Thesis (Th. M.)--Trinity Evangelical Divinity School, 1991. / Abstract. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 135-144).

Depression is a common mental health disorder and is a major contributor to the overall global burden of disease. Improving the instruments that are used to detect and assist in the diagnosis of depression is of importance due to the impact that the disorder has on the individual and society. The study aimed to explore and improve the measurement of depression. Seventy-one participants’ results on the PHQ-9 (that measures frequency of depressive symptoms) and the Borg CR scale® (measuring intensity of depressive symptoms) were analysed. It was also of interest to measure mental health patients’ (n = 16) self-rated depression and compare it to mental health staffs’ (n = 7) observer-rated depression. The overall correlation between intensity and frequency of depressive symptoms was found to be positively strong (r =. 695), the Borg CR scale showed high internal consistency when used for measuring intensity of depressive symptoms (.846), self-reported depression was lower than observer-rated depression (p = .167). In addition, inter-individual differences in frequency and intensity of depressive symptoms were also examined. Overall, the outcome of this study showed that intensity of depressive symptoms can differ considerably between individuals, despite similar overall depression scores.

Där den subjektiva bedömningen är en förutsättning för prestationsvärdering såsom exempelvis simhopp finns ett behov av en valid och reliabel skattningskala. Syftet med studien var att undersöka värdet av att använda den nivåförankrade kvotskalan Borg CR100skalan® (Borg & Borg, 2001) för bedömning av simhopp. Undersökningen delades upp i två studier. Vid Studie 1 gjordes bedömningarna under SM i Örebro medan Studie 2 gjordes under en domarutbildning i Karlskoga 2012. I Studie 1 deltog sex domare som dömde fyra herrar och sex damer under kvalet, semifinalen och finalen i simhopp. I Studie 2 deltog 16 personer som dömde ett förinspelat material. Resultaten i Studie 1 och Studie 2 visade på signifikanta samband mellan den Traditionella skalan och Borg CR100skalan. Vid jämförelse mellan skattningen med den Traditionella skalan och skattningen med Borg CR100 skalan gick det att utläsa att med den Traditionella skalan hade flera hopp bedömts med samma poäng medan vid Borg CR100 skalan hade poängen fått en noggrannare differentiering mellan hoppen. Anledningen till resultaten kan vara att CR100 skalan är mer fingradig med en bättre diskriminering mellan nivåerna vilket gör det lättare att vara mer flexibel i sin skattning. / Att använda nivåförankrad kvotskalning (Borg CR100 skalan®) för bedömning av elitprestation

A análise do movimento de levantar-se exige o conhecimento de fatores que influenciam na sua realização, sendo que os fatores relacionados à estratégia são aqueles oriundos da execução do movimento. A cinemática básica do movimento de levantar-se indica que antes da retirada dos glúteos do assento o movimento do quadril é predominante ao movimento da coluna lombar, com uma proporção quadril – coluna lombar de 3:1. Considerando o resultado de um modelo matemático, o esforço gerado na coluna lombar foi maior quando a tarefa de levantar-se foi executada com a proporção considerada correta. Dessa forma, o objetivo geral desse estudo foi verificar a relação do nível de esforço avaliado a partir de uma resposta mecânica, estimada por um macromodelo biomecânico tridimensonal, entre o nível de esforço avaliado pela eletromiogrfia dos músculos iliocostal, longuíssimo e multífido da região lombar e a percepção subjetiva de esforço (escala de Borg), durante diferentes estratégias cinemáticas e musculares de realizar a tarefa de levantar-se. Para isso, 20 participantes do sexo feminino executaram a tarefa de levantar-se usando duas diferentes estratégias cinemáticas e duas diferentes estratégias musculares, enquanto que dados cinemáticos, eletromiográficos e de percepção subjetiva de esforço foram coletados. O coeficiente de Correlação de Person foi utilizado para avaliar a correlação entre os diferentes parâmetros de medida. Foi encontrada uma correlação alta e positiva entre a força muscular resultante e a ativação muscular para cada uma das diferentes estratégias cinemáticas e musculares, enquanto que houve uma discordância entre os achados de força muscular resultante e a percepção subjetiva de esforço. / The rising movement demands a basic knowledge of factors influencing its achievement, and the factors related to the strategy are those derived from the execution of the movement. The rising movement’s basic kinematics indicates that before removing the gluteus from the seat hip movement is predominant to lumbar column movement, with hip/lumbar column proportion of 3:1. Considering the results of a mathematical model, the effort generated in the lumbar column was higher when the rising task was executed with the proportion considered correct. Thus, general objective of this study was to verify the relationship of the effort level assessed from a mechanical response, estimated by a tridimensional biomechanical macromodel, between the effort level evaluated by electromyography of the muscles iliocostalis, longissimus and multifidus of the lumbar region and perceived exertion (Borg scale), during different kinematics and muscular strategies for achievement the rising task. Twenty female participants performed the rising task using two different kinematics strategies and two different muscular strategies, while kinematics, electromyographic and perceived exertion data were collected. Pearson correlation coefficient was used for assessing the correlation between different measuring parameters. A high and positive correlation between resultant muscle force and muscle activation was found for each of the different kinematic and muscular strategies, while there was a disagreement between the findings of resultant muscle force and perceived exertion.

