Magister Scientiae Dentium - MSc(Dent) / Aim: The aim of this study was to evaluate, in-vitro, the shear bond strength (SBS) and the resultant failure pattern after debonding of metal orthodontic brackets bonded with TransbondTM XT adhesive resin cement and RelyXTM Unicem 2 self-adhesive resin cement to pre-treated (35% ortho-phosphoric acid and silane coupling agent application) IPS eMax and porcelain veneered zirconia crowns. Material and methodology: A Typhodont maxillary lateral incisor was used and prepared in a conventional manner to receive a full ceramic crown. A CAD (computer aided design)/ CAM (computer aided manufacturing) machine was used to scan the prepared tooth and manufacture 40 IPS eMax crowns and 40 porcelain veneered zirconia crowns. Half the number of IPS eMax crown specimens (ie. 20) and half the number of porcelain veneered zirconia crown specimens (ie. 20) were thermocycled (ie. to mimic thermal changes which occur in the mouth), from 5 to 55o for 500 cycles as recommended by the International Organization for Standardization (ISO 6872, 2008). The remaining 20 IPS eMax crown specimens and 20 porcelain veneered zirconia crown specimens remained new and unexposed to thermal changes. The facial surfaces of all the thermocycled and non-thermocycled crown specimens were then etched. Etching of all the ceramic bonding surfaces was performed by the application of 35 per cent ortho-phosphoric acid liquid for 2 minutes, followed by a thin layer of a ceramic primer. A lateral incisor metal bracket with a bracket base area of 9mm2 (as confirmed by the manufacturer) was bonded to each of the etched and silane treated ceramic crown specimens and separated in the following manner: Group 1: (10 thermocycled, etched and silane treated IPS eMax and 10 thermocycled, etched and silane treated porcelain veneered zirconia crown specimens) RelyX™ Unicem 2 self-adhesive resin cement was used to bond the bracket to the ceramic crown specimens, Group 2: (10 thermocycled, etched and silane treated IPS eMax and 10 thermocycled, etched and silane treated porcelain veneered zirconia crown specimens) Transbond™ XT light cure adhesive primer was first applied onto the bonding surface of the crowns and then Transbond™ XT adhesive resin was used to bond the bracket to the ceramic crown specimens, Group 3: (10 non-thermocycled, etched and silane treated IPS eMax and 10 non-thermocycled, etched and silane treated porcelain veneered zirconia crown specimens) RelyX™ Unicem 2 self-adhesive resin cement was used to bond the bracket to the ceramic crown specimens, Group 4: (10 non-thermocycled, etched and silane treated IPS eMax and 10 non-thermocycled, etched and silane treated porcelain veneered zirconia crown specimens) Transbond™ XT light cure adhesive primer was first applied onto the bonding surface of the crowns and then Transbond™ XT adhesive resin cement was used to bond the bracket to the ceramic crown specimens. After bonding all samples were stored in distilled water for 24 hours before being submitted to the shear bond strength test. Debonding forces in Newtons (N) was determined by using a shear testing machine and converted into Mega Pascals (MPa). Results: The results after debonding were compared. The mean shear bond strength for RelyXTM Unicem 2 self-adhesive resin cement bonded to the all ceramic non-thermocycled crowns (Group 3) ranged from a low of 5.1 MPa (45.5 Newtons) when brackets were bonded to the IPS eMax crowns to a high of 5.8 MPa (51.9 Newtons) when brackets were bonded to the porcelain veneered zirconia crowns. The mean shear bond strength for Transbond XT adhesive resin cement bonded to the all ceramic non-thermocycled crowns (Group 4) ranged from a low of 6.4 MPa (57.3 Newtons) when brackets were bonded to the porcelain veneered zirconia crowns to a high of 8.1 MPa (72.7 Newtons) when brackets were bonded to the IPS eMax crowns. The side by side Box-and-Whisker plots of the shear bond strengths show