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<p>Det råder en unik problematik runt hanteringen av nedlagda militära områden och den information som idag finns rörande sådana områden är ytterst sparsam vilket skapar en kunskapslucka. Det finns inga tydliga riktlinjer för hur arbetsprocessen vid en förändrad markanvändning ska bedrivas vilket skapar ett stort behov för en tydlig arbetsmodell. Den här uppsatsens huvudsyfte har varit att tillgodose detta behov genom att skapa en ny översiktlig och tydlig arbetsmodell. Uppsatsen är utförd i samverkan med Gävle kommun som hade ett önskemål om att få hjälp med att sammanställa information om militära lämningar i Västra Kungsbäck, för att kunna planera för områdets framtid. För att uppfylla denna önskan har en fallstudie av Västra Kungsbäck påbörjats, som visar på var det finns militära lämningar samt en samlad riskbedömning av området. För att skapa den nya arbetsmodellen på bästa sätt utfördes en jämförelsestudie, med hjälp av en analysmatris, av två befintliga arbetsmodeller: Att lära sig leva med OXA och Metodik för Inventering av Förorenade Områden. Vi har upprättat en ny arbetsmodell med fem steg som kan tillämpas på nedlagda militära övnings- och skjutfält som ska genomgå en förändring av markanvändningen. Den nya arbetsmodellen bör dock vidareutvecklas och ses som ett levande dokument som ständigt ska förbättras. Efter ytterligare bearbetning av den nya arbetsmodellen kommer den att fungera som ett vägledande hjälpverktyg vid den fysiska planeringen för ett hållbart samhälle.</p>

<h1>Abstract</h1><p>At Saltvikens copperindustry, which is located in the municipality of Oskarshamn, copper was refined from sulphiteore some hundred years ago. The ore underwent several steps in the process before the final product was received. These steps all had an influence on the environment through discharge of heavy metals. The area where the copper industry was located is today considered to be of specific national interest due to its valuable nature and cultural values, as well as its value for recreational outdoor activities. Therefore, it is important to determine the present level of contamination and if any transport of contaminants have occurred, and to identify the risks that are associated with the site both at present and in a longer time perspective.</p><p>Thirtynine soil samples and 16 sediment samples have been analyzed. All samples have undergone two different leaching procedures before the analyis; one with nitric acid for determination of total concentration and one with acidic acid to analyze the plant available part. The analysis was perfomed through Atomicabsorptionsspectrofotometry. In addition, pH and loss on ignition have been measured on all samples. The chemical values were then compared to reference values in order to establish the level of contamination. Within the risk assessment framework where then also a exposure modelling conducted. This was made both for an average exposure situation, and for a reasonable maximum exposure. For both these scenarios, one calculation was made based on the soil use of today and one was made based on an assumed future usage of the area for establishment of residential buildings.</p><p>The results show that both the land area and sediment have been affected by the copper industry. From 48 sediment samples, 46 generated concentrations above the assumed effect level levels given by the Swedish Environmental Protection Agency. The results also indicated that a significant contaminant transport has occurred, and is still occurring. This is supported by high metal concentrations in deep soil layers and by high concentrations in the sediment. The condition is considered to be very much serious in the case of copper and zinc and serious to less serious for lead, depending on the ground use. Some of the metals are very easy to leach and can thus contaminate adjacent areas for a long time.</p><p>Already at the present ground use, there is a risk for children to become exposed to  zinc and lead in doses that can generate negative health effects. At the potential future ground use the TDI for both copper, zinc and lead will be exceeded if a child is exposed. For adults, however, the TDI value for zinc and lead is exceeded only in the scenario with the potential future ground use.</p>

