The varroa mite is a primary driver behind periodical losses of honey bee colonies. The mite requires bees for food and reproduction and, in turn, elicits physiological deficiencies and diseases that compromise bee colony health. The mite nervous system is a target site for existing acaricides. These acaricides not only have adverse health effects on bees, but resistance limits their use to reduce mites and diseases in bee colonies. Voltage-gated chloride channels are involved in the maintenance of nerve and muscle excitability in arthropod pests, which suggests that these channels might be exploited as targets for acaricides. Apistan® (the pyrethroid tau-fluvalinate), Checkmite+® (the organophosphate coumaphos), and Apivar® (the formamidine amitraz) are control products for mite management. The effectiveness of these chemistries has diminished as a result of the increasing incidence resistance in mite populations. I report a toxicological analysis of stilbene products against acaricide-susceptible and -resistant mites. My results find a significant increase in metabolic detoxification enzyme activities in acaricide-resistant mites compared to susceptible mites. Acetylcholinesterase of coumaphos-resistant mites was significantly less sensitive to the toxic coumaphos metabolite compared to susceptible mites, which suggests target-site insensitivity as a mechanism of acaricide resistance. The stilbene product DIDS had significantly higher field efficacy to acaricide-resistant mites compared to Apistan®- and CheckMite+®. These data suggest that DIDS, and other stilbene products, might serve as candidate chemistries to continue field efficacy testing of alternative acaricides for Apistan® and CheckMite+® resistant mites. / Master of Science in Life Sciences

While sea spray aerosols (SSAs) generation by oceanic breaking waves continues to be an active research area, lake spray aerosols (LSAs) production by freshwater breaking waves is an emerging research field. Recent studies have linked LSAs to regional cloud processes and the aerosolization of freshwater pathogens and pollutants. Yet, differences in spray aerosol ejection between freshwater and saltwater and their impact on the water-to-air dispersal of microorganisms and pollutants are poorly understood. The goals of this dissertation work were to understand mechanistic differences between spray aerosol generation in freshwater and saltwater, develop a representation of LSA emissions in atmospheric models and evaluate their impact on regional aerosol loading, and compare the aerosolization of bacteria and microplastics by SSAs and LSAs. Experiments in a breaking-waves analogue tank revealed that the subsurface bubble plume in saltwater is characterized by more submillimeter bubbles than that in freshwater, and hence, saltwater surface foams were more persistent and were comprised of more submillimeter surface bubbles. Consequently, the average number concentration of generated SSAs was eight times higher than that of LSAs. Using these measurements, the developed LSA emission parametrization revealed that freshwater emissions were, at least, an order of magnitude lower than saltwater emissions for the same wave-breaking conditions. When implementing this emission parameterization to simulate LSA emissions from the Laurentian Great Lakes, LSAs did not contribute significantly to regional aerosol loading (< 2%), yet their impact on coarse-mode aerosols was more significant with up to a 19-fold increase in some areas. Furthermore, modeled LSAs reached up to 1000 km inland and were incorporated in the lakes' cloud layer. Despite the generation of more spray aerosols in saltier waters, cumulative salt additions in the freshwater–saltwater continuum (0-35 g/kg) led to a nonmonotonic increase in freshwater bacterial aerosolization abundance, which exhibited a peak at lower oligohaline conditions (0.5-1 g/kg). However, the aerosolization of microplastics by SSAs was one order of magnitude higher than that by LSAs. Overall, this dissertation work showed that LSA emissions are intrinsically different from SSA emissions, which influences their role in transferring microorganisms and pollutants at the air-water interface. / Doctor of Philosophy / When waves break, they entrain large volumes of air in the form of subsurface bubbles. These bubbles rise to the surface and pop ejecting small droplets into the air, also known as spray aerosols. The droplets ejected from saltwater breaking waves are referred to as sea spray aerosols (SSAs) and are extensively studied due to their important role in Earth's atmosphere. However, the ejection of lake spray aerosols (LSAs) from freshwater breaking waves is far less understood. With recent studies linking freshwater breaking waves to regional cloud processes and the transfer of aquatic pathogens to the air, a better understanding of LSAs formation and how it compares to SSAs production was needed. The goals of this dissertation work were to understand the differences between spray aerosol generation in freshwater and saltwater, develop a representation of LSA emissions in atmospheric models and assess their contribution to atmospheric aerosols, and contrast the role of LSAs and SSAs in transferring bacteria and microplastics to the air. Experiments in a spray aerosol generation tank revealed that saltwater breaking waves generate more submillimeter bubbles at the subsurface level than freshwater breaking waves and that the generated surface foam is more persistent and is comprised of smaller bubbles in saltwater. Consequently, SSA generation in the experimental tank was eight times higher than LSA generation. When implementing these results in an atmospheric model to simulate LSA emission from the surface of the Laurentian Great Lakes, it was found that the regional aerosol population was not significantly affected. However, LSA particles were transported inland up to 1000 km and reached cloud level which hints at possible implications on public health and regional climate. Despite a higher generation of aerosols by breaking waves in saltier waters, the abundance of freshwater bacteria that was dispersed to the air by spray aerosols did not increase monotonically in response to a gradual increase in freshwater salinity. Yet, microplastics transfer to the air by SSAs was an order of magnitude higher than that by LSAs. The results of this dissertation work highlight the important differences between the generation of spray aerosols by breaking waves in freshwater and saltwater and their corresponding roles in the water-to-air dispersal of microorganisms and pollutants.