wide and overlapping dispersions of the crown/adhesive resin combinations which consequently lessen the probability of significant differences between the crown/adhesive resin combinations in all 4 groups. According to the Kruskal-Wallis test (p < 0.05), and the Bonferroni Test the non-thermocycled crown/adhesive resin combinations do not differ significantly. Study of the mean ARI (Adhesive Remnant Index) values for the non-thermocycled crown/adhesive combinations shows that brackets bonded with Rely-XTM Unicem 2 to non-thermocycled porcelain veneered zirconia crowns failed entirely at the ceramic/adhesive interface and for all the other non-thermocycled ceramic/adhesive combinations most of the failures of the bond (70%) occurred at the bracket/adhesive interface, ie. cohesive fractures within the composite resin. No cohesive fractures of the porcelain crowns were noted. The results of the thermocycled groups (Group 1 and Group 2) show the TransbondTM XT/non-thermocycled IPS eMax crown combination yielded the highest overall mean shear bond strength of 8.1 MPa (72.7 Newtons) but dropped to a mean shear bond strength of 5.1 MPa (46.1 Newtons) (36.4% drop in shear bond strength) when the crowns were thermocycled prior to bonding. The TransbondTM XT/non-thermocycled porcelain veneerd zirconia crown combination yielded the second highest overall mean shear bond strength of 6.4 MPa (57.3 Newtons) and dropped to a mean shear bond strength of 5.1 MPa (45.8 Newtons) (19.3% drop in shear bond strength) when the crowns were thermocycled prior to bonding. The RelyXTM Unicem 2/non-thermocycled porcelain veneered zirconia crown combination yielded the third highest overall mean shear bond strength of 5.8 MPa (51.9 Newtons) but dropped significantly to a mean shear bond strength of 3.2 MPa (29.1 Newtons) (a significant 43.8% drop in shear bond strength) when the crowns were thermocycled prior to bonding. Lastly, the RelyXTM Unicem 2/non-thermocycled IPS eMax crown combination yielded the fourth highest mean shear bond strength of 5.1MPa (45.5 Newtons) but dropped to a mean shear bond strength of 4.9 MPa (44.5 Newtons) (a drop in shear bond strength of only 3%) when the crowns were thermocyled prior to bonding. Relaxing the significance level (p-value) somewhat demonstrates the negative influence of thermocycling on the shear bond strength of the crown/adhesive combinations. The non-thermocycled all ceramic crown/adhesive combinations showed mean ARI values of between 1.3 and 2.1 indicating cohesive fractures within the composite resin and efficient bonding of the adhesive material to the porcelain surface. However, all the thermocycled all ceramic crown/adhesive treatment combinations showed mean ARI values of between 0 and 0.8 indicating a bond failure between adhesive and porcelain and highlighting the negative influence of thermocycling on bond strength of both adhesive resin cements. Conclusion: Within the limitations of this study, it can be concluded that: 1.There was no significant difference in the shear bond strengths of metal orthodontic brackets bonded with RelyXTM Unicem 2 self-adhesive resin cement and metal orthodontic brackets bonded with TransbondTM XT adhesive resin cement to IPS eMax and porcelain-veneered zirconia crowns which were conditioned with 35 % phosphoric acid and a silane coupling agent. 2. Conditioning the porcelain surface with 35% phosphoric acid and a silane coupling agent (which is safer to use than Hydrofluoric acid) is sufficient for bonding metal orthodontic brackets to all ceramic crowns, and should make it simpler for clinicians to remove the remaining adhesive from the porcelain surface after debonding. 3. The negative influence of thermocycling prior to bonding can be seen on shear bond strength values. 4. Most of the failures of the bond occurred at the ceramic/adhesive interface and cohesive fractures within the composite resin. No cohesive fractures of the porcelain crowns were noted.

