The natural practice of breastfeeding has been strongly noted as one of the most cost-effective, health promoting, disease-prevention strategies of the 21st century. Although primary health organizations recommend exclusive breastfeeding for the first 6 months of life with added complementary foods and continued breastfeeding up to 2 years of age or longer, many mothers do not breastfeed their infants for the recommendation length of time. Applied policies and health practices, such as those described under the 10 Steps to Successful Breastfeeding and The International Code of Marketing of Breast Milk Substitutes, have been noted as contributing factors that can considerably impact the manner which women choose to feed their infants. A cross-sectional methodology assessed associations between maternity health practices and breastfeeding duration among women birthing in the United States. A secondary data analysis of the Infant Feeding Practice Study II and its Year 6 Follow-Up was conducted using IBM SPSS Statistics Version 24. Procedures for data analysis included frequencies, Ï?2 tests, and ordinal logistic regressions. Outcomes revealed that feeding infants any formula during their hospital stay drastically reduces the likelihood for prolonged breastfeeding duration. Study results also concluded that offering a pacifier to infants during their hospital stay reduced the length of breastfeeding duration. This study confirms many of the primary breastfeeding practices that are at the frontline of maternity patient care in the United States. Establishing well-grounded practices that aid in the long-term duration of breastfeeding could help save lives and improve child and maternal health outcomes within the United States.

La phase aiguë de la pandémie de COVID-19 a imposé une réduction des contacts face à face lors des soins traditionnels post-partum. La situation pandémique a alors mis en évidence l’utilisation de la vidéoconférence comme forme de soutien novatrice et complémentaire aux pratiques déjà implantées pour soutenir les femmes allaitantes. Considérant le manque de connaissances quant aux effets de la vidéoconférence sur l’expérience d’allaitement, le but de cette revue rapide était de synthétiser les données probantes sur les effets du soutien à l’allaitement par vidéoconférence lors de la période post-partum à domicile sur l’expérience d’allaitement de mères de nouveau-né à terme. Employant la méthode en sept recommandations d'examen rapide de Cochrane (2021), six études comportant des interventions de vidéoconférence ont été incluses et une seule d’entre elles présente des résultats statistiquement significatifs sur l’intensité des allaitements. Les effets sur l’exclusivité et la durée de l’allaitement lors du soutien par vidéoconférence se sont avérés équivalents aux soins usuels actuellement offerts lors du retour à domicile. Bien que les effets soient comparables au soutien face à face, les taux d’allaitement demeurent inférieurs aux cibles mondiales visées. À la lumière des trois constats découlant de la revue rapide, de futures études pourraient permettre d’explorer les effets d’un soutien proactif par vidéoconférence, et ce, basé sur un cadre théorique. En somme, les résultats obtenus ont permis la formulation de recommandations pour la recherche, la formation et la pratique à dessein de favoriser l’expérience positive d’allaitement et ainsi l’exclusivité, la durée et l’intensité de l’allaitement. / The outbreak of the coronavirus pandemic has imposed a reduction in face-to-face contact during traditional postpartum care. The pandemic situation then highlighted the use of videoconferencing as an innovative form of support and complementary to the practices already established to support breastfeeding women. Considering the lack of knowledge about the effects of videoconferencing on the breastfeeding experience, the aim of the rapid review was to synthesize the evidence on the effects of breastfeeding support by videoconference during the postpartum period to home on the breastfeeding experience of mothers with term newborns. Using the Cochrane (2021) seven-recommendation rapid review method, six studies with videoconferencing interventions were included and only one of these showed statistically significant results on breastfeeding intensity. The effects on the exclusivity and duration of breastfeeding during videoconference support have been shown to be equivalent to the standard care currently offered upon return home. Although the effects are comparable to face-to-face support, breastfeeding rates remain below target global targets. Considering the three findings resulting from the rapid review, future studies could explore the effects of proactive support by videoconference based on a theoretical framework. In sum, the results obtained allowed the formulation of recommendations for research, training, and practice to purposely increase the positive breastfeeding experience and thus the exclusivity, duration, and intensity of breastfeeding.

