The issues surrounding Handel's borrowing practices have been the subject of much debate over the last three centuries. Unfortunately, the field is rife with contradictions, speculation, and theories that have only a limited applicability. This dissertation provides a new approach to the study of Handel's borrowing practices by applying a methodology that would have been familiar to Handel and the elite members of his audiences—one that employs the principles of Aristotelian logic, textual rhetoric and musical rhetoric. This type of methodology can be applied successfully to miscellaneous vocal to vocal borrowings that span the composer's entire career. The first part of the dissertation provides the background for the ensuing study by examining the educations of Handel and his audience members. Chapter 1 outlines the various curricula available during Handel's lifetime and confirms that Handel and his more privileged contemporaries followed one which featured instruction in Aristotelian logic, textual rhetoric and musical rhetoric. Chapter 2 verifies that students at various European centres studied these principles during their adolescent years. The final chapter of this part discusses each of these principles in detail and provides the raw methodological material for this study. The second part of the dissertation takes the principles gleaned from Part 1 and employs contemporary commentary to mould them into a viable methodology for the study of Handel's borrowing practices. The analyses included in this part not only provide comprehensive musical-rhetorical and musico-dramatic discussions, but also provide rigorous examinations of source and new poetic texts. Analysis of the poetic texts represents a vital first step in this study. It reveals the poetic themes of a source and its new version and establishes that it is the location (topos) of these themes within the categories of Aristotelian logic that determines the appropriateness of a source as well as the degree to which it is altered in a new work. Appendix 1 provides tables that summarise the analyses of Handel's borrowings from each chapter of Part 2. For the benefit of those unfamiliar with the vocabulary of Aristotelian logic, textual rhetoric and musical rhetoric, a glossary of all terminology as it is employed in this dissertation has been included. / Graduate

The largest part of Lima's Nikkei community is composed of Okinawan descendants. Therefore, the arts, gastronomy, and rites of Okinawa are cultural characteristics that are part of the lives of the members of this community. Although the native language of Okinawa (Uchinaguchi) is in danger of extinction, this paper exhibits that the practice of these cultural characteristics, at home and in community events and workshops, generates the transmission and reception of Uchinaguchi words ("uchinaguisms") in Lima's Nikkei community.

This thesis focuses on the use of englishisms in Spanish daily newspapers. The goal of this thesis is to investigate the influence of English on Spanish and to confirm this influence through English borrowings found in Spanish newspapers. Another goal of this work is to find out causes and reasons for using these borrowings in newspapers. The technical linguistic terms, which are important for this research, are explained in the theoretic part. We deal with different concepts of englishism by various linguists. The practical part includes a detailed analysis and classification of lexical englishisms.

В работе рассказывается о том, сколько иностранных слов в китайском языке заимствовано в русский язык, путем поиска иностранных слов в китайском языке в 11 словарях и составления таблицы найденных иностранных слов, проникая в русскую речь заимствования становятся формой выражения обычаев и представлений русской культуры. Заимствования также делают русский язык современнее. Появление новых китайских вещей, новых китайских понятий в России требует заимствования новых слов из китайского языка. / The paper describes how many foreign words in Chinese have been borrowed into the Russian language by searching for foreign words in Chinese in 11 dictionaries and compiling a table of the foreign words found, by penetrating into Russian speech borrowings become a form of expression of customs and representations of Russian culture. Borrowings also make the Russian language more modern. The emergence of new Chinese things, new Chinese concepts in Russia requires borrowing new words from the Chinese language.

Abstract   (The Algerian French: Neologisms and Borrowings)  A dead language is not in motion but all modern languages are in perpetual evolution. They are constantly renewed. The renewal process can be achieved mainly through lexical enrichments. Creating new words and borrowing words are two of the lexical enrichment processes. In Algeria, like in many other French speaking countries, neologisms and borrowings allow users of different varieties of French, basilectal, acrolectal, mesolectal, to describe their own realities.   The main purpose of this study is to classify the different characteristic features of the Algerian’s French according to previous studies (among others Queffélecet al. , 2002, and Benzakour,  Cherrad-Benchefra & Queffélec., 1995) and then to examine the lexical particularities namely neologisms and borrowings of words. Most of the examples are primarily found in the Algerian press of French expression. We can say that the Algerians have adapted and shaped French in order to increase their lexicon and to make themselves better understood, to convey their messages in a more accurate way and to better understand each other.