Following chemo-mechanical cleaning of the root canal system, the provision of a fluid-tight seal is one of the main requirements for successful endodontic treatment. Gutta percha with a sealer has been considered as the gold standard root canal filling for many years. However, it does not have all the properties of an ideal root canal filling. A resin-based root filling, Resilon, has been introduced which has the advantage of bonding to the root canal dentine forming a “monoblock”. Different properties of Resilon have been investigated, but some properties using different obturation techniques and in retreatment need further investigation. The aim of this project was to investigate selected properties of Resilon in primary endodontic treatment (quality of obturation using either cold lateral condensation or thermal compaction, and push-out bond strength following the use of different intracanal medicaments) and secondary endodontic treatment (removability using a combination of hand and rotary instrumentation, fracture resistance and leakage resistance following different removal techniques).Using micro-CT, the volume of voids in root canals obturated with Resilon in comparison with gutta percha using either cold lateral condensation or thermal compaction was investigated. The results showed that there was no significant difference between the two materials regardless of the obturation technique. The use of Vitapex and iodoform was found to significantly reduce the bond strength of Resilon to dentine in comparison with calcium hydroxide and its aqueous combination with iodoform (Calcipast1). The effectiveness of the combined use of hand K-files and ProTaper retreatment files in removal of Resilon using either cold lateral condensation or thermal compaction was compared to that of gutta percha. Micro-CT assessment showed that Resilon resulted in significantly more remaining material than gutta percha when thermal compaction was used. Fracture resistance of retreated roots filled with Resilon was found to be not significantly different from those filled with gutta percha irrespective to the removal technique (either hand K-files or ProTaper retreatment files). Using the same retreatment techniques, dye leakage resistance of root canals re-filled with Resilon was compared with that of primarily treated root canals. The results showed that there was no significant difference in leakage resistance between re-treated and primarily treated root canals. Obturation with Resilon was shown to have no significant advantage over gutta percha in terms of quality of obturation and fracture resistance in retreated roots. More investigation of the clinical performance of Resilon is required before it can be considered as a replacement for gutta percha.

This research presents the results on an experimental investigation to identify the significant factors influencing horizontal cracking in continuously reinforced concrete pavements (CRCP). An in-depth analysis of the microstructure, morphological characteristics of the interfacial transition zone (ITZ) and the observation of cracking using the environmental scanning electron microscope (ESEM) was done. Characterization of oxides using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and electron dispersive x-ray spectroscopy (EDS) was also performed. Water to cement ratio (w/c) and rebar temperature had a significant influence on the rebar-concrete bond strength. The 28-day shear strength measurements showed an increase in rebar-concrete bond strength as the water to cement ratio (w/c) was reduced from 0.50 to 0.40. There was a reduction in the peak pullout load as the temperature increased from 14oF to 252oF for the corroded and non-corroded rebar experiments. The corroded rebar pullout test results showed a 20-50 % reduction in bond strength compared to the non-corroded rebars. FTIR measurements indicated a presence of lepidocrocrite (γ -FeOOH) and maghemite (γ -Fe2O3) on the ITZ. ESEM images showed the existence of microcracks as early as three days after casting with the bridging of these cracks between coarse aggregate locations in the interfacial zone propagating through the mortar.