WHO rekommenderar exklusiv amning i sex månader och därefter delamning i två år eller längre. Amning och bröstmjölk har flera hälsofördelar för både mamma och barn. Amningsfrekvensen har minskat både globalt och i Sverige de senaste åren. Stöd vid amning har en positiv inverkan på amningen. Tidigare forskning har visat att mammor avslutar amningen tidigare än önskat och att distriktssköterskan har en betydelsefull roll i att stödja, främja och skydda amning. Därav är det angeläget att få ökad förståelse kring fenomenet och få mer kunskap om distriktssköterskors upplevelser. Syftet med denna studie är att beskriva distriktssköterskors upplevelser av att ge amningsstöd inom barnhälsovården. En kvalitativ metod med induktiv ansats användes där distriktssköterskor intervjuades. Semistrukturerade intervjuer genomfördes med åtta distriktssköterskor. Datamaterialet analyserades enligt innehållsanalys och två generiska kategorier framträdde Förmåga att identifiera individuella förutsättningar och behov och Förmåga att ge amningsstöd påverkas av olika förutsättningar. Resultatet visar att distriktssköterskorna upplever att de ger mammorna ett individuellt professionellt amningsstöd. I diskussionen framkom att ge amningsstöd är mångdimensionellt. Diskussion fördes kring betydelsen av att involvera medförälder, att ge amningsstöd vid hembesök samt ett gemensamt amningsstöd i hela vårdkedjan. Vidare diskuterades vikten av vårdande relation. Genom ett holistiskt förhållningssätt kan distriktssköterskan ge ett professionellt amningsstöd med utgångspunkt ur mammans och familjens livsvärld. Resultatet av studien kan vara av värde för vidare reflektion hos distriktssköterskor inom barnhälsovården. / WHO recommends exclusive breastfeeding for six months and then partial breastfeeding for two years or more. Breastfeeding and human milk have several health benefits for both mother and child. Breastfeeding has decreased both globally and in Sweden in recent years. Breastfeeding support has a positive impact on breastfeeding. Previous research has shown an earlier cessation of breastfeeding by mothers than desired and that the primary health care nurse has an important role in supporting, promoting and protecting breastfeeding. Hence, it is important to obtain an increased understanding of the phenomenon and gain more knowledge about the experiences of primary health care nurses. The aim of this study is to describe primary health care nurses' experiences of providing breastfeeding support in child health care. A qualitative method with an inductive approach was used where primary health care nurses were interviewed. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with eight primary health care nurses. The data material was analyzed according to content analysis and two generic categories emerged. Ability to identify individual conditions and needs and Ability to provide breastfeeding support are affected by different conditions. The results show that the primary health care nurses feel that they provide an individual professional breastfeeding support. In the discussion, it emerged that providing breastfeeding support is multidimensional. Using a holistic approach, the primary health care nurse can provide professional breastfeeding support based on the life world of the mother and the family. This knowledge can be of value for further reflection by district nurses in child health care.

Typescript (photocopy). / Digitized by Kansas Correctional Industries

Bakgrund: Amning och bröstmjölk är positivt ur hälsosynpunkt för både mor och barn samt för att främja anknytningen dem emellan. Trots detta minskar amningen i Sverige. Omgivningens stöd och attityder har visats vara en betydande faktor för amning. Ökad kunskap hos vårdpersonal samt moderns deltagande i amningsutbildning under graviditeten kan ge en ökad kunskap om och tillit till amningen samt en mer positiv amningsupplevelse. Människor uppfattar informationen de fått på olika sätt beroende på den livsvärld de lever i. Det är därför viktigt att ta reda på hur kvinnor i Sverige uppfattar den amningsinformation som ges under graviditeten. Syfte: Att undersöka mödrars uppfattning av amningsinformationen de fått under graviditeten. Metod: En fenomenografisk ansats användes i enlighet med Sjöström och Dahlgren (2002). Intervjuer utfördes för att samla in data. Resultat: Kvinnorna hade olika uppfattningar om vilken information de erhållit. De uppfattade att de fått för lite information om amning och att de saknade viss information. Informationen som saknades skilde sig åt mellan dem. Det var lättare att ta till sig amningsinformationen om den gavs på olika sätt och det gav då förutsättning för varje enskild individ att ta till sig informationen på det sätt som passade dem. Kvinnorna trodde att de var redo att amma under graviditeten men var inte tillräckligt förberedda när de väl började amma. Information och kunskap uppfattades som viktigt för att amningen skulle fungera. Konklusion: För att öka chansen att kvinnor ska känna sig förberedda inför att börja amma är det viktigt att amningsinformation ges vid rätt tillfälle och att individualisera informationen utifrån kvinnors individuella behov. / Background: Breastfeeding gives health protection both to the infant and the mother and the attachment between mother and child. Despite this breastfeeding has been reduced in Sweden. The surrounding support and attitude is an important factor for breast feeding. If women get thorough information from skilled staff the chance increase that mothers will breastfeed. Participation in breastfeeding education during pregnancy can give a higher knowledge and confidence in breastfeeding. It can also give a more positive breastfeeding experience. Information is received in different ways depending on people's experiences and life-worlds. Thus it is important to find out how women in Sweden assimilate given information during pregnancy. Aim: To examine how mothers have perceived breastfeeding information received during pregnancy. Methods: A phenomenographic perspective in accordance with Sjöström and Dahlgren (2002) was used. Data was collected through interviews. Results: The women had different perceptions of which information that was given. The women perceived that they had only got a small amount of information about breastfeeding and they deemed that there was lack of information about some aspects of breastfeeding. It was easier to perceive the information if it was given in different ways, this enabled each individual to receive the information in a way which suited her. The mothers thought during pregnancy that they were ready to breastfeed but found out that they were not ready when they initiated breastfeeding. Information and knowledge was important for a successful breastfeeding. Conclusion: It is important that the information is given at the right time for the women to have the best chance to be prepared to breastfeed. It is also important to acknowledge the women’s individual needs by giving the information in different ways.

