O objetivo deste estudo foi analisar o metabolismo ósseo de pacientes com proteinúria glomerular sem uso prévio de drogas que afetassem esse metabolismo. Dezessete pacientes foram estudados com biópsia óssea para análise histomorfométrica e fragmentos ósseos foram obtidos para cultura de célula (n=13) na qual nós avaliamos proliferação de osteoblasto. A comparação dos achados histomorfométricos a controles de literatura demonstrou uma diminuição da remodelação óssea e comprometimento de sua microarquitetura. Corroborando com esse resultado houve diminuição da proliferação dos osteoblastos dos pacientes quando comparados a controles (n=5) doadores de órgãos. Análise bioquímica revelou correlação negativa da 25(OH)D3 com a proteinúria e positiva com a proliferação dos osteoblastos em cultura / The objective of this study was to analyze bone metabolism in proteinuria glomerular patients not having previously used drugs affecting bone metabolism. Seventeen patients were studied with histomorphometric analysis of bone biopsies and bone fragments were obtained for cell culture (n = 13), in which we evaluated osteoblastic proliferation. Comparing patients to controls of literature indicate reduced bone remodeling and altered bone microarchitecture. In corroboration, mean osteoblast proliferation was lower in patient samples when compared with those for normal osteoblasts obtained from age-matched, gender-matched donor organs (n = 5). Concentrations of 25-hydroxyvitamin-D3 correlated negatively with proteinuria and positively with osteoblast proliferation in culture

INTRODUÇÃO: Na última década surgiu uma nova técnica, o sequenciamento de nova geração, que, contrário ao método tradicional de Sanger, permite o sequenciamento em paralelo e em larga escala de múltiplos genes, ou até mesmo todos os genes humanos, a menor custo e com uma análise mais acelerada. Essa técnica possibilitou a descoberta de novos genes responsáveis por diversas doenças mendelianas, sendo rapidamente incorporada no contexto clínico. OBJETIVOS: comparar os resultados das técnicas de Sanger e sequenciamento de nova geração em amostras controle; introduzir a técnica de sequenciamento de nova geração no contexto clínico nas casuísticas de doenças ósseas genéticas e RASopatias; avaliar a sensibilidade diagnóstica desta técnica em amostras sem dados clínicos fornecidos. MÉTODOS: o sequenciamento de nova geração (sob a forma de um painel de genes customizado ou do exoma) foi realizado em amostras com mutações identificadas previamente por Sanger e em dois grupos de doenças mendelianas, 144 pacientes com doenças ósseas e 79 com RASopatias, além de 90 amostras sem dados clínicos conhecidos (45 casos e 45 controles). A técnica de Sanger foi aplicada em 29 amostras de doenças ósseas e em 81 amostras para confirmação de variantes identificadas pelo sequenciamento de nova geração. RESULTADOS: A sensibilidade da técnica de sequenciamento de nova geração foi estimada em 95,92% e a especificidade em 98,77%. Na casuística de doenças ósseas, a sensibilidade diagnóstica das amostras sequenciadas por Sanger foi de 69% (20/29), por painel customizado, 60% (75/125) e por exoma, 63% (12/19). Na casuística de RASopatias, a sensibilidade diagnóstica através do exoma foi de 46% (36/79). Como resultado deste trabalho, dois genes novos associados a RASopatias (LZTR1 e SOS2) e um associado a uma displasia esquelética (PCYT1A) foram identificados. Na análise das amostras sem conhecimento prévio da hipótese clínica foi obtida uma sensibilidade diagnóstica de 46,67% (21/45), mas que chegou a 73,08% (14/26) para as hipóteses de erros inatos do metabolismo. CONCLUSÕES: Foi demonstrado que a sensibilidade e a especificidade da técnica do sequenciamento de nova geração são altas e correspondentes a valores encontrados por outros grupos na literatura. Essa técnica foi considerada apropriada não apenas no contexto de pesquisa, demonstrado aqui pela descoberta de três novos genes associados a doenças mendelianas, como também para análises clínicas. Neste estudo a técnica foi aplicada com sucesso no contexto clínico, seja pelo painel customizado, seja pelo exoma, com uma positividade semelhante à encontrada pela técnica de Sanger. Mesmo na análise de amostras sem história clínica prévia foi possível identificar variantes patogênicas em quase metade dos casos, e numa porcentagem ainda maior quando a doença era um erro inato do metabolismo. Essa sensibilidade é comparável à obtida pela espectroscopia de massas em Tandem aplicada à triagem de múltiplas condições simultaneamente, o que sugere que a técnica do sequenciamento de nova geração poderá ser incorporada ao programa de triagem neonatal no futuro, ampliando o emprego de testes genéticos em complementaridade aos testes bioquímicos tradicionais / INTRODUCTION: In the last decade a new technique, the next generation sequencing, has emerged, which, contrary to the traditional Sanger method, performs parallel and high-throughput sequencing of multiple genes, or even all human genes, at a lower cost and with a faster analysis. This technique allowed the discovery of new genes