Orientadores: Mario Fernando de Goes, Luis Roberto Marcondes Martins / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Odontologia de Piracicaba / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-03T15:59:52Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Cordeiro_NaraPereirad'Abreu_D.pdf: 3561839 bytes, checksum: 125cbc91719d6a902ce59502debf7873 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2003 / Resumo: o objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a resistência ao cisalhamento por extrusão (push out) entre a dentina intra-radicular e pinos de fibra de vidro nas regiões cervical, média e apical de raízes utilizando dois sistemas de cimentação adesiva. Foram selecionados vinte pré-molares inferiores unirradiculares recém extraídos por motivos ortodônticos, hígidos e livres de trincas. As coroas dos dentes foram removidas na altura da junção cemento esmalte. As polpas dentais foram removidas através de limas endodônticas e os condutos radiculares foram preparados com brocas de largo nO 5, com 8,Omm de penetração. As raízes foram divididas em dois grupos de 10: Grupo 1- pino fixados com o sistema adesivo autocondicionante ED Primer e cimento resinoso Panavia F; Grupo 2- pinos fixados com o sistema adesivo de frasco único Single Bond e cimento resinoso Rely X. Após a fixação dos pinos, as raízes foram mantidas em estufa a 37°C, por 24 h. A porção mais apical das raízes foi seccionada até a altura em que a raiz apresentasse 8,Omm de comprimento. Em seguida, as raízes foram seccionadas transversalmente e 3 discos de 2,7mm de altura foram obtidas e classificadas segundo a região cervical, média e apical do pino. O ensaio de resistência de união por extrusão foi realizado em máquina de ensaio universal Instron 4411 onde uma haste metálica com ponta ativa de 1,Omm de diâmetro produziu a carga para efetuar o deslocamento do pino do conduto radicular. Os valores médios de resistência de união por extrusão não apresentaram diferenças estatísticas significantes no terço cervical da raiz entre os dois materiais de fixação avaliados. Nas regiões média e apical do conduto, os valores de resistência de união apresentados pelo Sing/e Bond + Re/y X foram superiores e estatisticamente diferentes em relação aos valores apresentados pelo sistema ED Primer + Panavia F (p< 0,05). Para os dois materiais em estudo, não houve diferença estatística quando comparadas as regiões média e cervical do pino, porém apresentaram diferença estatística em relação à região apical (p< 0,05). Após o ensaio de cisalhamento por extrusão, os espécimes foram seccionados no sentido longitudinal para análise em microscopia eletrônica de varredura. A zona de interdifusão adesivo/dentina produzida pelo adesivo de frasco único Sing/e Bond apresentou-se mais espessa do que a zona de interdifusão apresentada pelo adesivo autocondicionante ED Primer. Houve áreas desmineralizadas com presença de túbulos dentinários abertos porém parcialmente preenchidos pela resina em ambos os grupos. Também foram observadas bolhas que variaram de tamanho e forma na camada de cimento junto à área da interface de união e mais constantes no terço apical das raízes. Palavras-chave: pino de fibra de vidro; cimento resinoso; sistema adesivo; resistência de união; "push out / Abstract: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the bond strength between fiber posts cemented in root dentin considering different depths of the roots (cervical, median and apical) and two luting materiais, through push out tests and to examine the integration among these components through scanning electron microscopy. Twenty sound bicuspids, tree trom cracks, extracted for orthodontic reasons, were selected. The crowns were removed at the cement enamel junction. The pulps were removed with endodontic reamers and the first 8,Omm of the canais were shaped with number 5 largo burs. The roots were divided into two groups of 10 each. The roots trom group 1 received fiber posts cemented with the self etching primer ED Primer and the composite resin Panavia F., while the roots of Group 2 received fiber posts cemented with the one bottle adhesive Single Bond and the composite resin Rely X. After the posts cementation, the roots were kept in humidity at 3-,0 C for 24 hours. The most apical part of the roots were sectioned until they were 8.0mm long. After that, the roots were sectioned transversally and three 2.7mm thick sections were obtained: cervical, median and apical. The push out test that evaluated bond strength between luting material and root dentin was carried out on an Instron (4411) testing machine. The specimens were positioned on a steel support platform with the post centered over a 2.0mm hole in the platform. A steel probe 1.0mm in diameter was centered over the post and used to apply force to the test specimens. Data from the push out test revealed no statistically significant differences at the cervical portion of the root between the two cementation systems tested. At the median and apical portion of the root, the bond strength values presented by the Sing/e Bond and Re/y X were superior and statistically different from those presented by ED Primer and Panavia F (P<O,05). After the push out test, the specimens were sectioned longitudinally for observation in scanning electron microscope. Afterwards, the specimens were gold sputtered to have their failure mode evaluated. The adhesive/dentin hybrid layer formed by the one bottle adhesive Sing/e Bond was thicker than the one formed by the self etching ED primer. There were zones of demineralization in the root dentin not filled with the adhesive for both groups. Many voids could be observed at the cernent layer close to the bonding area and they seemed to be more frequent at the apical portion of the roots / Doutorado / Dentística / Doutor em Clínica Odontológica

