This is the collection of a novel, Cuban Jam Sessions in Miniature: A Novel in Tracks, and an embedded short story, "Shred Me Like the Cheese You Use to Make Buñuelos." The novel tells the story of Palomino Mondragón, a Colombian mercenary who has arrived in New York after losing his leg to a mortar in Korea. Reclusive, obsessive and passionate, Palomino has reinvented himself as a mambo musician and has fallen in love with Etiwanda, a dancer at the nightclub in which he plays—but he cannot bring himself to declare his love to her. His life changes when he is deported from the United States at the height of the Cuban Missile crisis without having declared his love. Through the thirty years chronicled in the novel, Palomino does all possible in his quest to return to the United States to find Etiwanda despite the fact that he knows she has grown to be a fantasy, an obsession of his imagination. Palomino’s quest takes him to the United States and back three times, as he becomes more and more desperate, as he becomes involved with drug traffickers and for-hire murderers like Polo Norte, as he loses track of what it means to feel alive. Palomino is trapped in a tug-of-war between his rational desire for a normal existence and his irrational but inescapable longing for Etiwanda. In the end, his desperation to get to Etiwanda brings the underworld of Polo Norte to her doorstep. "Shred Me Like the Cheese You Use to Make Buñuelos" tells the story of Polo Norte, Palomino’s antagonist, on his last day on earth, as he is followed by a writer who has agreed to watch him commit suicide. Together, the stories explore the history and nature of the Colombian Diaspora in the United States, and the violent circumstances surrounding the relationship between both countries and the migrants stuck in the middle of it.

A tese mostra que políticas territoriais municipais paulistas têm interferido pouco no processo de urbanização das áreas de transição rural-urbanas de forma a controlar o crescimento urbano horizontal e planejá-lo com qualidade urbana. Pretende-se superar a ideia de que expandir o urbano é sempre indesejável e admitir que é um processo recorrente e, quando necessário, deve ser planejado para que aconteça sem prejuízos urbano-ambientais e sociais, distribuindo de forma justa os ônus e benefícios da urbanização e evitando processos especulativos tão tradicionais na mudança de uso rural para urbano. A transição de uma economia agrícola para a industrial viu na expansão urbana metropolitana uma estratégia relevante para o desenvolvimento econômico industrial, através de uma política habitacional e constantes anistias aos loteamentos clandestinos. Crescer em extensão física parececia ter sido uma resposta adequada face ao crescimento populacional vivido no período pós 2ª Guerra Mundial, desde que tivesse sido planejada. Se o crescimento fosse bem planejado e estruturado, não daria conta de ter sido feito tão velozmente. Formava-se a periferia metropolitana. Em uma reação populista, o governo militar (1964-1985) aprovou a Lei Federal de Parcelamento do Solo e deixou aos munípios o controle do crescimento urbano, sem exigir seu planejamento. Os financiamentos habitacionais impulsionaram esta expansão urbana com urbanização incompleta, mantendo a produção do urbano pautada pela dependência de recursos federais; intervenções setoriais descompassadas; e por relações clientelistas em torno da urbanização progressiva. A regulação do território torna-se um instrumento flexível que se adapta às possibilidades de desenvolvimento urbano, pautadas estas pelo financiamento. O período de redemocratização nos anos 1980 foi acompanhado por processos de alteração demográfica e de reversão do processo de concentração nas grandes cidades associados à desconcentração e alterações no processo produtivo industrial e ao surgimento de novas formas condominiais de urbanização. A expansão urbana nas cidades paulistas explica-se face à (1) pouca resistência à mudança de uso rural para urbano, nos momentos de oscilação da produção e dos preços rurais associada à (2) inovação promovida por novas tipologias residenciais sobre o rural loteamento fechado, ranchos, etc., e (3) por investimentos no sistema rodoviário e o estímulo ao uso de veículos individuais. A análise das normas territoriais sobre 100 municípios paulistas mostrou que estas tipologias para se implantarem, necessitam flexibilizar não apenas normas urbanas, mas rurais, apontando para a necessidade de se planejar o rural. Já os estudos de caso analisados apresentam diferentes graus de controle do crescimento urbano e de planejamento do mesmo das áreas de expansão e debatem com a experiência colombiana que articula financiamento, gestão e planejamento de áreas de expansão. Com isso, admite a recorrência do processo de expansão urbana, e aponta para a necessidade de planejá-la de forma a evitar que aconteçam prejuízos urbanoambientais e sociais, distribuindo de forma justa os ônus e benefícios da urbanização, evitando processos especulativos tão tradicionais na mudança de uso rural para urbano, e construindo