responsible for several Mendelian diseases and has been quickly incorporated into the clinical context. OBJECTIVES: to compare the results of Sanger technique and next generation sequencing in control samples; to apply the next generation sequencing technique in the clinical practice to the cases of genetic skeletal disorders and RASopathies; to evaluate the diagnostic yield of this technique in samples without clinical data provided. METHODS: Next generation sequencing (in the form of a customized gene panel or exome) was performed in samples with mutations previously identified by Sanger sequencing and in two groups of Mendelian diseases, 144 patients with skeletal disorders and 79 patients with RASopathies, besides 90 samples with unknown clinical data (45 cases and 45 controls). The Sanger technique was applied in 29 samples of skeletal disorders and in 81 samples for confirmation of variants identified by next generation sequencing. RESULTS: The sensitivity of the next generation sequencing technique was estimated at 95.92% and the specificity at 98.77%. In the case of skeletal disorders, the diagnostic yield of the samples sequenced by Sanger was 69% (20/29), by customized panel, 60% (75/125), and by exome, 63% (12/19). In the individuals with RASopathies, the diagnostic yield through exome sequencing was 46% (36/79). As a result of this study, two new genes associated with RASopathies (LZTR1 and SOS2) and one associated with a skeletal dysplasia (PCYT1A) were identified. In the analysis of the samples without previous knowledge of the clinical hypothesis, a total diagnostic yield of 46.67% (21/45) was obtained, but it was up to 73.08% (14/26) in the group with hypothesis of inborn errors of metabolism. CONCLUSIONS: It was demonstrated that the sensitivity and specificity of the next generation sequencing technique are high and are similar to values found by other groups in the literature. The technique was considered appropriate not only for research, as demonstrated here by the identification of three new genes associated to Mendelian diseases, but also for clinical analysis. In this study the technique was successfully applied in the clinical context, both by customized panel and by exome, with positivity similar to that obtained by the Sanger technique. Even in the analysis of samples with no previous clinical history, it was possible to identify pathogenic variants in almost half of the cases, and an even greater percentage was obtained when the disease was an inborn error of metabolism. This sensitivity is comparable to that obtained by Tandem mass spectroscopy applied to multi-condition screening, suggesting that the next generation sequencing technique may be incorporated in the future into the neonatal screening program, increasing the use of genetic testing in complementarity to the biochemical tests

O tecido ósseo é extremamente complexo que, juntamente com a cartilagem, constitui o sistema esquelético. Tanto os ossos quanto a cartilagem são compostos por tecido metabolicamente ativo com duas funções básicas para o organismo, uma mecânica e outra bioquímica. O impacto do déficit calórico e da perda de peso pode reduzir a massa óssea e mudar a composição corpórea. Na pancreatite crônica alcoólica o paciente relata ingestão alcoólica por longo período, além da referência do alto consumo de cigarros e de uma alimentação deficiente. Os objetivos do presente estudo foram avaliar a frequência da doença osteometabólica, os hábitos alimentares, a frequência de deficiência de vitamina D assim como, se os achados de massa corpórea por densitometria de corpo total se relacionam à deficiência de massa óssea, em indivíduos portadores de pancreatite crônica de etiologia alcoólica. Foram avaliados três grupos de pacientes do sexo masculino com pancreatite crônica alcoólica. Foram divididos de acordo com o resultado da densitometria óssea: 5 pacientes no grupo da osteoporose, 26 no grupo da osteopenia e 8 no grupo normal. Todos os pacientes foram submetidos ao registro alimentar de três dias, mensuração de peso, altura, cintura e quadril, Índice de Massa Corpórea (IMC) e exames laboratoriais. A composição corpórea foi avaliada pela densitometria óssea por raios X de dupla energia (DXA) e por bioimpedância elétrica. 79% dos pacientes do sexo masculino com pancreatite crônica alcoólica tiveram densidade mineral óssea comprometida. Os pacientes que tinham vitamina D prescrita foram excluídos porém nos nossos resultados a maioria dos pacientes apresentavam níveis normais da vitamina. Em relação ao tabagismos, dos pacientes fumavam. Os pacientes com maior comprometimento ósseo eram mais magros,contudo, não houve diferença entre os pacientes de acordo com o IMC. Os pacientes classificados pelo DXA como normais eram mais jovens do que os pacientes com osteopenia e osteoporose. Em síntese, a osteoporose e osteopenia são fontes subvalorizadas de morbidade em pacientes com pancreatites crônicas sendo necessárias diretrizes de gestão de saúde óssea neste grupo de pacientes / The bone tissue is extremely complex, along with cartilage constitutes the skeletal system. Both