An alternative approach to the problem of CP-violation is presented. It is based on the possibility of spontaneous CP-breakdown in models with two Higgs doublets. General features of the phenomenon such as stability of the vacuum and the existence of a light axion are discussed. We investigate the feasibility of spontaneously broken CP in the minimal supersymmetric models - the MSSM and NMSSM. The latter is shown to be experimentally viable. The phenomenological implications of the model such as CP-violating effects in the kaon systems and a nonzero neutron electric dipole moment are studied. / Ph. D.

In this paper the higgs mechanism for the standard model is constructed in steps. First by considering spontaneous breaking of discrete and continuous global gauge invariance. Then spontaneous breaking of local gauge invariance. These results are then used to construct the electroweak part of the standard model through application of the higgs mechanism. Finally, the LQT-upper bound of 1 TeV for the higgs mass is calculated through unitarity constraints. / I denna artikel konstrueras higgsmekanismen i standardmodellen stegvis. Först genom att beakta spontant symmetribrott av diskreta samt kontinuerliga globala gaugeinvarianser. Därefter spontant symmetribrott av lokala gaugeinvarianser. Dessa resultat används sedan för att konstruera den elektrosvaga delen av standardmodellen genom tillämpning av higgsmekanismen. Slutligen beräknas en övre gräns för higgsmassan, den så kallade LQT-gränsen, via unitaritetsbegränsingar.

Depuis plusieurs décennies, la communauté informatique graphique s’intéresse à la simulation physique du mouvement et du rendu des fluides. Ils nécessitent d’approcher numériquement des systèmes complexes d’équations aux dérivées partielles, coûteux en temps de calcul. Ces deux domaines trouvent entre autres des applications dans le domaine vidéoludique, qui requiert des performances pouvant offrir des résultats en temps interactif, et dans la simulation d’écoulements réalistes et complexes pour les effets spéciaux, nécessitant des temps de calcul et d’espace mémoire beaucoup plus considérables. Les modèles de la dynamique des fluides permettent de simuler des écoulements complexes, tout en offrant à l’artiste la possibilité d’interagir avec la simulation. Toutefois, contrôler la dynamique et l’apparence des vagues reste difficile. Cette thèse porte d’une part sur le contrôle du mouvement des vagues océaniques dans un contexte d’animation basée sur les équations de Navier-Stokes, et sur leur visualisation réaliste. Nos deux contributions principales sont : (i) un modèle de forces externes pour contrôler le mouvement des vagues, avec leur hauteur, leur point de déferlement et leur vitesse. Une extension du modèle pour représenter l’interaction entre plusieurs vagues et des vagues tournantes est également proposée. (ii) une méthodologie pour visualiser les vagues, à l’aide d’une méthode de rendu réaliste, en s’appuyant sur des données optiques des constituants océaniques pour contrôler l’apparence du fluide considéré comme milieu participant. La simulation et le contrôle de la dynamique des vagues sont mis en oeuvre dans un simulateur basé sur la méthode SPH (Smoothed Particle Hydrodynamics). Afin d’obtenir des performances interactives, nous avons développé un moteur de simulation SPH tirant parti des technologies GPGPU. Pour la visualisation physico-réaliste, nous utilisons un moteur de rendu existant permettant de représenter des milieux participants. Utilisés conjointement, les deux contributions permettent de simuler et contrôler la dynamique d’un front de mer ainsi que son apparence, sur la base de ses paramètres physiques. / Physics based animation and photorealistic rendering of fluids are two research field that has been widely addressed by the computer graphics research community. Both have applications in the video-entertainment industry and used in simulations of natural disasters, which require high computing performance in order to provide interactive time results. This thesis first focuses on simulating breaking wave on modern computer architecturesm and then to render them in the case of oceanic environments. The first part of this thesis deals with physics-based animation of breaking waves, and describes a simple model to generate and control such waves. Current methods only enable to simulate the effects but not the causes of water waves. The implementation of our method takes advantage of GPGPU technologies because of its massively parallel nature, in order to achieve interactive performances. Besides, the method was designed to provide the graphist user-control of the physical phenomena, which enables to control in real time all the physical parameters of the generated waves, in order to achieve the desired result. The second part of this thesis deals with the optical properties of water in oceanic environments and describes a model that enables to realistically render an oceanic scene. Its second goal is to provide user-control of the oceanic constituants amount to tune the appearance of the oceanic participating media.