Abstract At Saltvikens copperindustry, which is located in the municipality of Oskarshamn, copper was refined from sulphiteore some hundred years ago. The ore underwent several steps in the process before the final product was received. These steps all had an influence on the environment through discharge of heavy metals. The area where the copper industry was located is today considered to be of specific national interest due to its valuable nature and cultural values, as well as its value for recreational outdoor activities. Therefore, it is important to determine the present level of contamination and if any transport of contaminants have occurred, and to identify the risks that are associated with the site both at present and in a longer time perspective. Thirtynine soil samples and 16 sediment samples have been analyzed. All samples have undergone two different leaching procedures before the analyis; one with nitric acid for determination of total concentration and one with acidic acid to analyze the plant available part. The analysis was perfomed through Atomicabsorptionsspectrofotometry. In addition, pH and loss on ignition have been measured on all samples. The chemical values were then compared to reference values in order to establish the level of contamination. Within the risk assessment framework where then also a exposure modelling conducted. This was made both for an average exposure situation, and for a reasonable maximum exposure. For both these scenarios, one calculation was made based on the soil use of today and one was made based on an assumed future usage of the area for establishment of residential buildings. The results show that both the land area and sediment have been affected by the copper industry. From 48 sediment samples, 46 generated concentrations above the assumed effect level levels given by the Swedish Environmental Protection Agency. The results also indicated that a significant contaminant transport has occurred, and is still occurring. This is supported by high metal concentrations in deep soil layers and by high concentrations in the sediment. The condition is considered to be very much serious in the case of copper and zinc and serious to less serious for lead, depending on the ground use. Some of the metals are very easy to leach and can thus contaminate adjacent areas for a long time. Already at the present ground use, there is a risk for children to become exposed to  zinc and lead in doses that can generate negative health effects. At the potential future ground use the TDI for both copper, zinc and lead will be exceeded if a child is exposed. For adults, however, the TDI value for zinc and lead is exceeded only in the scenario with the potential future ground use.

Det råder en unik problematik runt hanteringen av nedlagda militära områden och den information som idag finns rörande sådana områden är ytterst sparsam vilket skapar en kunskapslucka. Det finns inga tydliga riktlinjer för hur arbetsprocessen vid en förändrad markanvändning ska bedrivas vilket skapar ett stort behov för en tydlig arbetsmodell. Den här uppsatsens huvudsyfte har varit att tillgodose detta behov genom att skapa en ny översiktlig och tydlig arbetsmodell. Uppsatsen är utförd i samverkan med Gävle kommun som hade ett önskemål om att få hjälp med att sammanställa information om militära lämningar i Västra Kungsbäck, för att kunna planera för områdets framtid. För att uppfylla denna önskan har en fallstudie av Västra Kungsbäck påbörjats, som visar på var det finns militära lämningar samt en samlad riskbedömning av området. För att skapa den nya arbetsmodellen på bästa sätt utfördes en jämförelsestudie, med hjälp av en analysmatris, av två befintliga arbetsmodeller: Att lära sig leva med OXA och Metodik för Inventering av Förorenade Områden. Vi har upprättat en ny arbetsmodell med fem steg som kan tillämpas på nedlagda militära övnings- och skjutfält som ska genomgå en förändring av markanvändningen. Den nya arbetsmodellen bör dock vidareutvecklas och ses som ett levande dokument som ständigt ska förbättras. Efter ytterligare bearbetning av den nya arbetsmodellen kommer den att fungera som ett vägledande hjälpverktyg vid den fysiska planeringen för ett hållbart samhälle.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--Lehigh University, 1999. / Includes vita. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 242-256).

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Wisconsin--Madison, 1974. / Typescript. Vita. Includes bibliographical references.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--Illinois State University, 1998. / Title from title page screen, viewed July 18, 2006. Dissertation Committee: Victoria Frenkel Harris (chair), Charles B. Harris, Douglas D. Hesse. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 243-260) and abstract. Also available in print.

Det förekommer stora mängder kemikalier i vår omgivning som påverkar oss på olika sätt. Genom åren har det skett en del miljöskandaler med kemikalier inblandade, vilket bland annat har lett till ökad medvetenhet och inrättande av lagar. Eftersom barn spenderar stor del av sin vakna tid på förskolan är det viktigt att veta vilka kemikalier som förekommer i deras miljö och hur kemikalierna påverkar barnen. Vi kommer att jämföra barnens miljö med vuxnas arbetsmiljö. Vidare har vi tittat på vad barnen omfattas av för skydd vad gäller deras miljö. Vuxna omfattas av arbetsmiljölagen som ger skydd åt arbetstagare på sin arbetsplats och det har föreslagits att även förskolebarn ska omfattas av samma lag. Vi har även tittat på forskning gällande hur barns exponering för olika kemikalier kan påverka deras utveckling och vad detta kan få för konsekvenser för den pedagogiska verksamheten. Resultatet visar bland annat att exponering för vissa kemikalier kan leda till symptom relaterade till diagnoser som ADHD och autismspektrumtillstånd. Syftet med studien är att undersöka barns exponering för skadliga kemikalier och hur exponeringen kan påverka barns utveckling samt huruvida denna påverkan i förlängningen kan ha för konsekvenser för den pedagogiska undervisningen. Vi har även undersökt hur barns skydd är utformat när de befinner sig på förskolan jämfört med vuxnas skydd i arbetsmiljölagen. Den metod vi har använt oss av är en systematic review.