bones as cartilage are composed of metabolically active tissue with two basic functions for the body, mechanical and biochemistry. The impact of the caloric deficit and weight loss can reduce bone mass and change body composition. In chronic alcoholic pancreatitis patients alcohol intake over a long period, in addition to reference the high consumption of cigarettes and poor nutrition. The objectives were to evaluate the frequency of osteometabolic disease, eating habits, the frequency of vitamin D deficiency and how the body mass found by total body densitometry relate to bone deficiency in individuals with chronic pancreatitis of alcoholic etiology . We evaluated three groups of male patients with chronic pancreatitis alcoholic. They were according to the results of bone densitometry. 5 in osteoporosis group, 26 in the osteopenia group and 8 in the normal group. All patients underwent three-day food record, measurements of weight, height, waist and hip, body mass index (BMI) and laboratory tests. The body composition was evaluated by densitometry by dual energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) and electrical bioimpedance. 79% of male patients with alcoholic chronic pancreatitis had compromised bone mineral density. Patients were prescribed vitamin D were excluded however results in the majority of patients had normal levels of the vitamin. Half of all patients smoking. Patients with higher bone involvement were thinner, there was no difference between patients according to BMI. Patients classified as normal by DXA were younger than patients with osteopenia and osteoporosis. In summary, osteoporosis and osteopenia are undervalued sources of morbidity in patients with chronic pancreatitis and necessary health management guidelines bone in this group of patients

INTRODUÇÃO: Na última década surgiu uma nova técnica, o sequenciamento de nova geração, que, contrário ao método tradicional de Sanger, permite o sequenciamento em paralelo e em larga escala de múltiplos genes, ou até mesmo todos os genes humanos, a menor custo e com uma análise mais acelerada. Essa técnica possibilitou a descoberta de novos genes responsáveis por diversas doenças mendelianas, sendo rapidamente incorporada no contexto clínico. OBJETIVOS: comparar os resultados das técnicas de Sanger e sequenciamento de nova geração em amostras controle; introduzir a técnica de sequenciamento de nova geração no contexto clínico nas casuísticas de doenças ósseas genéticas e RASopatias; avaliar a sensibilidade diagnóstica desta técnica em amostras sem dados clínicos fornecidos. MÉTODOS: o sequenciamento de nova geração (sob a forma de um painel de genes customizado ou do exoma) foi realizado em amostras com mutações identificadas previamente por Sanger e em dois grupos de doenças mendelianas, 144 pacientes com doenças ósseas e 79 com RASopatias, além de 90 amostras sem dados clínicos conhecidos (45 casos e 45 controles). A técnica de Sanger foi aplicada em 29 amostras de doenças ósseas e em 81 amostras para confirmação de variantes identificadas pelo sequenciamento de nova geração. RESULTADOS: A sensibilidade da técnica de sequenciamento de nova geração foi estimada em 95,92% e a especificidade em 98,77%. Na casuística de doenças ósseas, a sensibilidade diagnóstica das amostras sequenciadas por Sanger foi de 69% (20/29), por painel customizado, 60% (75/125) e por exoma, 63% (12/19). Na casuística de RASopatias, a sensibilidade diagnóstica através do exoma foi de 46% (36/79). Como resultado deste trabalho, dois genes novos associados a RASopatias (LZTR1 e SOS2) e um associado a uma displasia esquelética (PCYT1A) foram identificados. Na análise das amostras sem conhecimento prévio da hipótese clínica foi obtida uma sensibilidade diagnóstica de 46,67% (21/45), mas que chegou a 73,08% (14/26) para as hipóteses de erros inatos do metabolismo. CONCLUSÕES: Foi demonstrado que a sensibilidade e a especificidade da técnica do sequenciamento de nova geração são altas e correspondentes a valores encontrados por outros grupos na literatura. Essa técnica foi considerada apropriada não apenas no contexto de pesquisa, demonstrado aqui pela descoberta de três novos genes associados a doenças mendelianas, como também para análises clínicas. Neste estudo a técnica foi aplicada com sucesso no contexto clínico, seja pelo painel customizado, seja pelo exoma, com uma positividade semelhante à encontrada pela técnica de Sanger. Mesmo na análise de amostras sem história clínica prévia foi possível identificar variantes patogênicas em quase metade dos casos, e numa porcentagem ainda maior quando a doença era um erro inato do metabolismo. Essa sensibilidade é comparável à obtida pela espectroscopia de massas em Tandem aplicada à triagem de múltiplas condições simultaneamente, o que sugere que a técnica do sequenciamento de nova geração poderá ser incorporada ao programa de triagem neonatal no futuro, ampliando o emprego de testes genéticos em complementaridade aos testes bioquímicos tradicionais / INTRODUCTION: In the last decade a new technique, the next generation sequencing, has emerged, which, contrary