O presente estudo hipotetiza que cimentos resinosos com diferentes sistemas de ativação e mecanismo de condicionamento da estrutura dentária, têm a mesma resistência adesiva a uma cerâmica. Objetivos: avaliar a resistência de união de agentes de fixação resinosos, cimento resinoso autopolimerizável (C&B- Bisco), dual (Panavia F- Kuraray) e auto-adesivo (Relyx U-100-3M ESPE) frente a uma cerâmica a base de dissilicato de lítio (IPS Empress-Ivoclar Vivadent). Metodologia: nove blocos de cerâmica e 9 de compósito foram confeccionados com dimensões 6mmx6mmx6mm e fixados por meio de um agente de fixação resinoso (Panavia F, C&B, RelyX U-100). As superfícies da porcelana e do compósito foram tratadas, o sistema adesivo e o agente de fixação resinoso foram aplicados. O bloco de compósito foi posicionado e foi realizada a fotoativação, por quarenta segundos, em cada face dos blocos. Todas as amostras foram armazenadas em água deionizada a 37C por vinte e quatro horas. As amostras foram fixadas às placas de acrílico e seccionadas em uma cortadeira metalográfica. Foram obtidas fatias em forma de palito com 1mm de espessura, num total de 15 por grupo. Decorrido trinta dias foram submetidos ao ensaio de microtração em uma máquina de ensaio universal Kratos e os resultados analisados estatisticamente. O padrão de fratura foi analisado em lupa estereoscópica, classificados quanto ao tipo. Resultados: O cimento de dupla cura (Panavia F) apresentou maior resistência adesiva. O cimento auto-adesivo (Relyx U- 100- 3M ESPE) apresentou adesão inferior aos outros cimentos do estudo. A maioria das fraturas ocorreu dentro da zona adesiva, caracterizando a eficiência e confiabilidade deste teste, na avaliação dos cimentos. Conclusões: O agente de fixação auto-adesivo apresentou adesão inferior aos outros e o cimento dual se apresentou um pouco melhor que o quimicamente ativado. / This study hypothesized that resin cements with different activation modes and mechanisms have the same bond strength towards ceramic interface. Objectives: To evaluate the tensile bond strength of resin-fixing agent, self cured resin cement (C & B, Bisco), dual cement (Panavia, Kuraray) and self-adhesive (Relix U-100) towards the base of a ceramic of lithium disilicate (IPS-Empress Ivoclar Vivadent). Methodology: Nine blocks of ceramics and composite resins were prepared with dimensions 6mmx6mmx6mm. The surface of the porcelain and the composite was treated and the fixing agent (Panavia, C & B, ReLyX U-100), was applied. The composite block was photopolymerized for forty seconds on each side of the block. All samples were stored in deionized water at 37C for twenty-four hours. Afterwards, samples were cut to form matchstick slices 1mm -thick, with a total de 15 per group (n=15). The samples were submitted to microtensile testing at a Kratos universal testing machine (0.05mm/min) and the results were analyzed statistically. The pattern of fracture was observed in stereoscopic and classified. Result: The dual-cure cement (Panavia F) showed higher bond strengths whereas the self-adhesive cement (Relyx U-100) showed the lowest bond strength among groups. Most of the fracture occurred inside the adhesive interface, characterizing the efficiency and reliability of this test in the evaluation of cements. Conclusions: The self-adhesive cement exhibited lower bond strength compared to the other agents. The dual cured cement system presented a slightly better performance than the self-cured cement.

No description available.

Orthodontic attachments must be able to bond to a wide range of tooth and prosthetic surfaces. Despite the high prevalence of fluorosis in many parts of South Africa (Louw A, Chikte U 1997), only limited information is available on the integrity of the bond between orthodontic brackets and fluorosed teeth. The objective of this study was to measure and compare Shear Bond Strengths (SBSs) of metal and ceramic orthodontic brackets on fluorosed and non-fluorosed teeth. One hundred and twenty (60 fluorosed and 60 non-fluorosed) extracted premolar teeth were divided into four groups A to D, consisting of 30 teeth in each group. BluGloo® was used as an orthodontic adhesive to bond brackets on the buccal surface of each tooth. The experimental groups consisted of Group A, in which Nu-Edge® metal brackets were used and Group B, in which InspireIce® ceramic brackets were bonded to fluorosed teeth. Group C and D consisted of Nu-Edge® metal