The aim of this thesis is to describe the distribution of feeding habits and dietary habits of Swedish children of different ages, to search for determinants of the observed distributions and to analyse some possible implications of those habits regarding health and growth. The present results emanate from a longitudinal study of feeding, growth and development of 312 infants and from a cross-sectional study on the dietary habits of 738 children aged 4,8 and 13 years. The dietary assessement techniques used in these epidemiological studies are evaluated (e.g. 24-hour recall, 7-day recording of food intake and dietary history technique). The infant feeding habits in three communities are described and the variation of those habits in different strata is discussed. Breastfeeding habits are analysed using multivariate techniques. The energy and nutrient intake of weaned infants aged 6 and 12 months was characterized by a good supply of most nutrients in comparison with recommended dietary allowances. The mean energy intake of the studied, normally-growing infants at 6 months was 80 per cent of the recommended intake. The growth velocity during the first three months of life for entirely breastfed infants was found to be higher than for mixed-fed or formula-fed infants. The need for a revision of present growth standards for use in breastfed populations during the first 6 months of life is discussed. An attempt was made to formulate a causal model for dental caries, including dietary factors and caries-preventive activities, and to make som quantitative interpretations from this model and the present set of data. Dietary habits associated with different short- or long-term health risks were analysed in the ages 4, 8 and 13 years. The dietary intake of iron was satisfactory and no cases of iron deficiency anaemia were found. On average 10 per cent of the daily energy intake derived from sucrose. The fat intake was characterized by a high intake of saturated fat and a low P/S ratio. Most children had a daily sodium intake above recommended levels. The prevalence of obesity differed between different social strata, especially in the oldest age group. Overweight children did not have a higher energy intake than normal-weight children. The need for a population approach to prevention in childhood of some diet-related health problems in adult life is discussed. The present dietary patterns and health of children in northern Sweden are compared with the situation 15 and 50 years ago, when nutrition surveys were performed in the same areas. / <p>[2] s., s. 1-30: sammanfattning, s. 31-103: 7 uppsatser</p> / digitalisering@umu