to the traditional Sanger method, performs parallel and high-throughput sequencing of multiple genes, or even all human genes, at a lower cost and with a faster analysis. This technique allowed the discovery of new genes responsible for several Mendelian diseases and has been quickly incorporated into the clinical context. OBJECTIVES: to compare the results of Sanger technique and next generation sequencing in control samples; to apply the next generation sequencing technique in the clinical practice to the cases of genetic skeletal disorders and RASopathies; to evaluate the diagnostic yield of this technique in samples without clinical data provided. METHODS: Next generation sequencing (in the form of a customized gene panel or exome) was performed in samples with mutations previously identified by Sanger sequencing and in two groups of Mendelian diseases, 144 patients with skeletal disorders and 79 patients with RASopathies, besides 90 samples with unknown clinical data (45 cases and 45 controls). The Sanger technique was applied in 29 samples of skeletal disorders and in 81 samples for confirmation of variants identified by next generation sequencing. RESULTS: The sensitivity of the next generation sequencing technique was estimated at 95.92% and the specificity at 98.77%. In the case of skeletal disorders, the diagnostic yield of the samples sequenced by Sanger was 69% (20/29), by customized panel, 60% (75/125), and by exome, 63% (12/19). In the individuals with RASopathies, the diagnostic yield through exome sequencing was 46% (36/79). As a result of this study, two new genes associated with RASopathies (LZTR1 and SOS2) and one associated with a skeletal dysplasia (PCYT1A) were identified. In the analysis of the samples without previous knowledge of the clinical hypothesis, a total diagnostic yield of 46.67% (21/45) was obtained, but it was up to 73.08% (14/26) in the group with hypothesis of inborn errors of metabolism. CONCLUSIONS: It was demonstrated that the sensitivity and specificity of the next generation sequencing technique are high and are similar to values found by other groups in the literature. The technique was considered appropriate not only for research, as demonstrated here by the identification of three new genes associated to Mendelian diseases, but also for clinical analysis. In this study the technique was successfully applied in the clinical context, both by customized panel and by exome, with positivity similar to that obtained by the Sanger technique. Even in the analysis of samples with no previous clinical history, it was possible to identify pathogenic variants in almost half of the cases, and an even greater percentage was obtained when the disease was an inborn error of metabolism. This sensitivity is comparable to that obtained by Tandem mass spectroscopy applied to multi-condition screening, suggesting that the next generation sequencing technique may be incorporated in the future into the neonatal screening program, increasing the use of genetic testing in complementarity to the biochemical tests

O tecido ósseo é extremamente complexo que, juntamente com a cartilagem, constitui o sistema esquelético. Tanto os ossos quanto a cartilagem são compostos por tecido metabolicamente ativo com duas funções básicas para o organismo, uma mecânica e outra bioquímica. O impacto do déficit calórico e da perda de peso pode reduzir a massa óssea e mudar a composição corpórea. Na pancreatite crônica alcoólica o paciente relata ingestão alcoólica por longo período, além da referência do alto consumo de cigarros e de uma alimentação deficiente. Os objetivos do presente estudo foram avaliar a frequência da doença osteometabólica, os hábitos alimentares, a frequência de deficiência de vitamina D assim como, se os achados de massa corpórea por densitometria de corpo total se relacionam à deficiência de massa óssea, em indivíduos portadores de pancreatite crônica de etiologia alcoólica. Foram avaliados três grupos de pacientes do sexo masculino com pancreatite crônica alcoólica. Foram divididos de acordo com o resultado da densitometria óssea: 5 pacientes no grupo da osteoporose, 26 no grupo da osteopenia e 8 no grupo normal. Todos os pacientes foram submetidos ao registro alimentar de três dias, mensuração de peso, altura, cintura e quadril, Índice de Massa Corpórea (IMC) e exames laboratoriais. A composição corpórea foi avaliada pela densitometria óssea por raios X de dupla energia (DXA) e por bioimpedância elétrica. 