brackets and InspireIce® ceramic respectively, bonded to non-fluorosed teeth. Bonding techniques were kept the same and standardised for all four groups. An Instron testing device was used to debond and measure the SBSs. SBSs were compared using ANOVA with posthoc analysis done using Dunnett’s C test for pairwise comparisons. Significance was set at P<0.05. The results showed that SBS of Group B>Group C>Group D>Group A. Ceramic brackets bonded to fluorosed teeth had the highest SBS with a mean of 15.78 (SD=9.07) Megapascals (MPa), while metal brackets bonded to fluorosed teeth produced the lowest SBS of 8.41 (SD=4.68) MPa. The SBSs of ceramic brackets bonded to fluorosed teeth was significantly higher than that of SBS of metal brackets bonded to fluorosed teeth, but not significantly different from SBSs obtained from either brackets bonded to non-flurosed teeth. The BluGloo adhesive if used to bond ceramic brackets to fluorosed teeth can produce adequate SBS for clinical use. The recommendation from this study is that ceramic brackets can be used efficiently to bond to fluorosed teeth. A follow up study should be carried out to assess the nature of enamel damage caused during debonding of flourosed teeth. This is a laboratory study and thus the clinical application should be interpreted with caution. / Dissertation (MChD)--University of Pretoria, 2014. / tm2015 / Orthodontics / MChD / Unrestricted

Orientador: Rebeca [Unesp] Di Nicoló / Resumo: O objetivo desse estudo foi avaliar as propriedades de um sistema adesivo modificado com a incorporação de partículas de vidro bioativas (SCHOTT Bioactive Glass) em duas diferentes concentrações (0,5 e 1%). Foram avaliados a resistência de união da interface adesiva, o grau de conversão e a atividade antibacteriana, além da análise por meio do Estereomicroscópio e Microscópio Eletrônico de Varredura (MEV). Os adesivos foram divididos em três grupos: ASB - Adesivo Single Bond 2 (3M-ESPE) sem a incorporação de partículas bioativas, ASB0,5 – Adesivo Single Bond 2 com a incorporação de partículas bioativas na concentração de 0,5% e ASB1 – Adesivo Single Bond 2 com a incorporação de partículas bioativas na concentração de 1%. Para o teste de resistência de união foram utilizados 30 molares humanos hígidos (n=10) que posteriormente foram observados em Estereomicroscópio para análise do padrão da fratura. O grau de conversão foi feito no FTIR, onde foram feitas três leituras das gotas do adesivo dos diferentes grupos. A atividade antibacteriana foi feita através dos testes de difusão em ágar e contagem da unidade formadora de colônia (UFC), onde foram utilizados discos de adesivos polimerizados dos diferentes grupos. Os testes antibacterianos foram repetidos por três vezes. Os dados foram analisados estatisticamente quanto à sua normalidade. Como estes apresentaram distribuição normal, realizou-se o teste de análise de variância (ANOVA) paramétrica um fator (sistema adesivo) e o tes... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Mestre

Background: The need to control moisture and contamination is crucial in adhesive dentistry, especially when rubber dam isolation is not feasible. Hemostatic contamination can negatively affect adhesion to tooth substrate. To achieve better outcomes, hemostatic agents should be rinsed off properly using a method that will remove the contamination and will not affect the μ-SBS. Objective: To evaluate and compare the effect of three different aluminum chloride and ferric sulfate contamination removal methods on the μ-SBS of lithium disilicate glass-ceramic bonded to enamel and to compare the type of fracture between samples. Material and Methods: Lithium disilicate blocks (IPS e.max CAD) were cut into samples of 2 mm in diameter and 3mm in height. Thirty-five human molar teeth were collected and separated into seven groups (n=17) Groups: G1(control): No contamination. G2: Contamination with aluminum chloride and removal by 30 seconds water-rinse. G3: Contamination with aluminum chloride, removal by re-etching (37.5% phosphoric acid), water-rinse. G4: Contamination with aluminum chloride, removal with 18% EDTA G5: Contamination with ferric sulfate, removal with water-rinse. G6: Contamination with ferric sulfate, removal by re-etching (37.5% phosphoric acid), water-rinse and dried. G7: Contamination with ferric sulfate, removal with 18% EDTA. The enamel surface was etched, then contaminated with aluminum chloride and ferric sulfate, cleaned using 3 different methods, previously described. Ceramic samples were etched with HF acid, silanated then bonded to enamel surface using Optibond FL, Variolink veneer cement and the Elipar S10 curing light, to avoid oxygen inhibition restoration margins were cover with a glycerin to complete polymerization of 10 -30 seconds each side. Specimens were stored in deionized water for 7 days, then subjected to μ-SBS testing, fractured specimens were examined with a stereomicroscope to determine the type of fracture, and five sample of each group were selected for SEM. To compare differences for the outcome a general linear mode ANOVA was created, and data recorded. Results: There were statistically significant differences among the studied groups for the μ-SBS (p< 0.05). The G6 (Ferric sulfate- Re-etching) was the closest mean μ-SBS (10.75 MPa) to the G1(control group).