Thesis (MSc)--Stellenbosch University, 2015. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Heterophasic ethylene-propylene copolymers, also known as impact polypropylene (PP) copolymers (IPCs) or heterophasic copolymers (HECOs), are a unique group of polyolefins produced through the copolymerisation of ethylene and propylene, with the aim of improving the impact properties of the PP homopolymer at low temperatures. Therefore, this polymer comprises of a PP homopolymer matrix with a dispersed rubbery copolymer phase. Due to their unique properties, HECO polymers have become commercially important materials, with a wide range of applications. Therefore a fundamental understanding of the processes and chemistry that affects their final macroscopic properties needs to be expanded. The main focus of this investigation was to understand why specific organic peroxides influence or interact differently with the various phases of HECO polymers, in order to utilize their properties to obtain HECO polymers with optimal and desired properties. Two HECO polymers with different ethylene contents were fractionated into three fractions (30, 100 and 130 °C), using preparative temperature rising elution fractionation (P-TREF). Each individual TREF fraction was degraded with two different types of organic peroxides, and then characterised using four different analytical tools. The changes in the molecular structures of the different fractions were investigated by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). The changes in comonomer sequence distributions were investigated by carbon 13 nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (13C-NMR). Moreover, the degradation of the different fractions was investigated by high temperature size exclusion chromatography (HT-SEC). The investigation showed that the HECO polymers with different ethylene contents were uniquely altered. It was evident that the ethylene content influenced the degradation behaviour of the HECO polymers. The ability of the peroxide to affect certain regions of the HECO polymer more than others is highly dependent upon its miscibility with certain regions of the HECO polymers. The “visbreaking” efficiency of a specific organic peroxide appears to be primarily dependent on the number of “peroxy” groups it contains in its molecular structure. Stellenbosch University https://scholar.sun.ac.za / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Heterofase etileen-propileen ko-polimere, ook bekend as impak PP ko-polimere (IPCS) of heterofase ko-polimere (HECO), is 'n unieke groep poliolefiene geproduseer deur die ko-polimerisasie van etileen en propileen, met die doel op die verbetering in die impak eienskappe van die PP homopolimeer by lae temperature. Hierdie polimeer bestaan dus uit 'n PP homopolimeer matriks met 'n verspreide rubberagtige ko-polimeer fase. As gevolg van hul unieke eienskappe, is HECO polimere van kommersiële belang, met 'n wye verskeidenheid van toepassings. 'n Fundamentele begrip van die prosesse en chemie wat die finale makroskopiese eienskappe beïnvloed moet dus uitgebrei word. Die hooffokus van hierdie ondersoek was om te verstaan waarom spesifieke organiese peroksiede verskillende invloede en interaksies met die verskillende fases van HECO polimere het, om sodoende van hul eienskappe gebruik te maak om HECO polimere te verkry met optimale en gewenste eienskappe. Twee HECO polimere met verskillende etileen inhoud was gefraksioneer in drie fraksies (30, 100 en 130 °C), met behulp van preparatiewe temperatuur styging eluering fraksionering (P-TREF). Elke individuele TREF fraksie was gedegradeer met twee verskillende tipes organiese peroksiede en daarna gekarakteriseer deur vier verskillende analitiese metodes. Die veranderinge in molekulêre strukture van die verskillende fraksies was geondersoek met behulp van Fourier transform infrarooi spektroskopie (FTIR) en differensiële skandering kalorimetrie (DSC). Die veranderinge in ko-monomeer volgorde distribusie was bestudeer deur middel van kern magnetiese resonans spektroskopie (KMR). Verder was die degradasie van die verskillende fraksies met behulp van hoë temperatuur grootte uitsluitingschromatografie (HT-SEC) bestudeer. Die ondersoek het getoon dat die HECO polimere met verskillende etileen inhoud uniek gedegradeer was. Dus is dit duidelik genoeg dat die etileen inhoud die degradasie gedrag van die HECO polimere beïnvloed het. Die vermoë van die peroksied om sekere areas van die HECO polimeer meer as ander te beïnvloed is hoogs afhanklik van die mengbaarheid met sekere areas van die HECO polimere. Die "visbreking" doeltreffendheid van 'n spesifieke organiese peroksiede is meestal afhanklik van die aantal "peroksie" groepe in die molekulêre struktuur.