79% dos pacientes do sexo masculino com pancreatite crônica alcoólica tiveram densidade mineral óssea comprometida. Os pacientes que tinham vitamina D prescrita foram excluídos porém nos nossos resultados a maioria dos pacientes apresentavam níveis normais da vitamina. Em relação ao tabagismos, dos pacientes fumavam. Os pacientes com maior comprometimento ósseo eram mais magros,contudo, não houve diferença entre os pacientes de acordo com o IMC. Os pacientes classificados pelo DXA como normais eram mais jovens do que os pacientes com osteopenia e osteoporose. Em síntese, a osteoporose e osteopenia são fontes subvalorizadas de morbidade em pacientes com pancreatites crônicas sendo necessárias diretrizes de gestão de saúde óssea neste grupo de pacientes / The bone tissue is extremely complex, along with cartilage constitutes the skeletal system. Both bones as cartilage are composed of metabolically active tissue with two basic functions for the body, mechanical and biochemistry. The impact of the caloric deficit and weight loss can reduce bone mass and change body composition. In chronic alcoholic pancreatitis patients alcohol intake over a long period, in addition to reference the high consumption of cigarettes and poor nutrition. The objectives were to evaluate the frequency of osteometabolic disease, eating habits, the frequency of vitamin D deficiency and how the body mass found by total body densitometry relate to bone deficiency in individuals with chronic pancreatitis of alcoholic etiology . We evaluated three groups of male patients with chronic pancreatitis alcoholic. They were according to the results of bone densitometry. 5 in osteoporosis group, 26 in the osteopenia group and 8 in the normal group. All patients underwent three-day food record, measurements of weight, height, waist and hip, body mass index (BMI) and laboratory tests. The body composition was evaluated by densitometry by dual energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) and electrical bioimpedance. 79% of male patients with alcoholic chronic pancreatitis had compromised bone mineral density. Patients were prescribed vitamin D were excluded however results in the majority of patients had normal levels of the vitamin. Half of all patients smoking. Patients with higher bone involvement were thinner, there was no difference between patients according to BMI. Patients classified as normal by DXA were younger than patients with osteopenia and osteoporosis. In summary, osteoporosis and osteopenia are undervalued sources of morbidity in patients with chronic pancreatitis and necessary health management guidelines bone in this group of patients

A population of stromal cells that retains osteogenic capacity in adult bone (adult bone stromal cells or aBSCs) exists and is under intense investigation in relation to osteogenesis and relevant pathology. aBSCs may be different from their embryonic or neonatal counterparts, and are influenced by species-/age-specific and other factors. Mice heterozygous for a null allele of prkar1a (Prkar1a+/-, a gene encoding for cyclic adenosine mono-phosphate (cAMP)-dependent regulatory subunit of protein kinase A (PKA), developed bone lesions that resembled fibrous dysplasia (FD) originated from cAMP-responsive osteogenic cells. Prkar1a +/- mice were crossed with mice heterozygous for catalytic subunit Calpha (Prkaca+/-), the main PKA activity-mediating molecule and generated mouse model with double heterozygosity for prkar1a and prkaca (Prkar1a +/-Prkaca+/-). Unexpectedly, Prkar1a+/-Prkaca+/- mice developed a large number of osseous lesions starting at 2--3 months of age that varied from the rare chondromas in the long bones and the ubiquitous osteochondrodysplasia of tail vertebral bodies to the occasional sarcoma in older animals. Cells from these lesions were fibroblast- and FD-like, and almost always originated from an area proximal to the growth plate and adjacent to endosteal surface of the periosteum; they expanded gradually in the bone marrow space. These cells expressed osteogenic cell markers, showed higher PKA activity that was mostly type II (PKA-II) and display an alternate pattern of catalytic subunit expression, and surprisingly possessed higher cAMP levels. In addition, markers of bone synthesis and lysis were increased. Gene expression profiling not only confirmed an early (progenitor) osteoblastic nature for these cells but also showed a signature that was indicative of mesenchymal-to-epithelial (MET) transition and increased Wnt signaling, particularly the brachyury expression. These studies show that a specific subpopulation of aBSCs can be stimulated in adult bone by PKA-II and altered Calpha activity, generating the only available germline mutant mouse model of a disorder that has similarities to human FD. Along with previous data, these studies also suggest that the effects of cAMP signaling on osteogenesis and stromal cell maintenance and proliferation in mice are age-, bone-, site- but also PKA-type and catalytic subunit-specific. / Parts of the work have been published in Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 2010; 107(19):8683--8. / Tsang, Kit Man. / Advisers: Constantine A. Stratakas; Kwak-Pui Fung. / Source: Dissertation Abstracts International, Volume: 72-04, Section: B, page: . / Thesis (Ph.D.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2010. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 144-183). / Electronic reproduction. Hong Kong : Chinese University of Hong Kong, [2012] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web. / Electronic reproduction. Ann Arbor, MI : ProQuest Information and Learning Company, [200-] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web. / Abstract also in Chinese.