μ-SBS (16.24 MPa), the lowest μ-SBS (6.13 MPa) for the G4 (Aluminum chloride-EDTA). The groups using ferric sulfate as a cleaning method presented higher μ-SBS MPa than the groups using aluminum chloride as a cleaning method. The type of fracture on groups with higher μ-SBS (MPa), G6 - 10.75 MPa (ferric sulfate-reetching), G5 - 9.21 μ-SBS(MPa) (Ferric sulfate-water) presented more cohesive fractures, while groups with lower μ-SBS(MPa), G4 – 6.13 MPa (Aluminum chloride- EDTA), G3 – 6.27 (aluminum chloride- re- etching) presented more mixed fractures. Conclusions: The present study sought to investigate the effect of three different contamination removal methods on bond strength of ceramic to enamel contaminated with aluminum chloride and ferric sulfate. Ferric sulfate hemostatic agent showed higher μ-SBS in all contamination removal methods when compare to aluminum chloride hemostatic agent. But all the contamination removal methods in both groups failed to increase the bond strength on enamel to the level of the control group. Further research is required before we can make definitive conclusions

Background . Little is known about the long-term clinical bonding effectiveness of the Fiber-reinforced composite (FRC) posts cemented with self-etch adhesive systems. Bond stability and longevity of the cemented post are adversely affected by physical and chemical factors over time, such as expansion and contraction stresses caused by thermal changes and occlusal load. This clinical condition can be simulated in vitro by thermocyclic loading; and bonding effectiveness can be evaluated by applying the micropush out test. Therefore, more in vitro studies are needed to evaluate the bond strength of the fiber posts cemented with different resin cement systems after simulating the artificial aging induced by thermocycling. The aim of this study was to compare the microtensile bond strength of two different resin cement systems (total etch, and self-etch resin cement system) used for cementation of fiber reinforced composite posts in three different aging periods using thermocycling. Methods . Following IRB approval, sixty freshly extracted bicuspid single rooted natural teeth were endodontically treated, and the post-spaces were prepared to receive a fiber-post cemented with either a total etch resin cement (Rely-X Ultimate) or with a self-etch resin cement (Rely-X Unicem). No thermocycling, 20,000 and 40,000 cycles was used to age the specimens. Teeth were randomly allocated into six different groups: G1 - Control: Rely-X Ultimate cement with no thermocycling. G2: Rely-X Ultimate cement with 20,000 thermocycling. G3: Rely-X Ultimate cement with 40,000 thermocycling. G4: Rely-X Unicem cement. G5: Rely-X Unicem cement. G6: Rely-X Unicem cement. Microtensile bond strength determined using a micropush out test on a universal testing machine (MTS). Additionally, the failure mode of each specimen was observed under a stereomicroscope (Olympus) at 40x magnification. Finally, one representative sample was randomly selected from each of the five failure modes for scanning electron microscope (SEM) examination of the surface morphology in order to obtain SEM images of the failure patterns at 29-70x magnifications. Statistical analysis: Nested general linear and generalized linear model was created to look for statistical significance. Level of significance was set at P < 0.05. Results . No significant differences were found on the bond strength between the two types of resin cement systems (total etch and self-etch). Regarding the thermocycling effect, the bond strengths of the group of 40,000 cycles was significantly lower than the 20,000 cycle group. In addition, the bond strengths of the specimens collected from the coronal third of the root were significantly lower than the specimens from the apical third. A Fisher's Exact test was applied to evaluate the failure mode differences, and showed statistically significant differences between the groups. Conclusions . The bond strength to the root canal dentin did not vary with the type of resin cement systems (total-etch vs self-etch). The microtensile bond strength values of FRC posts were significantly affected by increasing the thermocycling, and were significantly different among the different longitudinal levels of the root canal.