The notations of business processes can be used to design IT systems. If we want to reduce the expenses and the amount of mistakes of the bigger projects we need to create additional models, which can help us to find out whether the business processes are well understandable and correct. The question is how to reduce the expenses for creation of business process models. The purpose of thesis is to answer to this question: how to transform BPMN models to PLA method. The basic concepts was gathered and systemized, that will allow us to talk about business processes in a structured way. Also was made analysis of business process modeling languages (BPMN (Business Process Modeling Notation) and UML (Unified Modeling Language)). Also was described piece-linear aggregate (PLA) method, which is used for creation of dynamical models of business process. Was made BPMN model of ATM (automatic teller machine) business process, which was transformed to PLA model. The results of transformation was systemized and was made general requirements how to transform BPMN models to piece-linear aggregate.

How effective is a notation in conveying the writer's intent correctly? This paper identifies understandability of design notations as an important aspect which calls for an experimental comparison. We compare the success of university students in interpreting business process descriptions, for an established graphical notation (BPMN) and for an alternative textual notation (based on written use-cases). Because a design must be read by diverse communities, including technically-trained professionals such as developers and business analysts, as well as end-users and stakeholders from a wider business setting, we used different types of participants in our experiment. Specifically, we included those who had formal training in process description, and others who had not. Our experiments showed significant increases by both groups in their understanding of the process from reading the textual model. This was not so for the graphical model, where only the trained readers showed significant increases. This finding points at the value of educating readers of graphical descriptions in that particular notation when they become exposed to such models in their daily work.

Magíster en Ciencias, Mención Computación / La definición de un proceso de desarrollo de software aumenta las probabilidades de éxito de los proyectos, además de ser un medio que las empresas utilizan para obtener una posible certificación ISO o una evaluación CMMI. Para facilitar la definición del proceso se pueden utilizar diversas herramientas, entre las que destaca Eclipse Process Framework Composer, que se basa conceptualmente en el metamodelo SPEM/UMA. Por otra parte, cuando se trata de definir procesos, especialmente procesos de negocio, es BPMN el lenguaje que se ha convertido en el estándar, proporcionando claridad gráfica y la posibilidad de ejecutar los procesos automáticamente sobre una plataforma BPMS. Sin embargo, BPMN no está definido específicamente para procesos de software y por lo tanto tiene menor especificidad que SPEM. Luego, si una empresa define su proceso de desarrollo de software utilizando el metamodelo SPEM no puede aprovechar directamente las bondades de BPMN. Dada la problemática anterior, se plantea la posibilidad de realizar una transformación automática de un proceso de software modelado en SPEM/UMA a otro equivalente modelado en BPMN. La presente investigación cubre la realización de dicha transformación, junto con la respectiva validación del modelo resultante. Tomando en consideración que SPEM y BPMN tienen objetivos distintos, es probable que la transformación presente limitaciones relativas a que no existe una correspondencia entre todos sus elementos. También es parte de esta investigación identificar dichas limitaciones. Cabe mencionar que, si bien esta transformación ha sido abordada en otros trabajos, estos quedan en propuestas teóricas o bien sus resultados son parciales o no se encuentran disponibles.

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Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-12T15:56:52Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 arquivo3002_1.pdf: 3265266 bytes, checksum: 3905fd93d3092ff08f57a0d06c3c5a9e (MD5) license.txt: 1748 bytes, checksum: 8a4605be74aa9ea9d79846c1fba20a33 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011 / A gestão política brasileira, desde a campanha de 1989, tem sofrido grandes modificações quanto à sua forma de atuação. Inúmeras ações para transformar a forma como se realiza campanhas e posteriormente uma visão diferenciada quanto ao mandato são objetivos perseguidos por cientistas e marqueteiros políticos. Tendo em vista a melhoria da atuação dos políticos nos pleitos eleitorais, criou-se a idéia de Campanha Permanente, onde os políticos devem está constantemente em contato com a população, inclusive após o período eleitoral. As mudanças proporcionadas pela Tecnologia da Informação e Comunicação ocorridas nas últimas décadas impulsionam novas relações sociais. As pessoas têm acesso às informações em tempo real e grande disponibilidade para se comunicar. Esta facilidade transforma as relações entre diversos setores da sociedade, pois qualquer notícia pode ser compartilhada em poucas horas com pessoas de todo o mundo. A capacidade de articulação entre as pessoas, sem a necessidade de meios de comunicação oficiais, provoca grande impacto nas relações políticas. Embora a comunicação destaque-se entre os avanços tecnológicos ocorridos nas últimas décadas, a Tecnologia da Informação oferece novos recursos que auxiliam na gestão de corporações. Esses recursos podem incorporar pesquisas, inovação no planejamento e execução de projetos e ações, além de otimizar os recursos utilizados durante as atividades realizadas. Tendo em vista os benefícios que as novas tecnologias podem agregar nas carreiras políticas, realizou-se, utilizando Business Process Management (BPM) para gerenciar os processos de negócio e a notação Business Process Modeling Notation (BPMN) para a modelagem, um mapeamento dos processos da gestão política, proporcionando um novo ambiente computacional que oferecesse transparência na condução dos mandatos públicos, adequando as atividades desenvolvidas por políticos e assessores ao potencial tecnológico existente. Para desenvolvimento do ambiente proposto foram utilizadas técnicas da Engenharia de Software que possibilitaram o gerenciamento, especificação, desenvolvimento e manutenção dos artefatos de software. O estudo contribui com o fornecimento de um ambiente informatizado para auxiliar na gestão transparente de mandatos públicos, alinhado com a Gestão Politica Moderna, incorporando recursos tecnológicos e utilizados por diversos segmentos da população, facilitando a integração através dos canais de comunicação já existentes