Diabetes är en kronisk sjukdom och en av de vanligaste icke smittsamma sjukdomarna i världen. I samband med att sjukdomen blir vanligare, blir också barnmorskans möten med kvinnor som lider av sjukdomen fler och god kompetens inom området är nödvändig. Att leva med diabetes innebär en stor omställning framför allt vid sjukdomsdebuten och vid förändringar som präglas av ändrade levnadsvanor och ökat ansvarstagande. För att kunna minska graviditets komplikationer, bör den gravida kvinnan sträva efter att hålla sina blodsocker inom normal nivå (Diabetesportalen). Gravida kvinnor med typ 1- diabetes från Uppsala län skrivs tidigt över till specialmöd-ravårdsmottagningen på Akademiska sjukhuset i Uppsala. Dessa kvinnor genomgår samtliga av sina graviditetskontroller på specialmödravårdsmottagninen. Mottagningen erbjuder samlad expertis i form av barnmorskor, diabetessköterskor, specialistläkare inom diabetes samt obstetriker som tillsammans utformar en behandlingsplan där hänsyn tas till kvinnans sjukdom och graviditetens utveckling. Syftet med studien var att kartlägga vården i samband med graviditet och barnafödande för kvinnor med diabetes. Metod: En journalgranskning utfördes av vården vid Specialistmödravårds mottagning i Uppsala under år 2014 efter ett utarbetat protokoll. Resultat: De 27 kvinnorna med diabetes typ 1 och typ 2 hade en ökad risk för komplikationer under graviditet och barnafödande. De komplikationerna som beskrevs i journalerna var spontan abort, missbildningar, intrauterin fosterdöd och skulderdystoci. Av de 20 kvinnorna som fullbordade sin graviditet, födde fem kvinnor vaginalt och övriga 15 kvinnor födde med sectio och akut sectio. I de granskade journalerna observerades en fördröjd amningsstart och en kortare amningsduration.  Av de 20 kvinnorna som födde barn hade två kvinnor inte initierat amningen alls, sju ammade delvis och resten initierade amningen först efter två dagar.  Vid efterkontrollen hade 55 % av kvinnorna etablerat exklusiv amning, medan 20 % ammade fortfarande delvis och 25 % av kvinnorna hade slutat amma. Slutsats: Journalgranskningen pekar på att det finns förbättringsområden inom vården av gravida och födande kvinnor med diabetes. Förslag på rutiner som kan utvecklas är amningsförberedelse, hud mot hud vård och ökat stöd vid amningsstarten för de kvinnor som önskar amma. Barnmorskan har en viktig roll att minska oro, ha förståelse för kvinnans situation för att kunna ge en individuellt anpassad vård.

Ample research has been found to suggest that there is no substitute, either nutritionally or emotionally, that can replace the benefits of human milk for human infants. Despite this recognition, the attitude still exists that infant formula is a reasonable alternative. The American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP), World Health Organization (WHO), and United Nation Children's Fund (UNICEF) share policy statements endorsing human milk as the optimal infant nutrition for the first 15 months. Accordingly, WHO and UNICEF launched The Baby-friendly Hospital Initiative established in 1991 to protect, promote, and support breastfeeding. Despite this unilateral support of breastfeeding, nursing and physician educational curriculums do not include lactation education, which limits the knowledge of those who provide care to the mother and newborn dyad. The purpose of this project is to promote staff lactation education and training on the infant feeding practices by encouraging breastfeeding in a hospital setting. This project includes lactation education and hands-on training for staff. A 20-hour didactic lactation education course will meet the requirements to ensure that staff training will assist in supporting patients with the early initiation of breastfeeding. Furthermore, training will include clinical competencies to evaluate the knowledge, practice patterns, and confidence of the staff. Lactation education for providers will be provided through an online course designed to improve their ability to support breastfeeding among their patients. The result of this project will assist hospital leadership to determine specific education and training for staff in increasing exclusive breastfeeding rates among their patient population.

Breastfeeding is the gold standard of infant feeding and its benefits extend beyond the mother and child. Multiple organizations recommend exclusive breastfeeding for the first six months of an infant’s life. Exclusive breastfeeding rates nationally and in the state of Kentucky fall below the Healthy People 2020 goals. A mother’s intention to breastfeed has been shown to impact actual breastfeeding behavior. The current state of the measurement of intention was explored through a literature review. A majority of the measures were single item scales. The reliability and validity of the scales should be further tested in diverse populations. The purposes of this dissertation were to: a) explore the role of breastfeeding intention on duration of exclusive breastfeeding, and b) determine the common modifiable factors among women who breastfeed exclusively for at least four months. English speaking mothers 18 years of age and older were asked to participate if they had delivered a healthy infant in the last 72 hours and if they intended to feed their baby some amount of breast milk (n = 84). Mothers were followed for 16 weeks or until they weaned their infant, whichever came first. Social support, breastfeeding self-efficacy and breastfeeding intention were measured at baseline. Breastfeeding support and breastfeeding self-efficacy were measured at four and 16 weeks. Results indicated that mothers with stronger intention to breastfeed were more likely to breastfeed exclusively for a longer period of time. Mothers who breastfed their infant exclusively for 16 weeks were asked to participate in one of two focus group meetings (n = 15). The following five themes emerged from the data: 1) knowledge, 2) peer experience, 3) support, 4) perseverance, and 5) the public.

No description available.