Foi comparada a massa óssea e a composição corporal dos hemicorpos dominante e não dominante de um grupo (A) de 16 pessoas com paralisia cerebral com hemiplegia espástica, e de um grupo (B) de 29 voluntários normais por meio da mensuração da massa corporal, estatura e densitometria óssea do corpo total com composição corporal. Foi encontrada diferença estatística significante no conteúdo mineral ósseo dos membros superiores do grupo A e dos membros superiores e inferiores, tronco e total do grupo B; na massa magra dos membros inferiores do grupo A e dos membros superiores e inferiores, tronco e total do grupo B; na massa adiposa dos membros inferiores do grupo A e dos membros superiores e inferiores, tronco e total do grupo B; e no conteúdo mineral ósseo dos membros superiores e inferiores, e total e na massa magra dos membros superiores e inferiores entre os hemicorpos não dominantes dos grupos A e B. Foi encontrada também correlação estatística significante entre o conteúdo mineral ósseo e a massa magra nos grupos A e B em todos os sítios, exceto no tronco dominante do grupo A; e o conteúdo mineral ósseo e a massa corpórea no tronco dominante do grupo A e no membro inferior dominante e bilateral do grupo B / Were compared the bone mass and body composition of the dominant and nondominant hemi bodies in a group (A) of a 16 spastic hemiplegic cerebral palsy and in a group (B) of 27 normal volunteers by weight, height, and densitometry of total body with body composition measure. Were observed significant statistical difference in the bone content mineral of the upper limbs of the group A and of the upper and lower limbs, trunk and total of the group B; in the lean mass of the lower limbs of the group A and of the upper and lower limbs, trunk and total of the group B; in the mass fat of the lower limbs of the group A and of the upper and lower limbs, trunk and total of the group B; and in the bone mineral content of the upper and lower limbs, and total, and in the lean mass of the upper and lower limbs between the hemi bodies no dominant of the A and B groups. Were observed too statistical correlation between the bone mineral content and lean mass in the groups A and B in all locals, except in the trunk of group A; and between the bone mineral content and body mass in the trunk of group A and lower limb dominant and bilateral of group B

O objetivo deste estudo foi analisar o metabolismo ósseo de pacientes com proteinúria glomerular sem uso prévio de drogas que afetassem esse metabolismo. Dezessete pacientes foram estudados com biópsia óssea para análise histomorfométrica e fragmentos ósseos foram obtidos para cultura de célula (n=13) na qual nós avaliamos proliferação de osteoblasto. A comparação dos achados histomorfométricos a controles de literatura demonstrou uma diminuição da remodelação óssea e comprometimento de sua microarquitetura. Corroborando com esse resultado houve diminuição da proliferação dos osteoblastos dos pacientes quando comparados a controles (n=5) doadores de órgãos. Análise bioquímica revelou correlação negativa da 25(OH)D3 com a proteinúria e positiva com a proliferação dos osteoblastos em cultura / The objective of this study was to analyze bone metabolism in proteinuria glomerular patients not having previously used drugs affecting bone metabolism. Seventeen patients were studied with histomorphometric analysis of bone biopsies and bone fragments were obtained for cell culture (n = 13), in which we evaluated osteoblastic proliferation. Comparing patients to controls of literature indicate reduced bone remodeling and altered bone microarchitecture. In corroboration, mean osteoblast proliferation was lower in patient samples when compared with those for normal osteoblasts obtained from age-matched, gender-matched donor organs (n = 5). Concentrations of 25-hydroxyvitamin-D3 correlated negatively with proteinuria and positively with osteoblast proliferation in culture