Groundwater is an important natural resource in Sweden due to almost 50 % of the produced drinking water origins from groundwater, 50 % of the groundwater is artificially made. Artificial recharge is necessary in some areas in Sweden to enable enough groundwater extraction for the drinking water supply. Artificial recharge will affect the groundwater levels in the system. The infiltration of water can also affect the spread of pollution in the area. The effect of pollution spreading is due to the change in available oxygen in the system. When infiltrating water, the soil can go from anaerobic- to aerobic conditions, which in turn can cause mobilization of pollutants. This master project was carried out in collaboration with the consultancy company WSP. In this thesis, an esker assessed as suitable for artificial recharge from a hydrogeological point of view, is investigated regarding the contamination spread. Stockholm vatten och avlopp (SVOA) is investigating the possibilities for producing drinking water by artificial recharge in the esker. The area has been identified as a potential hazardous area by the Swedish environmental protection agency and increased levels of zinc, lead and copper have been found in the soil. The aim with this project is to investigate how zinc, lead and copper could spread in the groundwater for the current situation. This project also aims to investigate how the artificial recharge would affect the groundwater levels in the system as well as the effect of the spread of zinc, lead and copper regarding the mass transport, transportation time and the contaminant plume. A hydrogeological model was created in MODFLOW where the effect of infiltration was simulated. Models for groundwater transport as well as mass transport was created in MODPATH respectively in MT3DMS. The hydrogeological model´s Normalized root mean square (nRMS) was 7,4 % and the maximal residual between observed and simulated groundwater levels was 0, 16 meters. Two different scenarios for artificial recharge were investigated, one called pilotförsöket and the other called fullskaleanläggningen. For the pilotförsöket was 100 L/s infiltrated and for fullskaleanläggningen was 280 L/s infiltrated, the amount of extracted groundwater was assumed to be equal as the amount of infiltrated surface water. The simulations were indicating that the groundwater levels could rise up to 7 meters locally around the infiltration area. The groundwater levels closer to the extraction wells could decrease by 4 meters in pilotförsöket and decrease by 10-15 meters in fullskaleanläggningen. The simulations of zinc, copper and lead in the infiltration area, are indicating an increase in maximal concentration as well as an increase for the plume of contaminants as a result of infiltration. The maximal concentrations in the simulations of pilotförsöket were found to be in the following ranges 4x10-5 to 2,8x10-8 mg/L for lead; 8 x10-4 to 2,5x10-6 mg/L for copper and 0,012 to 9x10-4 mg/L for zinc. Fullskaleanläggningen resulted in the highest concentrations of the simulated scenarios. The following ranges were observed in the simulations of fullskaleanläggningen 4,5x10-5 to 4x10-8 mg/L for lead; 0,014 till 2,5x10-6 mg/L for copper, and 0,035 till 3x10-3 mg/L for zinc. The plume of contaminants was observed to increase with an increasing amount of infiltrated water. During the simulation period of 10 years, the simulation implies that zinc, copper and lead mainly will be transported close to the infiltration area. The results for simulations in all scenarios indicate that the plume of contaminant will not reach the extraction wells. These results can be due to longer transportation times than 10 years, as well as that the increase volume of water in the system will dilute the levels of metals. This master project indicates that the artificial recharge in the area will affect the groundwater levels in the system. Due to the change in groundwater levels can also the spread of zinc, copper and lead increase in magnitude and in size. This master project also indicates that zinc, copper and lead would not reach the extraction wells in high levels within a 10 years period. The simulations indicate that the area could be appropriate to use for artificial recharge, when considering zinc, copper and lead. This assessment is only based on the simulations of the mass transport of zinc, copper and lead and with the assumption that the contaminated soil would be excavated if an infiltration area is built. Even though the simulations indicate that the area could be appropriate. Other pollutants that was found, but not simulated, at increased levels could have a different transportation time as well as mass transport from the infiltration area. Regarding the age of the landfill it is likely in the methanogenic phase and leaching of contaminants could already have happened decades ago. With these two aspects in mind, my recommendation is that more investigations are made regarding the spread of other pollutants as well as the level of zinc, lead and copper in the groundwater closer to the extraction wells.