ex-ante projetos urbanos que sejam pedaços de cidade, com uma urbanização completa. / The research shows that spatial policies in São Paulo practically have not controlled or planned urban growth in order to guarantee urban quality. This thesis intends to overcome the idea that urban growth is always undesirable and view it as a recurrent situation that, when necessary, should be planned to avoid urban-environmental and social problems, by fairly distributing urbanization costs and benefits and preventing speculative processes that are usual in ruralurban changes. In the transition from an agricultural to an industrial economy in Brasil, urban expansion was strategic for industrial economic development, through a federal housing policy and regularization of irregular parcels. Growing by physical extension seemed appropriate in a period of fast population growth after 2nd World War, if it had been planned. If growth were well planned and structured, it would not have been possible to do it so quickly. The result was a space known as metropolitan periphery. In a populist reaction, the military government (1964-1985) enacted the Urban Parcels Federal Land Law but left to municipalities the control of urban growth, without requiring planning. A huge housing financing program drove this expansion into incomplete urbanization; maintained municipalities dependent on federal funds to make urban developments; made sectorial interventions, most of the time disconnected from one another (ex. with water and without sewage); and maintened clientelist relationships between politicians and locals around the progressive urbanization. Land regulation becomes a flexible tool that adapts to the possibilities of urban development, guided by these fundings or private interests. The democratization period in the late 1980s was accompanied by demographic change and by a polarization reverse process associated with policy decentralization, changes in industrial production processes and the emergence of new forms of urbanization closed urban developments, shoppings, thematic parks, and others. In this context, urban sprawl in São Paulo\'s cities can be explained by (1) low resistance to change from rural to urban uses, influenced by rural production and price variations; (2) urban innovations like new types of developments closed residential developtments, little farms, etc., and (3) high investments in road systems and in encouraging the use of individual vehicles. Analysis of the 100 municipalities\'land laws not only showed that these kinds of urban development require, in order to happen, more flexible urbanization permits, but also pointed the need to plan the countryside. The three case studies herein showed different degrees of urban growth control and planning urban expansion. The Brazilian cases debate with the Colombian urban planning experience that combines financing, management and planning areas of expansion. In summary, the research admits the recurrence of urban growth, and points the need for planning (so as to avoid urban-environmental and social losses that can occur), for fair distribution of urbanization costs and benefits (so as to prevent speculative processes often present in rural-urban change processes) and for exante development, thus preventing irregular urban development process and making urban growth with a complete urbanization.

Orientador: Roberto Braga / Banca: Pompeu Figueiredo de Carvalho / Banca: Bernardo A. do Nascimento Teixeira / Resumo: Faz algumas décadas a cidade de Bogotá tem experimentado um significativo crescimento urbano. Fatores como o deslocamento forçado, as migrações e as poucas garantias de segurança e desenvolvimento econômico nas áreas rurais fazem piorar este processo de crescimento. Mais de 72% da população habita áreas urbanas de Bogotá, capital da Colômbia, conta com quase sete milhões de habitantes tornando-se cidade mais povoada do país e gerando uma grande demanda de moradia e serviços públicos que não são cobertos na totalidade. Esta investigação foi levada a cabo em cinco setores de Bogotá - em cinco estudos de caso onde a situação ambiental e social, somada ao crescimento urbano, constitui um cenário complexo. Estes estudos de caso mostram a situação dos mananciais, um setor dos morros orientais da cidade, evidenciando a progressiva invasão de moradia ilegal e seus efeitos sócios ambientais. / Abstract:For some decades Bogotá has come experiencing a significant urban growth, factors like the forced displacement, the migrations and the few guarantees of security and economy in the rural areas, make worse this growth. More than 72% of populations are living in urban areas, in the case of Bogotá the capital of Colombia, this count with almost seven millions of inhabitants, becoming the populated city in the country, generating a great housing demand and public services that don't cover in their entirety. This investigation was carried out in five sectors of Bogotá city, with the interest of case studies, where the environmental and social situation, added to the urban growth, constitutes a complex scenario. These case studies show the situation of the natural lakes and one sector of the oriental hills of the city, evidencing the progressive invasion of illegal housing and their social and environmental effects. / Mestre

