanger. It was strongly influenced by her and the French neoclassic school. The influence of jazz is most prominent in the Four Piano Blues, whereas the Piano Variations were influenced by Arnold Schoenberg and other composers of the twelve-tone school. This study contains an examination of each of three piano pieces mentioned, with emphasis upon aspects of thematic development, harmony, rhythm, and sonority; then a comparison between the pieces is made.

A proposta desta tese é analisar a representação de questões sócio-históricas em American blues, de Tennessee Williams, coletânea de cinco peças curtas escritas durante as décadas de 1930 e 1940 e reunidas para publicação em 1948. Cada uma delas é de vital importância para a compreensão da sociedade norte-americana desse período. Considerando que o blues expressa o pathos e as condições de vida da classe trabalhadora e dos excluídos das relações de produção, afirma-se que as peças Moony´s kid don´t cry, The dark room e The long stay cut short, or The unsatisfactory supper figuram os efeitos causados sobre essa larga camada da população nos anos da Depressão Econômica. The case of the crushed petunias a lyrical fantasy parodia o impacto da sufocante ideologia do American way of life sobre a classe média e o desinteresse dessa pelos principais acontecimentos durante a II Guerra Mundial. Por fim, Ten blocks on the Camino Real a fantasy alegoriza a sociedade capitalista do pós-guerra e o nascedouro da era macartista. Por meio de um sucinto levantamento das peças escritas por Tennessee Williams até a publicação da coletânea é possível extrair elementos que permitem evidenciar a constituição e organicidade de American blues. / The purpose of this thesis is to analyze the representation of socio-historical issues in American blues, by Tennessee Williams, a collection of five short plays written during the 1930s and 1940s and grouped for publication in 1948. Each one is vitally important to the understanding of the American society of that period. Taking into consideration that the blues express the pathos and the living conditions of the working class and those excluded from the relations of production, we assert that the plays Moony\'s kid don´t cry, The dark room and The long stay cut short, or The unsatisfactory supper represent the effects of the Great Depression on this broad population group. The case of the crushed petunias a lyrical fantasy parodies the impact of the American way of life ideology on the middle class as well as this class´s indifference concerning the major events of World War II. Finally, Ten Blocks on the Camino Real a fantasy allegorizes postwar capitalist society and the roots of the McCarthy era. Through a brief survey of the plays written by Tennessee Williams until the publication of the collection it is possible to draw elements that evidence the constitution and organicity of American blues.