A análise do movimento de levantar-se exige o conhecimento de fatores que influenciam na sua realização, sendo que os fatores relacionados à estratégia são aqueles oriundos da execução do movimento. A cinemática básica do movimento de levantar-se indica que antes da retirada dos glúteos do assento o movimento do quadril é predominante ao movimento da coluna lombar, com uma proporção quadril – coluna lombar de 3:1. Considerando o resultado de um modelo matemático, o esforço gerado na coluna lombar foi maior quando a tarefa de levantar-se foi executada com a proporção considerada correta. Dessa forma, o objetivo geral desse estudo foi verificar a relação do nível de esforço avaliado a partir de uma resposta mecânica, estimada por um macromodelo biomecânico tridimensonal, entre o nível de esforço avaliado pela eletromiogrfia dos músculos iliocostal, longuíssimo e multífido da região lombar e a percepção subjetiva de esforço (escala de Borg), durante diferentes estratégias cinemáticas e musculares de realizar a tarefa de levantar-se. Para isso, 20 participantes do sexo feminino executaram a tarefa de levantar-se usando duas diferentes estratégias cinemáticas e duas diferentes estratégias musculares, enquanto que dados cinemáticos, eletromiográficos e de percepção subjetiva de esforço foram coletados. O coeficiente de Correlação de Person foi utilizado para avaliar a correlação entre os diferentes parâmetros de medida. Foi encontrada uma correlação alta e positiva entre a força muscular resultante e a ativação muscular para cada uma das diferentes estratégias cinemáticas e musculares, enquanto que houve uma discordância entre os achados de força muscular resultante e a percepção subjetiva de esforço. / The rising movement demands a basic knowledge of factors influencing its achievement, and the factors related to the strategy are those derived from the execution of the movement. The rising movement’s basic kinematics indicates that before removing the gluteus from the seat hip movement is predominant to lumbar column movement, with hip/lumbar column proportion of 3:1. Considering the results of a mathematical model, the effort generated in the lumbar column was higher when the rising task was executed with the proportion considered correct. Thus, general objective of this study was to verify the relationship of the effort level assessed from a mechanical response, estimated by a tridimensional biomechanical macromodel, between the effort level evaluated by electromyography of the muscles iliocostalis, longissimus and multifidus of the lumbar region and perceived exertion (Borg scale), during different kinematics and muscular strategies for achievement the rising task. Twenty female participants performed the rising task using two different kinematics strategies and two different muscular strategies, while kinematics, electromyographic and perceived exertion data were collected. Pearson correlation coefficient was used for assessing the correlation between different measuring parameters. A high and positive correlation between resultant muscle force and muscle activation was found for each of the different kinematic and muscular strategies, while there was a disagreement between the findings of resultant muscle force and perceived exertion.

This paper examined whether Sandby borg has had a domestic manufacture of pearls. Other locations in Sweden with early signs of glass production are presented to investigate possible similarities with Sandby borg. Ocular and chemical analysis of beads and raw glass material from Sandby borg has been made to obtain more information before interpretation. XRF is used in the chemical analysis of the glass material to obtain the composition in the glass. One of the objectives of this paper is to try to identify which sites are considered a central location. To investigate the selected locations and if they can be referred to as central places. I use two different models to ease the interpretations. The first is Charlotte Fabech and Jytte Ringtveds pyramid of the arkeological material in central places and the other Bertil Helgesson's concept phenomenon, function, location and person. To investigate the different places as a glass production site, different criteria are used to make it easier to interpret a domestic glassware making. / I denna uppsats undersöktes det om Sandby borg har haft en inhemsk tillverkning av pärlor. Andra platser med tidiga tecken på glashantverk i Sverige presenteras för att undersöka eventuella likheter med Sandby borg. Det har gjorts okulär och kemisk analys av pärlor och smältor från Sandby borg för att få fram mer information innan tolkning. XRF metoden används i den kemiska analysen av glasmaterialet för att få fram sammansättningen i glaset. Ett av målen med denna uppsats är att försöka identifiera vilka platser som betraktas som en centralplats. För att undersöka de utvalda platserna och ifall de kan benämnas som centralplatser använder jag två olika modeller för att underlätta tolkningarna. Den första är Charlotte Fabech och Jytte Ringtveds pyramid om centralplatser och den andra Bertil Helgessons begrepp fenomen, funktion, lokalisering och person. För att identifiera utvalda platser som glashantverksplats användes olika kriterierna som karakteriserar en glashantverksplats. Sedan presenteras resultat av den XRF undersökning som gjordes på materialet från Sandby borg. Därefter diskuterades frågan om det förekommit en inhemsk tillverkning av pärlor i Sandby borg och resultaten jämfördes med de andra utvalda platserna i Sverige.