A tese mostra que políticas territoriais municipais paulistas têm interferido pouco no processo de urbanização das áreas de transição rural-urbanas de forma a controlar o crescimento urbano horizontal e planejá-lo com qualidade urbana. Pretende-se superar a ideia de que expandir o urbano é sempre indesejável e admitir que é um processo recorrente e, quando necessário, deve ser planejado para que aconteça sem prejuízos urbano-ambientais e sociais, distribuindo de forma justa os ônus e benefícios da urbanização e evitando processos especulativos tão tradicionais na mudança de uso rural para urbano. A transição de uma economia agrícola para a industrial viu na expansão urbana metropolitana uma estratégia relevante para o desenvolvimento econômico industrial, através de uma política habitacional e constantes anistias aos loteamentos clandestinos. Crescer em extensão física parececia ter sido uma resposta adequada face ao crescimento populacional vivido no período pós 2ª Guerra Mundial, desde que tivesse sido planejada. Se o crescimento fosse bem planejado e estruturado, não daria conta de ter sido feito tão velozmente. Formava-se a periferia metropolitana. Em uma reação populista, o governo militar (1964-1985) aprovou a Lei Federal de Parcelamento do Solo e deixou aos munípios o controle do crescimento urbano, sem exigir seu planejamento. Os financiamentos habitacionais impulsionaram esta expansão urbana com urbanização incompleta, mantendo a produção do urbano pautada pela dependência de recursos federais; intervenções setoriais descompassadas; e por relações clientelistas em torno da urbanização progressiva. A regulação do território torna-se um instrumento flexível que se adapta às possibilidades de desenvolvimento urbano, pautadas estas pelo financiamento. O período de redemocratização nos anos 1980 foi acompanhado por processos de alteração demográfica e de reversão do processo de concentração nas grandes cidades associados à desconcentração e alterações no processo produtivo industrial e ao surgimento de novas formas condominiais de urbanização. A expansão urbana nas cidades paulistas explica-se face à (1) pouca resistência à mudança de uso rural para urbano, nos momentos de oscilação da produção e dos preços rurais associada à (2) inovação promovida por novas tipologias residenciais sobre o rural loteamento fechado, ranchos, etc., e (3) por investimentos no sistema rodoviário e o estímulo ao uso de veículos individuais. A análise das normas territoriais sobre 100 municípios paulistas mostrou que estas tipologias para se implantarem, necessitam flexibilizar não apenas normas urbanas, mas rurais, apontando para a necessidade de se planejar o rural. Já os estudos de caso analisados apresentam diferentes graus de controle do crescimento urbano e de planejamento do mesmo das áreas de expansão e debatem com a experiência colombiana que articula financiamento, gestão e planejamento de áreas de expansão. Com isso, admite a recorrência do processo de expansão urbana, e aponta para a necessidade de planejá-la de forma a evitar que aconteçam prejuízos urbanoambientais e sociais, distribuindo de forma justa os ônus e benefícios da urbanização, evitando processos especulativos tão tradicionais na mudança de uso rural para urbano, e construindo ex-ante projetos urbanos que sejam pedaços de cidade, com uma urbanização completa. / The research shows that spatial policies in São Paulo practically have not controlled or planned urban growth in order to guarantee urban quality. This thesis intends to overcome the idea that urban growth is always undesirable and view it as a recurrent situation that, when necessary, should be planned to avoid urban-environmental and social problems, by fairly distributing urbanization costs and benefits and preventing speculative processes that are usual in ruralurban changes. In the transition from an agricultural to an industrial economy in Brasil, urban expansion was strategic for industrial economic development, through a federal housing policy and regularization of irregular parcels. Growing by physical extension seemed appropriate in a period of fast population growth after 2nd World War, if it had been planned. If growth were well planned and structured, it would not have been possible to do it so quickly. The result was a space known as metropolitan periphery. In a populist reaction, the military government (1964-1985) enacted the Urban Parcels Federal Land Law but left to municipalities the control of urban growth, without requiring planning. A huge housing financing program drove this expansion into incomplete urbanization; maintained municipalities dependent on federal funds to make urban developments; made sectorial interventions, most of the time disconnected from one another (ex. with water and without sewage); and maintened clientelist relationships between