No capítulo 1, a modelagem HQSAR, a docagem e os estudos de ROCS foram construídos utilizando uma série de 57 inibidores de cruzaína. O melhor modelo HQSAR (q2 = 0,70, r2 = 0,95, r2test = 0,62, q2rand. = 0,09 and r2rand. = 0,26) foi utilizado para predizer a potência de 121 compostos extraídos da literatura (conjunto de dados V1), resultando em um valor de r2 satisfatório de 0,65 para essa validação externa. Uma validação externa adicional foi empregada utilizando uma série de 1223 compostos extraído dos bancos de dados ChEMBL e CDD (conjunto de dados V3); nessa validação externa o valor de AUC (área sob a curva) para a curva ROC foi de 0,70. Os mapas de contribuição, obtidos para o melhor modelo HQSAR 3.4, estão de acordo com as predições do modo de interação e com as bioatividades dos compostos estudados. Nos estudos de ROCS, a forma molecular utilizada como filtro, foi útil na rápida identificação de modificações moleculares promissoras para inibidores de cruzaína. O valor de AUC obtido com a curva ROC foi de 0,72, isso indica que o método foi muito eficiente na distinção entre inibidores ativos e inativos da enzima cruzaína. Em seguida, o melhor modelo HQSAR foi utilizado para predizer os valores de pIC50 para novos compostos. Alguns dos compostos identificados, utilizando esse método, demonstraram valores de potência calculada maior do que a série de treinamento em estudo. No capítulo 2, os efeitos sobre a potência na inibição da enzima cruzaína pela substituição de um grupo nitrila como warhead por outros grupos foi avaliada. Com a síntese de 20 compostos do tipo dipeptidil, avaliou-se a relação estrutura-atividade (SAR), baseado na troca do grupo warhead na porção P1\'. O grupo oxima foi mais potente que o grupo correspondente nitrila em 0,7 unidades logarítmicas. Os compostos do tipo dipeptidil aldeídos e azanitrila obtiveram potências mais elevadas do que o correspondente dipeptidil nitrila em duas de magnitude. Os compostos dipeptidil alfa-beta insaturados foram menos potentes do que o correspondente dipeptidil nitrila. No capítulo 3, estratégias de química medicinal foram empregadas nas sínteses de 23 novos análogos, contendo o esqueleto básico de imidazopiridina. Sete e doze compostos sintetizados exibiram EC50 <= 1µM in vitro contra os parasitos Tripanosoma cruzi (T. cruzi) e brucei (T. brucei), respectivamente. Com os resultados promissores de atividade biológica in vitro, citotoxicidade, estabilidade metabólica, ligação proteica e propriedades farmacocinéticas, o composto 41 foi selecionado como candidato para os estudos de eficácia in vivo. Esse composto foi submetido em um modelo agudo da infecção com T. cruzi em ratos (cepa Tulahuen). Depois de estabelecida a infecção, os ratos foram dosados duas vezes ao dia, durante 5 dias; e monitorados por 6 semanas usando um sistema de imagem in vivo IVIS (do inglês, \"In Vivo Imaging System\"). O composto 41 demonstrou inibição parasitária comparável com o grupo de treinamento dosado com benzonidazol. O composto 41 representa um potencial líder para o desenvolvimento de novos fármacos para o tratamento de tripanossomíases. / In chapter 1, the HQSAR, molecular docking and ROCS were applied to a dataset of 57 cruzain inhibitors. The best HQSAR model (q2 = 0.70, r2 = 0.95, r2test = 0.62, q2rand. = 0.09 and r2rand. = 0.26) was then used to predict the potencies of 121 unknown compounds (the V1 database), giving rise to a satisfactory predictive r2 value of 0.65 (external validation). By employing an extra external dataset comprising 1223 compounds (the V3 database) either retrieved from the ChEMBL or CDD