Generaliserat ångestsyndrom (GAD) innebär överdriven eller icke befogad oro. För att mäta GAD utvecklades skalan GAD-7, som med sina sju frågor identifierar diagnosen enligt kriterierna från DSM-IV. Borg centiMax-skalan avser att tillföra ett förhållande mellan olika känslouttryck genom att ta fram ett exakt numeriskt värde. Skalan bygger på kvotdata, så upplevelsen av exempelvis GAD kan beskrivas som “dubbelt så stark” som en annan, jämfört med svarsalternativen i en Likertskala. Syftet med denna studie är därför att validera Borg centiMax-skalan (GAD-7-cMax) för mätning av GAD vid validering med GAD-7, samt se hur divergent validitet ser ut i Borg centiMax-skalan genom jämförelse mellan depression och ångest. Datan samlades in via bekvämlighetsurval med hjälp av en digital enkät (N = 107). GAD-7-cMax påvisade även hög intern konsistens när den används för mäta intensiteten av GAD (α = 0,916). Den övergripande korrelationen mellan den ursprungliga skalan GAD-7 och GAD-7-cMax visades vara starkt positiv (r = 0.809). En positiv korrelation återfanns mellan deltagarnas genomsnittliga poäng inom GAD samt depression på Borg centiMax-skalan (r = 0,75). Gränsvärde i resultatet låg på cirka 60 cM baserat utifrån totalpoäng för svår ångest (≥15 av 21) för GAD-7. Sammanfattningsvis visade denna studie avsevärt positiv konvergent validitet. Borg centiMax-skalan fungerar väl för mätning av ångest. Detta resultat indikerar ökad möjlighet till mer noggranna mätningar av ångest i framtiden, genom att patienter kan besvara var exakt deras känsla ligger mellan dessa siffror i Borg centiMax-skalan.

Syfte: Vårt första delsyfte med den här studien är att undersöka om press är ett hot mot revisorns oberoende genom att undersöka om det är skillnad på den press revisorer upplever och den press de bedömer att de klarar av. Vårt andra delsyfte är att redogöra för hur och i vilken omfattning ett revisionsutskotts existens kan sänka revisorns upplevda press och därmed stärka revisorns oberoende. Metod: Denna studie är utförd med kvantitativ metod. Data har samlats in med hjälp av dataenkäter som har skickats via e-post till 316 revisorer i Sverige som arbetar med noterade bolag. Revisorerna har skattat sin upplevda press från klienterna med hjälp av Borg CR100 (centiMax) Scale®. Analys av data har utförts med korrelationsanalys, regressionsanalys och t-test med hjälp av statistikprogrammet SPSS. Resultat & slutsats: Vi fann signifikant skillnad mellan den press revisorerna upplever och den press revisorerna bedömer att de skulle klara av innan de godkänner en felaktig finansiell rapport. Studien indikerar en liten skillnad i upplevd press vid revision av företag med revisionsutskott jämfört med revision av företag utan revisionsutskott. Dock var denna skillnad inte signifikant. Förslag till fortsatt forskning: I kapitel 5.5 tar vi upp förslag till fortsatt forskning varvid huvudfrågorna vi diskuterar är följande: hur sammansättningen av revisionsutskotten påverkar revisionsutskottens effektivitet, vad som orsakar de stora skillnaderna i huruvida revisorerna upplever press eller inte från VD och styrelse och hur hälsan påverkas av den press revisorerna bedömer att de upplever. Uppsatsens bidrag: Uppsatsen bidrar med empiriskt underlag för fortsatt forskning då denna studie är den första i sitt slag som har utförts i Sverige. Vidare bidrar studien praktiskt till en ökad kunskap om hur mycket press en revisor upplever i förhållande till vad en revisor bedömer att de klarar av samt hur revisionsutskott påverkar revisorns upplevda press. / Aim: Our first subsidiary aim of this study is to investigate whether the pressure is a threat to auditor's independence by investigating whether there is a difference between the pressure experienced by auditors and the pressures they estimate that they can handle. Our second subsidiary aim is to explain how and to what extent an audit committees' existence can lower the auditor's perceived pressure and thereby strengthen the auditor's independence. Method: This study is conducted by a quantitative method. Data were collected using data questionnaires sent by e - mail to 316 auditors in Sweden working with listed companies. The auditor has estimated his or hers perceived pressure from clients using the Borg CR100 (centiMax) Scale®. Data analysis has been performed by correlation analysis, regression analysis, and t-test with the statistical program SPSS. Result & Conclusions: We found a significant difference between the experienced pressure by auditors and the pressure auditors estimated that they could handle before approving a false financial report. The study indicates a small difference in the perceived pressure for audits in co-operation with companies with audit committees, compared with companies without audit committees. However, the difference was not significant. Suggestions for further research: In Chapter 5.5 we bring up suggestions for further research and the main issues we discuss are: how the composition of audit committees influences audit committees' effectiveness, what the large differences in whether the auditors are experiencing pressure or not from the President and Board of the company are caused by and how the health is affected by the estimated pressure auditors experiencing. Contribution of the thesis: The study contributes with the empirical foundation for continued research because this study is the first of its kind in Sweden. Furthermore, the study contributes practically to a greater knowledge of how much pressure an accountant experience in relation to what the auditor believes that they are capable of and how audit committees affect the auditor's perceived pressure.