politicians and locals around the progressive urbanization. Land regulation becomes a flexible tool that adapts to the possibilities of urban development, guided by these fundings or private interests. The democratization period in the late 1980s was accompanied by demographic change and by a polarization reverse process associated with policy decentralization, changes in industrial production processes and the emergence of new forms of urbanization closed urban developments, shoppings, thematic parks, and others. In this context, urban sprawl in São Paulo\'s cities can be explained by (1) low resistance to change from rural to urban uses, influenced by rural production and price variations; (2) urban innovations like new types of developments closed residential developtments, little farms, etc., and (3) high investments in road systems and in encouraging the use of individual vehicles. Analysis of the 100 municipalities\'land laws not only showed that these kinds of urban development require, in order to happen, more flexible urbanization permits, but also pointed the need to plan the countryside. The three case studies herein showed different degrees of urban growth control and planning urban expansion. The Brazilian cases debate with the Colombian urban planning experience that combines financing, management and planning areas of expansion. In summary, the research admits the recurrence of urban growth, and points the need for planning (so as to avoid urban-environmental and social losses that can occur), for fair distribution of urbanization costs and benefits (so as to prevent speculative processes often present in rural-urban change processes) and for exante development, thus preventing irregular urban development process and making urban growth with a complete urbanization.

The aim of this research paper is to answer the question: to what measure, from the perspective of the human security concept, do the progressive participatory- inclusive trends of urban development, built on the principle of organic thinking about city-society, represent a cheaper, efficient and long-term preventive strategies to counter violence and insecurity compared to rather traditional control-repressive reaction using security forces and whether they are universally applicable. The direction where the urban development agenda, eventually infrastructure building, will evolve has the capacity to influence everyday security and quality of life of more than half of the global population. No matter if and how the national armies are prepared, if and where can the state allocate basic energetic resources or how is the state ready to face eventual terrorist attack. Presented examples of a breakthrough transformation of society, physical environment and security n Bogotá under the mayors Mockus and Penalosa together with the transformation of development strategies of New York City based on the reflection of the globally growing discourse of the human scale urbanism and human security in cities under mayor Bloomberg both demonstrate that in efforts to increase the comprehensive quality of life and...

The Muisca people of the Eastern Cordillera of Colombia had an exceptionally complex diet, which is the result of specific subsistence strategies, environmental advantages, and social restrictions. The distinct varieties of microclimates, caused by the sharp elevations in this part of the Andes, allows for a great biodiversity of plants and animals that was accessible to the native population. The crops of domesticated and adopted plants of the Muisca include a wide variety of tubers, cereals, fruits, and leaves that are described in detail in this thesis. The Muisca used an agricultural method known as microverticality where the different thermic floors are utilized to grow an impressive variety of species at various elevations and climates. This group also domesticated the guinea pig, controlled deer populations and possibly practiced pisiculture, patterns that are also described in this text. Some of the foods of the Muisca were restricted to specific social groups, such as the consumption of deer and maize by the chiefly classes and the consumption of roots and tubers by the lower class, hence the complexity of their dietary practices. The utensils utilized in the preparation and processing of foods, including ceramics and stone tools were once of extreme importance in the evolution of the Muisca diet and form an important part of this research as well as the culinary methods that are described in the Spanish chronicles and by contemporary experts. The majority of food products utilized by the Muisca in antiquity are still part of the diet of contemporary Colombians and the current uses of these foods can allow us to understand how these products were used by this pre-Columbian society. On the other hand, knowledge of the practices used by the Muisca can facilitate the preservation of these foods in the modern diet and avoid the introduction and replacement of these foods by nonnative products, which can be less nutritious.

No description available.