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The aim of this thesis is to compare two Lithuanian translations of A Clockwork Orange in respect of its main stylistic component the Russian “Nadsat”, to examine the intercultural translation problems arising in this translation and strategies invoked by the translators, and make decisions about the quality of the target texts. To reach this aim, descriptive and comparative methods as well as quantitative analysis are applied. The theoretical part of the thesis describes the cultural aspect in translation and translators’ role in dealing with intercultural translation problems. Further, it discusses macro and micro approach to translation, i.e. various strategies for solving intercultural translation problems, giving most attention to borrowings and slang and the difficulties they pose in translation. Moreover, softening and compensation are also presented as the most effective strategies for solving such problems. The analysis begins with the discussion of macro and micro level of problems arising in the “Nadsat” translation. Then, the strategies used by the translators are examined on the grounds of the foreignization and domestication strategies (Venuti), seven micro strategies suggested by Davies, and softening and compensation. The analysis also includes a comparison of quantity and density of borrowings and slang in the ST, TT1 and TT2 as well as of softening and compensation. Moreover, the appendices (A, B and C) include glossaries of borrowings and slang from all... [to full text] / Šio darbo tikslas — palyginti du Prisukamo Apelsino vertimus į lietuvių kalbą, ypatingą dėmesį skiriant pagrindiniam stilistiniam šio romano komponentui — „Nadsat” kalbos rusiškiems žodžiams, išanalizuoti su skirtingomis kultūromis susijusias problemas, kylančias šiame vertime, vertėjų naudojamas strategijas bei padaryti išvadas apie vertimų kokybę. Tikslui pasiekti pasitelkiami aprašomasis ir lyginamasis metodai bei kiekybinė analizė. Teorinėje darbo dalyje apibūdinamas kultūrinis vertimo aspektas ir vertėjo vaidmuo sprendžiant tarpkultūrines vertimo problemas. Aprašomi makro ir mikro vertimo aspektai, t. y. įvairios strategijos, naudojamos tarpkultūrinėms vertimo problemoms spręsti. Didžiausias dėmesys skiriamas skoliniams ir slengui bei jų keliamoms vertimo problemoms. Kaip vieni naudingiausių metodų sprendžiant minėtąsias problemas pristatomi sušvelninimas ir kompensacija. Analitinėje dalyje pirmiausia analizuojamos makro ir mikro problemos, su kuriomis susiduriama „Nadsat” vertime. Toliau nagrinėjamos vertėjų naudojamos strategijos remiantis „foreignization” ir „domestication” strategijomis (Venuti), septyniomis Davies siūlomomis mikro strategijomis, sušvelninimu ir kompensacija. Taip pat lyginami skolinių ir slengo, sušvelninimo ir kompensacijos strategijų kiekiai bei vartojimo dažnumas originale ir abiejuose vertimuose. Prieduose (A, B, C) pateikiami skolinių ir slengo, išrinktų iš visų trijų tekstų, žodynai su tiesioginėmis ir specifinėmis slengo reikšmėmis. D... [toliau žr. visą tekstą]

This work deals with the assignment of grammatical gender of nouns in Italian. Work will try to fully describe the category of grammatical gender in Italian with the comparative excursion to these issues in Czech and establish rules for the attribution of new or borrowed words. The part of this work is also analysis of selected words from the linguistic corpus and examination of validity of the rules of assignment and determination of the developmental trends in field of gender assignment.

O presente trabalho tem por objetivo identificar e avaliar a integração de anglicismos apresentados nas línguas ibero-americanas por meio de jornais impressos e suas respectivas versões on-line. Na primeira parte da dissertação, desenvolvemos considerações de ordem teórica, identificando influências da presença excessiva e contínua dos anglicismos nas sociedades latino-americanas. Para a construção da pesquisa, analisamos edições impressas e on-line dos seguintes jornais: Folha de S. Paulo (Brasil), El Mercurio (Chile) e Clarín (Argentina). Foram pesquisadas palavras do idioma inglês nos textos dos jornais selecionados, sem considerar os nomes próprios, de pessoas, lugares, títulos de livros, filmes, músicas e espetáculos. Considerando a absorção lexical um processo natural de linguagem, esta dissertação busca ampliar a compreensão acerca de como se processa a trajetória lexical operada entre a língua inglesa norte-americana e as línguas faladas na América do Sul. Dessa forma, constatamos que a incorporação do anglicismo ao vernáculo se dá, em sua maioria, por falta de uma palavra equivalente na língua recebedora e, outras vezes, por motivos diversos, como modismo, status ou corporativismo. Entretanto, essa troca contribui para esses sistemas lingüísticos, pois a língua é uma forma de comunicação mutável, que acompanha e expressa às tendências dos povos. / The present work is designed to identify and assess the integration of Anglicisms occurring in Ibero-American languages by means of print newspapers and their respective online versions. In the first part of the dissertation, we expound theoretical considerations, identifying influences of the excessive, ongoing presence of Anglicisms in Latin-American societies. So as to prepare the research, we examined print and online editions of the following newspapers: Folha de S. Paulo (Brazil), El Mercurio (Chile) and Clarín (Argentina). Words from the English language were researched in the texts of the selected newspapers, excluding proper nouns, names of persons or places, titles of books, films, music and entertainments. Considering lexical absorption as a natural process in language, this dissertation aims to deepen the understanding on how the lexical trajectory between the North-American English language and the languages spoken in South America is processed. As a result, we established that Anglicism incorporation to the vernacular occurs, in most cases, when the borrowing language lacks an equivalent word, and sometimes for other reasons, such as fad, status expression or professional jargon. However, this replacement contributes to these linguistic systems, since language is a changing communication tool, always following and expressing the trends of peoples.

Levanta os estrangeirismos contidos na revista semanal japonesa Shukan Asahi (nº 4825, de 6/7/2007); destaca os estrangeirismos de origem na língua inglesa anglicismos; estuda de modo contextualizado o modo como são utilizados os anglicismos selecionados; levanta características de utilização na língua japonesa: diferença ou não quanto a classe morfológica e carga semântica em relação à língua de origem, modo de adaptação dentro da língua receptora. Discorre sobre a relação da abundância de anglicismos em materiais impressos em língua japonesa e o ensino/aprendizagem de vocábulos na língua japonesa enquanto língua estrangeira. Discorre sobre as razões intrínsecas que levam o indivíduo a utilizar palavras de outras línguas; sobre a relação da língua inglesa com as demais línguas. / Pick up the loanwords from inside the Japanese weekly magazine Shukan Asahi (No. 4825 of 06/07/2007); highlights loanwords from English language anglicism; study through a contextualized way the use of those selected anglicisms; raises anglicisms features of using in the Japanese language: morphological and semantic differences the word is used in the language of origin, methods of adjustment in the receiving language. Discourses the relationship between the abundance of anglicisms in Japanese language printed materials and the teaching/learning words in Japanese as a foreign language. Discuss the intrinsic reason that made the individual motivates to use words from other languages; the relationship among English language and other languages.