With the increasing popularity of microservices for software application development, businesses are migrating from monolithic approaches towards more scalable and independently deployable applications using microservice architectures. Each microservice is designed to perform one single task. However, these microservices need to be composed together to communicate and deliver complex system functionalities. There are two major approaches to compose microservices, namely choreography and orchestration. Microservice compositions are mainly built around business functionalities, therefore businesses need to choose the right composition style that best serves their business needs. In this research, we follow a five-step process for conducting a Design Science Research (DSR) methodology to define, develop and evaluate BPMN-based models for microservice compositions. We design a series of BPMN workflows as the artifacts to investigate choreography and orchestration of microservices. The objective of this research is to compare the complexity of the two leading composition techniques on small, mid-sized, and end-to-end e-commerce scenarios, using complexity metrics from the software engineering and business process literature. More specifically, we use the metrics to assess the complexity of BPMN-based models representing the abovementioned e-commerce scenarios. An important aspect of our research is the fact that we model, deploy, and run our scenarios to make sure we are assessing the modeling complexity of realistic applications. For that, we rely on Zeebe Modeler and CAMUNDA workflow engine. Finally, we use the results of our complexity assessment to uncover insights on modeling microservice choreography and orchestration and discuss the impacts of complexity on the modifiability and understandability of the proposed models.

Šio magistro darbo tikslas – verslo procesų modelius, specifikuotus grafine BPMN (Business Process Modelling Notation) notacija, transformuoti į formalius PLA (Piece-Linear Aggregates) modelius, naudojantis sudarytomis transformavimo taisyklėmis ir pasirinktomis technologijomis. Darbe apibendrinti modelių transformacijų ir verslo procesų modeliavimo sričių pagrindiniai teoriniai principai; suformuluotos BPMN notacija aprašytų verslo procesų modelių transformavimo į PLA modelius priežastys; sudaryti realios leidyklos verslo procesų modeliai, naudojant BPMN ir PLA specifikacijas; naudojantis sudarytais modeliais ir abiejų specifikacijų metamodeliais, sudaryta BPMN ir PLA elementų atitikmenų aibė; suformuluotos pagrindinės transformavimo taisyklės; naudojantis šiomis taisyklėmis ir XML bei STX technologine erdve, programiškai realizuotas BPMN modelių transformavimas į PLA modelius. Pasiektas rezultatas: realizuotas pagrindinių BPMN konstrukcijų automatinis transformavimas į PLA konstrukcijas, naudojant tarpinio atvaizdavimo transformavimo metodą, t. y. modelius atvaizduojant tarpiniu XML formatu ir atliekant XML dokumentų transformacijas. Transformavimo rezultatas – PLA modelis XML formatu. / The main purpose of this work is to transform business process models specified in graphical BPMN (Business Process Modelling Notation) notation into PLA (Piece-Linear Aggregates) models, using stated transformation rules and selected technologies. There are summarized main principles of models transformations and business process modeling domains; reasons of transformation of business process models specified in BPMN to PLA models are stated; designed the business process models of real publishing house using BPMN and PLA; using these models and metamodels of both specifications the set of equivalents of elements was made; main rules of transformation are stated. Using these rules and XML and STX technologies the transformation of BPMN models to PLA models is implemented. Result: using method if intermediate representation, the automated transformation of main BPMN constructs to PLA was made. The resulta of this transformation – PLA model in XML.