L’aménagement du territoire est le résultat de différents processus économiques, politiques, sociaux, culturels et environnementaux. Le territoire peut être vu de différentes manières et reflète les visions et les intérêts des acteurs qui le construisent. L'objectif principal de cette thèse consiste à explorer les dynamiques qui soutiennent l'aménagement de Bogota, capitale de la Colombie, et d’une municipalité avoisinant Soacha. L'analyse se concentre sur trois aspects qui correspondent aux objectifs spécifiques de cette étude : les récentes politiques publiques d'aménagement du territoire qui régissent la zone étudiée, le rôle des acteurs sociaux et les relations urbano-rurales créées dans ce nouveau contexte. La thèse souligne des éléments contextuels qui servent à comprendre les transformations récentes de Bogota et de Soacha dans leurs implications spatiales. Différents processus ont apparus dans la nouvelle géographie de cette région, y compris la mondialisation, les transformations économiques, les nouvelles lois relatives à l'aménagement du territoire, les nouvelles formes de participation, ainsi que les décisions des administrations municipales qui ont contribué à établir ce nouvel ordre. Les éléments théoriques traitées dans cette étude privilégient deux perspectives ou visions du territoire : 1) celle utilisée par l'État où le territoire est considéré comme un espace limité par des frontières; et 2) la perspective culturaliste où le territoire est défini par son appropriation et par par l’identité qu’il confère. Cependant, une nouvelle tendance émerge à travers l'intégration de ces deux perspectives, autant en Colombie que dans d’autres pays. Ainsi, l'analyse démontre que de nouveaux acteurs ont émergé, par exemple le Conseil territorial de la planification qui représente la concrétisation du discours de participation communautaire exprimé dans différentes lois. De plus, la population paysanne qui a résisté à l'expansion urbaine de Bogota constitue un acteur primordial. Les nouveaux patrons de relations urbaine-rurale démontrent une très grande diversité d'activités et de fonctions présentes dans cette nouvelle « frontière » très dynamique où des éléments urbains et ruraux sont combinés, toujours présents mais aussi toujours en évolution. / Territorial planning is the result of diverse economic, political, social, cultural and environmental processes. The ‘territory’ is seen as reflecting the visions and interests of the actors who participate in its construction. In this sense, the main goal of this dissertation is to explore the dynamics that underly territorial planning in Colombia, in particular in the district capital of Bogota and its nearby municipality Soacha – part of the metropolitan region of Bogota. This dissertation analyzes three aspects that constitute at the same time the dissertation’s specific goals: the recent public policies for territorial planning that apply to the study zone; the role of social actors; and the new situation with respect to urban - rural relations that are present there. The dissertation emphasizes the contextual elements that serve as the basis for understanding the recent transformations of the case study areas and their spatial implications. Different processes have been established in the new geography of the region. Globalization, economic transformations, new standards and laws related to territorial planning, new forms of participation, and the political decisions of the district and municipal administrations have contributed to the construction of this new order. The theoretical underpinnings of this study highlight two perspectives or visions of the territory. On the one hand, there is the vision used and applied by the State in which the territory is understood as a space limited by administrative boundaries; and, on the other hand, the cultural perspective in which the territory is defined by its social appropriation and identity. However, a new approach is emerging, not only in Colombia but in many other countries, from the integration of these two visions or perspectives. The analysis shows how new social actors such us the “Territorial Planning Councils” (Consejo Territorial de Planeación) have been created as a consequence of incorporating a participatory approach into different public laws and frameworks. Furthermore, actors such as the peasants now carry out actions of resistance to stop or at least limit urban expansion. The new patterns of urban - rural relations show that there is a significant diversity of activities and functions present in this very dynamic ‘frontier’ in which both urban and rural elements are present continually present but always evolving. / El ordenamiento de un territorio es el resultado de diferentes procesos económicos, políticos, sociales, culturales y ambientales. El territorio es visto de diferentes maneras de acuerdo a visiones e intereses de los actores que son quienes lo construyen. El objetivo central de esta tesis consiste en explorar las dinámicas que sostienen el ordenamiento territorial en Colombia, particularmente en el distrito capital de Bogotá