Breast cancer, osteoporosis, and coronary heart disease (CHD) are three major threats to women’s health. Postmenopausal women with breast cancer are also at high risk for osteoporosis and CHD. Adjuvant tamoxifen therapy is not only an effective treatment for breast cancer, but has been shown to have a beneficial effect on bone and the cardiovascular system. Although tamoxifen has been convincingly demonstrated to be able to preserve bone mineral density (BMD), an unexpected increase of risk of fractures in patients treated with tamoxifen has been reported. The findings of the association of tamoxifen and CHD from previous studies were either borderline or inconsistent. To clarify the discrepancy between BMD and fractures and test the potential beneficial effect of tamoxifen on CHD, I conducted a series of retrospective studies in postmenopausal women with breast cancer who participated in the Cancer Surveillance in HMO Administrative Data (IMPACT study) or the Study of Osteoporotic Fractures (SOF). In patients who participated in the IMPACT study, I demonstrated that the association of tamoxifen and fracture incidence varied at different skeletal sites. Although the association of tamoxifen and fractures in the spine (HR=0.40, 95% CI: 0.09-1.85), wrist (HR=2.49, 95% CI: 0.88-7.06), and total body (HR=0.87, 95% CI: 0.49-1.55) was inconclusive, tamoxifen was associated with an apparent reduction of the risk of hip fracture (HR=0.41, 95% CI: 0.17-1.03, p=0.0565). Importantly, the pattern of observed association of tamoxifen with the risks of fractures among postmenopausal women with breast cancer is consistent with its widely reported preserving effect on bone mineral density. Using SOF data, I found that the association between BMD and fractures in women with breast cancer varied at different skeletal sites, and type of BMD measured. Non-specific BMD was not associated with hip fracture (HR=1.12; 95% CI: 0.78, 1.59). Site-specific BMD was more likely linked with hip fracture (HR=1.43, 95% CI: 0.99, 2.08) while change in BMD did not predict hip fracture (HR=1.05; 95% CI: 0.63, 1.72). The association of spine morphometric fracture with either non-specific or spine-specific BMD was similar (OR=1.40; 95% CI: 1.04, 1.90; OR=1.35, 95% CI: 0.99, 1.85, respectively). Overall, the association of BMD and fracture in elderly women with breast cancer is weak. Only site-specific BMD appears to have a consistently modest association with fractures in the corresponding skeletal sites. In the IMPACT study population, compared to patients without tamoxifen, the overall incidence of CHD in tamoxifen-treated patients was lower (adjusted HR=0.60, 95% CI: 0.40-0.88). For each year of tamoxifen use, there was a statistically significant decrease in the risk of CHD (HR=0.90, 95% CI: 0.82-0.98). Further analyses categorized by length of tamoxifen use showed that an apparent association with a decreased CHD risk was found in patients who received tamoxifen for two to five years (HR=0.54, 95% CI: 0.33-0.86). No association was detected after the discontinuation of tamoxifen therapy. In summary, I detected a possible benefit associated with tamoxifen on fractures in the hip, the most common fracture site. I also found that BMD did not predict osteoporotic fractures well in postmenopausal women with breast cancer. In addition, I demonstrated that tamoxifen was associated with a reduced risk of CHD in postmenopausal women with breast cancer in a dose-dependent manner. An apparent benefit was found in those patients who received tamoxifen therapy for at least two years.

INTRODUÇÃO: Perda óssea é um achado comum em pacientes com Nefrite Lúpica (NL), mesmo naqueles com diagnóstico recente. Algumas evidências indicam um aumento na osteoclastogênese como um dos distúrbios principais no processo de remodelamento ósseo. O objetivo deste estudo foi investigar algumas vias de sinalização (RANKL/OPG, Wnt/Beta-catenin and Th17/IL-17) possivelmente envolvidas na osteoclastogênese anormal detectada em mulheres jovens ao diagnóstico de nefrite lúpica ativa, assim como avaliar a ação da vitamina D (VitD) nesse cenário e sua correlação com fatores inflamatórios. MÉTODOS: Realizamos culturas com a linhagem de células osteoblásticas humanas hFOB 1.19 (ATCC) e as dividimos em um grupo suplementado com soro de pacientes lúpicas (NL) (n=15) e em um grupo com soro de controles saudáveis (CS) (n=15) em vez de soro fetal bovino (SFB). Em seguida, adicionamos 1,25-dihidroxivitamina D3 (1,25(OH)2D3) em dois subgrupos nas concentrações 10-9M e 10-7M, resultando em 6 grupos: CS, CS+vitD 10-9M, CS+vitD 10-7M, NL, NL+vitD 10-9M, NL+vitD 10-7M). Após 48h da adição de 1,25(OH)2D3 ao meio de cultura, células hFOB foram tripsinizadas e separado o lisato celular de cada grupo. Ensaios de citometria de fluxo e multiplex foram realizados para quantificação das seguintes proteínas do lisato cellular: CD166, CD54, fosfatase alcalina, RANKL, OPG, CD14, TLR4, NF-KappaB, SOST, DKK-1, Beta-catenina, IL-1-beta, IL-2, IL-6, TNF-alfa, IL-17A, IL-17F, IL-21 and