My project is about changing the attitudes towards secondhand clothes in the suburbs of Kalmar with repurposing fashion. Secondhand clothes have a bad reputation in the suburbs and in my project, I am seeking where the prejudice coming from, what is acceptable, etc. in hopes to create something that is acceptable and something that grabs the interest of the people from the suburbs of Kalmar. I'm trying to spread the good things about secondhand and teaching people in the suburbs how to repurpose their own clothes in my workshop called “Repurposed+”.Hopefully, this will also connect people and create an interest/hobby for them which will benefit their futures.

A growing trend among fashion companies in today’s society is to communicate their take on CSR, Corporate Social Responsibility. This trend stems from the consumers expressing demand that exceeds the products themselves. Due to this, CSR is becoming coherent in fashion companies’ business and business communication (Bartlett et al, 2011:6-12; Grafström et al, 2008:34-39).  The purpose of this study is to evaluate Acne Studios’ CSR efforts by examining their visual image communication, which is represented by their Instagram account. The study is built upon three questions of interest; (1) Which, if any, aspects of CSR has Acne Studios chosen to work with? (2) How does Acne Studios’ take on CSR reflect in their visual image communication on Instagram? (3) What is the message that Acne Studios is trying to convey with their visual image communication?   The theoretical framework of the study consists of: (1) Corporate Social Responsibility and; (2) Public Relations. Furthermore, three methods have been implemented: (1) a qualitative interview; (2) a quantitative content analysis; and (3) a qualitative semiotic analysis. The empirical material consists of an email interview with an employee at Acne Studios Headquarters and an analysis of the images from Acne Studios’ Instagram account.    The results from the interview reveal that the aspects of CSR that Acne Studios engage in are not conveyed in the company’s visual image communication on Instagram. The single CSR aspect that could be identified in both Acne Studios own image of their CSR efforts as well as in the company’s visual image communication on Instagram is that Acne Studios challenges the normative perspectives with regards to playing on masculinity/femininity. The study concludes that Acne Studios’ main message in their visual image communication on Instagram is to challenge normative perspectives in terms of gender roles.

This work explores the techniques of printing and preparation, in combination with technical mistakes. It aims to show how to use technical mistakes in different printing and preparation techniques as a design method to find accidental aesthetic expressions using the stripe as a tool to enhance and clarify the methods modification. The method confronts today’s textile industry by showing how these mistakes could develop into new expressions within textile design when fast -fashion is no longer an obligation. The stripe is a common shape, and is explored to clarify the method ans show how different techniques can change the stripes in various ways. This resulted in to three pieces each representing a technique; one transfer printed, one digital printed and one with the starting point in screen print. They present examples of how more time for developing mistakes in textile design can lead to development of the common shape of a stripe, broaden the technical limitations, and give a value to mistakes in the textile industry. By taking the method further more mistakes could be developed, and how to produce the developed designs in the industry could be investigated.

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