y de su municipio vecino Soacha, los cuales forman parte de la región metropolitana de Bogotá. El análisis se concentra en tres aspectos que corresponden a su vez a los objetivos específicos planteados. Las recientes políticas públicas de ordenamiento territorial que rigen para la zona estudiada, el rol de los actores sociales y las nuevas relaciones urbano-rurales allí presentes. La tesis destaca elementos de contexto que sirven para comprender las recientes transformaciones de los estudios de caso y sus implicaciones espaciales. Diferentes procesos se consolidan en la nueva geografía de la región. La mundialización, las transformaciones económicas, nuevas normas y leyes relativas al ordenamiento territorial, nuevas formas de participación así como las decisiones de las administraciones distrital y municipal contribuyen a establecer este nuevo orden. Las referencias teóricas manejadas en este estudio privilegian dos tendencias o visiones del territorio. La utilizada por el Estado y en donde el territorio es considerado como un espacio limitado por fronteras y la visión culturalista en donde el territorio se define por apropiación y por identidad con el mismo. Sin embargo una nueva tendencia emerge a través de la integración de las dos visiones, no solamente en Colombia sino en diferentes países, cada uno con sus particularidades propias. Así, el análisis muestra que nuevos actores como el Consejo Territorial de Planeación surgen como concreción del discurso de participación expresado en las diferentes leyes y que otros como los campesinos realizan acciones de resistencia en el sitio para detener la expansión urbana. Las nuevas relaciones urbano-rurales dejan ver que la diversidad de actividades y de funciones existe en una franja urbano-rural muy dinámica en donde la combinación de elementos urbanos y rurales está presente y en constante evolución.

L’aménagement du territoire est le résultat de différents processus économiques, politiques, sociaux, culturels et environnementaux. Le territoire peut être vu de différentes manières et reflète les visions et les intérêts des acteurs qui le construisent. L'objectif principal de cette thèse consiste à explorer les dynamiques qui soutiennent l'aménagement de Bogota, capitale de la Colombie, et d’une municipalité avoisinant Soacha. L'analyse se concentre sur trois aspects qui correspondent aux objectifs spécifiques de cette étude : les récentes politiques publiques d'aménagement du territoire qui régissent la zone étudiée, le rôle des acteurs sociaux et les relations urbano-rurales créées dans ce nouveau contexte. La thèse souligne des éléments contextuels qui servent à comprendre les transformations récentes de Bogota et de Soacha dans leurs implications spatiales. Différents processus ont apparus dans la nouvelle géographie de cette région, y compris la mondialisation, les transformations économiques, les nouvelles lois relatives à l'aménagement du territoire, les nouvelles formes de participation, ainsi que les décisions des administrations municipales qui ont contribué à établir ce nouvel ordre. Les éléments théoriques traitées dans cette étude privilégient deux perspectives ou visions du territoire : 1) celle utilisée par l'État où le territoire est considéré comme un espace limité par des frontières; et 2) la perspective culturaliste où le territoire est défini par son appropriation et par par l’identité qu’il confère. Cependant, une nouvelle tendance émerge à travers l'intégration de ces deux perspectives, autant en Colombie que dans d’autres pays. Ainsi, l'analyse démontre que de nouveaux acteurs ont émergé, par exemple le Conseil territorial de la planification qui représente la concrétisation du discours de participation communautaire exprimé dans différentes lois. De plus, la population paysanne qui a résisté à l'expansion urbaine de Bogota constitue un acteur primordial. Les nouveaux patrons de relations urbaine-rurale démontrent une très grande diversité d'activités et de fonctions présentes dans cette nouvelle « frontière » très dynamique où des éléments urbains et ruraux sont combinés, toujours présents mais aussi toujours en évolution. / Territorial planning is the result of diverse economic, political, social, cultural and environmental processes. The ‘territory’ is seen as reflecting the visions and interests of the actors who participate in its construction. In this sense, the main goal of this dissertation is to explore the dynamics that underly territorial planning in Colombia, in particular in the district capital of Bogota and its nearby municipality Soacha – part of the metropolitan region of Bogota. This dissertation analyzes three aspects that constitute at the same time the dissertation’s specific goals: the recent public policies for territorial planning that apply to the study zone; the role of social actors; and the new situation with respect to urban - rural relations that are present there. The dissertation emphasizes the contextual elements that serve as the basis for understanding the recent transformations of the case study areas and their spatial implications. Different