IL-22. RT-PCR foi empregado para quantificação de mRNA dos genes RANKL, SOST, OPG e Beta-catenina. RESULTADOS: Pacientes com NL evidenciaram maiores níveis séricos de DKK-1 (2802,04 ± 1380,06 x 696,30 ± 421,22pg/ml, p < 0,001), OPG (560,12 ± 333,56 x 340,24 ± 102,08pg/ml, p=0,0212), TNF-alfa (9,63 ± 14,49 x 1,27 ± 0,35pg/ml, p=0,0337), IL-6 (15,58±39,08 x 8,02±3,49, p= 0,0053) and IL-2 (3,36 ± 3,06 x 1,54 ± 0,9pg/ml, p=0,0353) do que CS. Após exposição ao meio enriquecido com soro de pacientes com NL, células hFOB 1.19 apresentaram maior nível de mRNA de RANKL (p=0,045)) e menor nível de proteína OPG (178,81 ± 66,40 x 298,76 ± 114,94pg/mg, p=0,0016). Suplementação com 1,25(OH)2D3 aumentou a diferença da expressão das proteínas DKK-1 (673,03 ± 171,93 x 456,69 ± 234,53pg/mg, p=0,0215), IL-6 (0,80 ± 0,25pg/mg x 0,66 ± 0,18, p=0,0417) and IL-2 (4,97 ± 2,2 x 3,90 ± 1,66pg/mg, p=0,042) entre hFOB NL comparados com hFOB CS, enquanto diminuiu o nível de mRNA de Beta-catenina em células do grupo NL. DISCUSSÃO: Dentro das limitações deste estudo, os resultados sugerem que os maiores níveis séricos de citocinas pró-inflamatórias, como TNF-alfa, IL-6 e talvez IL-2, detectadas em pacientes com NL pode ter induzido a maior expressão osteoblástica de RANKL, representada pelo maior nível de mRNA RANKL em células do grupo NL, e suprimido OPG, conforme a diminuição observada na quantificação proteica de OPG nos lisatos celulares, o que pode ter contribuído para a aumentada osteoclastogênese evidenciada pela biópsia óssea dessas pacientes. A adição de 1,25(OH)2D3 não preveniu os efeitos inflamatórios do soro de pacientes com NL ativa em células hFOB 1.19 neste estudo / INTRODUCTION: Bone loss is a common finding in Lupus Nephritis (LN) patients even in those recently diagnosed. Some evidences indicate an increased osteoclastogenesis as the main disturb of the bone remodeling process. The aim of this study was to investigate some pathways (RANK-L/OPG, Wnt/?-catenin and Th17/IL-17) possibly involved in the abnormal osteoclastogenesis detected in women at the diagnosis of proliferative LN as well as evaluating the action of vitamin D (vitD) in this scenario and their correlation with inflammatory factors. METHODS: We cultured the human osteoblastic cell line hFOB 1.19 (ATCC), and divided cultures into those supplemented with serum from healthy controls (HC) (n=15) and LN patients (n=15) instead of fetal bovine serum (FBS). Then 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 [1,25(OH)2D3] was added in two subgroups at the concentrations of 10-9M e 10-7M while vitD was absent in one subgroup in both HC and LN cultures (HC, HC+vitD 10-9M, HC+vitD 10-7M, LN, LN+vitD 10-9M, LN+vitD 10-7M) . After 48h of vitD addition, hFOB cultures were trypsinized. Flow cytometry and multiplex assays were performed to test CD166, CD54, alkaline phosphatase, RANKL, OPG, CD14, TLR4, NF-KappaB, SOST, DKK-1, ?-catenin, IL-1Beta, IL-2, IL-6, TNF-alfa, IL-17A, IL-17F, IL-21 and IL-22 concentrations in the cell lysates. Polymerase reaction chain (RT-PCR) assays analyzed the expression of RANKL, SOST, OPG and Beta-catenin mRNA. RESULTS: LN patients showed higher serum levels of DKK-1 (2802.04 ± 1380.06 x 696.3 ± 421.22pg/ml, p < 0.001), OPG (560.12 ± 333.56 x 340.24 ± 102.08pg/ml, p=0.0212), TNF-alfa (9.63 ± 14.49 x 1.27 ± 0.35pg/ml, p=0.0337), IL-6 (15.58±39.08 x 8.02±3.49, 0.0053) and IL-2 (3.36 ± 3.06 x 1.54 ± 0.9pg/ml, p=0.0353) than HCs. After exposure to medium enriched with LN serum, osteoblasts expressed higher RANKL mRNA (fold change 1.573, p=0.045) and lower OPG protein (178.81 ± 66.40 x 298.76 ± 114.94pg/mg, p=0.0016). 1,25(OH)2D3 supplementation increased the difference between LN and HC expression of DKK-1 (673.03 ± 171.93 x 456.69 ± 234.53pg/mg, p=0.0215), IL-6 (0.80 ± 0.25pg/mg x 0.66 ± 0.18, p=0.0417) and IL-2 (4.97 ± 2.2 x 3.90 ± 1,66pg/mg, p=0.042) proteins and diminished Beta-catenin mRNA in LN cells. DISCUSSION: Within the limitations of this study, the results suggest that the higher serum levels of proinflammatory cytokines, such as TNF-alfa, IL-6 and perhaps IL-2, detected in LN patients would possibly have induced RANKL genes, as demonstrated by an enhanced RANKL mRNA expression in LN osteoblasts, and suppressed OPG protein in cell lysates, which would have contributed to the increased osteoclastogenesis detected in bone biopsies of women with new onset of LN. 1,25(OH)2D3 addition to osteoblast cultures did not prevent the effects of inflammatory LN serum in vitro