databases, an overall ROC AUC (area under the curve) score well over 0.70 was obtained. The contribution maps obtained with the best HQSAR model (model 3.4) are in agreement with the predicted binding mode and with the biological potencies of the studied compounds. We also screened these compounds using the ROCS method, a Gaussian-shape volume filter able to identify quickly the shapes that match a query molecule. The AUC obtained with the ROC curves (ROC AUC) was 0.72, indicating that the method was very efficient in distinguishing between active and inactive cruzain inhibitors. These set of information guided us to propose novel cruzain inhibitors to be synthesized. Then, the best HQSAR model obtained was used to predict the pIC50 values of these new compounds. Some compounds identified using this method has shown calculated potencies higher than those which have originated them. In chapter 2, the effects on potency of cruzain inhibition of replacing a nitrile group with alternative warheads were explored; with the syntheses of 20 dipeptidyl compounds, we explored the structure activity relationships (SAR) based on exchanging of the warhead portion (P1\'). The oxime was 0.7 units more potent than the corresponding nitrile. Dipeptide aldehydes and azadipeptide nitriles were found to be two orders of magnitude more potent than the corresponding dipeptide nitriles. The vinyl esters and amides were less potent than the corresponding nitrile by between one and two orders of magnitude. In chapter 3, we synthesized 23 new imidazopyridine analogues arising from medicinal chemistry optimization at different sites on the molecule. Seven and twelve compounds exhibited an in vitro EC50 <= 1µM against Trypanosoma cruzi (T. cruzi) and Trypanosoma brucei (T. brucei) parasites, respectively. Based on promising results of in vitro activity (EC50 &lt; 100 nM), cytotoxicity, metabolic stability, protein binding and pharmacokinetics (PK) properties, compound 41 was selected as a candidate for in vivo efficacy studies. This compound was screened in an acute mouse model against T.cruzi (Tulahuen strain). After established infection, mice were dosed twice a day for 5 days, and then monitored for 6 weeks using an in vivo imaging system (IVIS). Compound 41 demonstrated parasite inhibition comparable to the benznidazole treatment group. Compound 41 represents a potential lead for the development of drugs to treat trypanosomiasis.

A class of linear diamidines was synthesized for the evaluation as a treatment of Human African Trypanosomiasis. These fused heterocyclic compounds are thiazole[5,4-d]thiazoles and are of interest because the parent compound, 2,5-Bis(4-amidinophenyl)-thiazolo[5,4-d]thiazole HCl salt, which is also called DB 1929, has exhibited a low nanomolar IC50 value against Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense and has shown selectivity for binding to the human telomere G-quadruplex over that of DNA duplex. A fluoro and a methoxy derivative have been synthesized and are currently undergoing testing for activity and binding affinity. In addition, fluorescence studies of selected diamidines were done to study the effect of structural variation on fluorescence. This data is useful since it can determine what types of moieties are needed to yield a compound that will fluoresce in the higher wavelengths (500 nm and above) of the visible spectrum, which would be advantageous in determining the uptake of the drug in the trypanosome within the endemic areas of Africa with a simple microscope.

Diss. (sammanfattning) Umeå : Univ., 2008. / Härtill 4 uppsatser.