Uppåkra is a centralplace in Scania, southern Sweden, where religion and cult have been of great importance. The cult has been important in the Iron Age society for rulers but also for blacksmiths and the general population. Just like Borg, Gudme and Järrestad, Uppåkra has probably emerged with the development of agriculture. When agriculture developed trade grew and eventually power. Hence could centralplaces finally form. Centralplaces have probably also affected its hinterland positive, as they could take part of the centralplaces financial position.

This research concerns the digitalisation of archaeology, with a focus on Swedish contract archaeology. The aim is to understand how the archaeological discipline relates to the change that digitalisation brings and human involvement in these processes. The thesis is a study of its impact on processes connected to archaeological knowledge production and communication. The work problematises how digital data might be understood within these contexts but also illustrates where the potential of the digitalisation lies and how archaeology can make use of it. The theoretical approach re-actualises the concept of reflexivity in a digital context, combining it with various communication theories aiming to challenge the archaeological workflow and connect it more closely to present-day society. The digitalisation of archaeology can be seen across the whole discipline withan emphasis on academia. This digital development has greater opportunities in larger research projects which have sufficient funding than in contract archaeology. In those projects leading the digital development, the reflexive approach has been re-discovered and the digital enabled for new processes of knowledge production to take place. In case studies of Swedish contract archaeology several observations are made where it becomes clear that the digitalisation already shows positive effects at a government level, in organisations and projects within the sector. But there are also issues regarding digital infrastructure, knowledge production, archiving, accessibility and transparency. The biggest challenge is not technical but in attitudes towards digitalisation. The research concludes that digital communication based on archaeological source material can be something more than mediation of results. With digital interactive storytelling there are ways to create emotional virtual connections with the user, relating to the present and the surrounding society. By interlinking the processes of interpretation and communication an archaeological knowledge production might become an archaeological knowledge development. / Den här forskningen har studerat digitaliseringen av arkeologin med fokus på svensk uppdragsarkeologi. Målet har varit att öka förståelsen kring hur disciplinen förhåller sig till de förändringar som digitaliseringens innebär och människans roll i dessa processer. Avhandlingen är en studie av digitaliseringens betydelse för de arkeologiska processer som berör kunskapsproduktion och kommunikation. Arbetet problematiserar förståelsen av digitala data inom dessa kontexter men visar också på digitaliseringenspotential och hur arkeologin kan dra nytta av den. Forskningen aktualiserar på nytt det teoretiska angreppssättet reflexivitet i ett digitalt sammanhang och kombinerar detta med kommunikationsteorier i syfte att utmana det arkeologiska arbetsflödet och knyta det närmare dagens samhälle. Resultatet av denna forskning visar på att digital kommunikation baserad på arkeologiskt källmaterial kan vara något mer än förmedling av resultat. Med interaktivt historieberättande finns vägar att skapa emotionella virtuella kopplingar mellan användare och arkeologi som relaterar till nuet och detomgivande samhället. Genom att länka ihop den arkeologiska tolkningsprocessen med kommunikation, skapas möjligheten för kunskapsproduktion att bli kunskapsutveckling.