Les processus métier des organisations deviennent de plus en plus complexes et dépendent souvent des processus et des services fournis par d'autres organisations. Le terme processus inter-organisationnel apparaît pour décrire un processus qui franchit les frontières de l'organisation intégrant un ensemble de processus avec un but commun. Du point de vue technique, les organisations mettent en place leurs processus internes sous la forme d'orchestrations de services techniques. Pour permettre à ces derniers d'interagir, il est essentiel d'établir les règles de communication afin de promouvoir une compréhension commune entre les services participants ainsi que de garantir leur interopérabilité. Dans ce cadre apparait le concept de chorégraphie de services. Une chorégraphie est un contrat métier décrivant l'ordre et la manière d'interagir des différents services visant un but commun. La vision globale donnée par la chorégraphie complète la vision locale donnée par les orchestrations. Notre travail a pour objectif de comprendre et exploiter le concept de chorégraphie en considérant le niveau intentionnel (les objectifs), le niveau organisationnel souvent capturés par des modèles graphiques et le niveau opérationnel centré sur les détails techniques. Pour cela, nous proposons une démarche d'amélioration continue en se focalisant sur les phases de conception et de diagnostic. Nous nous appuyons sur les modèles pour mieux comprendre, construire, analyser et maîtriser la complexité des chorégraphies. / Organizations' business processes become increasingly complex and often depend on processes and services provided by other organizations. The term inter-organizational process appears to describe a process that goes beyond an organization's boundaries and integrates a set of processes with a common goal. From a technical point of view, organizations implement their internal processes as service orchestrations. To enable them to interact, it is essential to establish communication protocols to promote a common understanding among the participating services as well as ensuring their interoperability. In this context the service choreography concept appears. Choreography refers to a business contract describing the way business participants with a common goal coordinate their interactions. The overall point of view given by choreographies complements the local point of view given by orchestrations. Our work aims to understand and study the concept of choreography where we consider the intentional level (goals), the organizational level which is often captured by graphical models and the operational level that is focused on technical details. To do so, we propose a continuous improvement approach focusing on the design and diagnosis phases. We rely on models to better understand, build, analyze and manage the complexity of choreographies.

Webbens framgång har lett till tendens att stora IT-system byggda enligt en centralistisk arkitektur är på väg att ersättas av samverkande distribuerade system. De processorienterade, verksamhetsstödjande systemen utgör inget undandag. I enlighet med denna tendens så finns det ett behov för processtödjande verksamhetssystem att synkronisera och utbyta resultat med med andra verksamhetssystem. Målet med denna undersökning har varit att utreda hur kommunikationen mellan distribuerade verksamhetsprocesser byggda enligt BPMN 2.0-standarden kan implementeras. Ansatsen har varit att en tjänsteorienterad arkitektur baserad på principerna för REST skulle vara en framkomlig väg för att lösa detta problem. Teoretiska studier av tjänsteorienterad arkitektur, BPMN 2.0 samt REST har lett till en minimal implementation baserad på en ”proof-of-concept”-arkitektur i tjänsteplattformen Motrice från Motrice AB. Det konkreta lösningsförslaget utvärderas enligt Richardsons mognadsmodell, där mognadsnivån för lösningsförslaget avgörs i enlighet med denna modell. Slutsatsen är kommunikation mellan distribuerade verksamhetsprocesser bygger på meddelandeflöden, där dessa meddelandeflöden är helt förenliga med principerna för REST. / The success of the web has led to a tendency by which monolithic systems constructed according to a centralistic architecture,are replaced by distributed cooperating systems. Process and business oriented systems are no exception in this regard. This tendency has led to increased demand for process oriented systems to be able to synchronize and exhange results with other business systems. The purpose of this study has been to investigate how communication between distributed business processes built according to the BPMN 2.0 standard can be implemented. The hypothesis was that a service oriented architecture based on the principles of REST would be a viable approach to solve the problem. The theoretical study of service oriented architectures, BPMN and REST have resulted in a minimal implementation based on a proof-of-concept architecture. The concrete solution is then evaluated using Richardsons maturity model, and the maturity level of the solution is assessed according to this model. The conclusions are that communication between distributed BPMN 2.0 processes are based on message flows, where the concrete implementation of message flows are fully compatible with the principles of REST.

Die Arbeit adressiert insgesamt drei Forschungsschwerpunkte. Der erste Schwerpunkt setzt sich mit zu entwickelnden BPMN-Erweiterungen auseinander und stellt deren methodische Implikationen im Rahmen der bestehenden Sprachstandards dar. Dies umfasst zum einen ganz konkrete Spracherweiterungen wie z. B. BPMN4CP, eine BPMN-Erweiterung zur multi-perspektivischen Modellierung von klinischen Behandlungspfaden. Zum anderen betrifft dieser Teil auch modellierungsmethodische Konsequenzen, um parallel sowohl die zugrunde liegende Sprache (d. h. das BPMN-Metamodell) als auch die Methode zur Erweiterungsentwicklung zu verbessern und somit den festgestellten Unzulänglichkeiten zu begegnen. Der zweite Schwerpunkt adressiert die Untersuchung von sprachunabhängigen Fragen der Erweiterbarkeit, welche sich entweder während der Bearbeitung des ersten Teils ergeben haben oder aus dessen Ergebnissen induktiv geschlossen wurden. Der Forschungsschwerpunkt fokussiert dabei insbesondere eine Konsolidierung bestehender Terminologien, die Beschreibung generisch anwendbarer Erweiterungsmechanismen sowie die nutzerorientierte Analyse eines potentiellen Erweiterungsbedarfs. Dieser Teil bereitet somit die Entwicklung einer generischen Erweiterungsmethode grundlegend vor. Hierzu zählt auch die fundamentale Auseinandersetzung mit Unternehmensmodellierungssprachen generell, da nur eine ganzheitliche, widerspruchsfreie und integrierte Sprachdefinition Erweiterungen überhaupt ermöglichen und gelingen lassen kann. Dies betrifft beispielsweise die Spezifikation der intendierten Semantik einer Sprache.