processes have been established in the new geography of the region. Globalization, economic transformations, new standards and laws related to territorial planning, new forms of participation, and the political decisions of the district and municipal administrations have contributed to the construction of this new order. The theoretical underpinnings of this study highlight two perspectives or visions of the territory. On the one hand, there is the vision used and applied by the State in which the territory is understood as a space limited by administrative boundaries; and, on the other hand, the cultural perspective in which the territory is defined by its social appropriation and identity. However, a new approach is emerging, not only in Colombia but in many other countries, from the integration of these two visions or perspectives. The analysis shows how new social actors such us the “Territorial Planning Councils” (Consejo Territorial de Planeación) have been created as a consequence of incorporating a participatory approach into different public laws and frameworks. Furthermore, actors such as the peasants now carry out actions of resistance to stop or at least limit urban expansion. The new patterns of urban - rural relations show that there is a significant diversity of activities and functions present in this very dynamic ‘frontier’ in which both urban and rural elements are present continually present but always evolving. / El ordenamiento de un territorio es el resultado de diferentes procesos económicos, políticos, sociales, culturales y ambientales. El territorio es visto de diferentes maneras de acuerdo a visiones e intereses de los actores que son quienes lo construyen. El objetivo central de esta tesis consiste en explorar las dinámicas que sostienen el ordenamiento territorial en Colombia, particularmente en el distrito capital de Bogotá y de su municipio vecino Soacha, los cuales forman parte de la región metropolitana de Bogotá. El análisis se concentra en tres aspectos que corresponden a su vez a los objetivos específicos planteados. Las recientes políticas públicas de ordenamiento territorial que rigen para la zona estudiada, el rol de los actores sociales y las nuevas relaciones urbano-rurales allí presentes. La tesis destaca elementos de contexto que sirven para comprender las recientes transformaciones de los estudios de caso y sus implicaciones espaciales. Diferentes procesos se consolidan en la nueva geografía de la región. La mundialización, las transformaciones económicas, nuevas normas y leyes relativas al ordenamiento territorial, nuevas formas de participación así como las decisiones de las administraciones distrital y municipal contribuyen a establecer este nuevo orden. Las referencias teóricas manejadas en este estudio privilegian dos tendencias o visiones del territorio. La utilizada por el Estado y en donde el territorio es considerado como un espacio limitado por fronteras y la visión culturalista en donde el territorio se define por apropiación y por identidad con el mismo. Sin embargo una nueva tendencia emerge a través de la integración de las dos visiones, no solamente en Colombia sino en diferentes países, cada uno con sus particularidades propias. Así, el análisis muestra que nuevos actores como el Consejo Territorial de Planeación surgen como concreción del discurso de participación expresado en las diferentes leyes y que otros como los campesinos realizan acciones de resistencia en el sitio para detener la expansión urbana. Las nuevas relaciones urbano-rurales dejan ver que la diversidad de actividades y de funciones existe en una franja urbano-rural muy dinámica en donde la combinación de elementos urbanos y rurales está presente y en constante evolución.

What does “success” mean for social reintegration of ex-combatants in urban settings? Although reintegration of former fighters has been at the center of academic and policy discourse for achieving peace, limited attention has been paid to unraveling how social reintegration processes occur and how they are impacted in urban contexts. This thesis studies the specific issue of successful social reintegration in urban contexts and asks why it evidences higher levels of success in some urban settings than others. Drawing on previous research on the impact of security conditions on reintegration processes, it argues that actual or suspected eroded security conditions, caused by the presence of organized armed groups as well as reintegrating ex-combatants whose former unit operated in the same host community, negatively impact levels of success of social reintegration in urban centers because they each increase levels of fear towards ex-combatants among community members. Through process tracing and structured focused comparison, this thesis assesses the explanatory power of the proposed hypotheses for the cases of Bogota and Medellin. Based on the yielded results, support for both hypotheses is identified. Nonetheless given the nuanced conceptualizations propose heiring, future research is called upon to further assess the explanatory power of the proposed models.