Submitted by Anderson Silva (avargas@icict.fiocruz.br) on 2012-09-03T16:36:35Z No. of bitstreams: 1 monete_r_gomes_ioc_bcs_0002_2010.pdf: 4408396 bytes, checksum: dc300c2a3e79c9521a3d4a99c18e5e9d (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2012-09-03T16:36:35Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 monete_r_gomes_ioc_bcs_0002_2010.pdf: 4408396 bytes, checksum: dc300c2a3e79c9521a3d4a99c18e5e9d (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010 / Fundação Oswaldo Cruz. Instituto Oswaldo Cruz. Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil. / Leishmania major, Trypanosoma brucei e Trypanosoma cruzi (Tritryps) são protozoários unicelulares que causam a leishmaniose, a doença do sono e a doença de Chagas, respectivamente. Essas doenças causam ônus econômicos principalmente em regiões subtropicais e tropicais. Atualmente, não existem vacinas comercialmente disponíveis e não há tratamento eficaz para tais doenças. Isso se deve ao fato dos fármacos disponíveis apresentarem muitos efeitos colaterais e estarem propensas ao desenvolvimento de resistência. A maioria desses fármacos foi descoberta através da seleção de um grande número de compostos contra parasitas íntegros. Porém, nos últimos anos, uma nova abordagem vem ganhando espaço sob o termo de “desenho racional de fármacos”. Este termo representa a busca por compostos contra alvos moleculares específicos, visando diferenças bioquímicas e fisiológicas entre o parasita e o hospedeiro. A era pós-genômica gerou uma grande quantidade de informações que permitem a identificação ótima de novos alvos. Neste contexto, a partir de dados públicos dos genomas de Tritryps, reconstruímos as vias de processamento da informação genética (com ênfase nas vias de replicação e reparo, transcrição e tradução) nesses organismos, para adquirir uma melhor representação das enzimas envolvidas nestes processos. Estas análises permitiram estudos comparativos para identificar candidatos a novos alvos terapêuticos. Em nossa metodologia utilizamos a ferramenta AnEnPi (http://bioinfo.pdtis.fiocruz.br/AnEnPi/) para buscar nas seqüências genômicas por enzimas análogas. Utilizando os dados provindos do KEGG, primeiro houve uma etapa de clusterização das estruturas primárias de todas as enzimas desse banco de dados anotadas com o mesmo EC. Para isso utilizou-se uma pontuação (score) de similaridade no Blastp de 120, como parâmetros de corte. Encontramos 830 grupos de ECs com mais de um cluster e 1430 com um único cluster. Após isso, foi realizado um passo de reanotação. Para isto, foi rodado um novo Blastp, assumindo como ponto de corte um e-value de 10e-20, entre todas as proteínas preditas nos genomas de cada Tritryp contra todos os clusters. Desses dados geramos mapas das vias de interesse para esses organismos e os comparamos aos mapas que o KEGG disponibiliza como padrão. Identificamos alguns casos de analogia nestas vias entre seres humanos e Tritryps que podem vir a ser utilizados como novos alvos terapêuticos para o desenvolvimento de fármacos contra esses parasitas. Foi feita a modelagem por homologia de um análogo (6.1.1.-, de T. brucei), utilizando a ferramenta MHOLline. Além disso, buscamos no banco de alvos terapêuticos para doenças negligenciadas, TDRTARGETS (http://tdrtargets.org/), pelos ECs identificados como possíveis novos alvos, e não encontramos nenhuma ocorrência. Tal fato pode indicar que com a metodologia aplicada conseguimos identificar novos candidatos a alvos terapêuticos contra estes parasitas. Em análises futuras, vamos testar e-values mais restritivos na etapa de reanotação, para assim, testar o potencial de reanotação da ferramenta. / Leishmania major, Trypanos oma brucei e Trypanosoma cruzi (Tritryps) are unicellular protozoa that cause leishmaniasis, sleeping sickness and Chagas disease, respectively. These diseases cause economic burden mainly in subtropical and tropical regions. Currently, there are no commer cially available vaccines and no effective treatment for such diseases. This is because the available drugs present many side effects and are willing to develop resistance. Most of these drugs were discovered through the screening of large numbers of compo unds against whole parasites. However, a new approach has been gaining ground under the term "rational drug design", recently. This term represents the search for compounds against specific molecular targets, aiming physiological and biochemical difference s between parasites and hosts. The post - genomic era generated a lot of information that allow optimal identification of new targets. In this context, from public data of the Tritryps’ genomes, we reconstructed the genetic information processing pathway (wi th emphasis on replication and repair, transcription and translation) of these organisms, to obtain a better representation of enzymes involved in these processes. These analyses allowed comparative studies to identify candidates for new therapeutic target s. In our methodology we used the AnEnPi tool ( http://bioinfo.pdtis.fiocruz.br/AnEnPi/ ) to search the genomes for analogous enzymes. Using the data coming from KEGG, there was first a clustering step of the primary structures of all enzymes annotated with the same EC in this database. For this we used a Blastp similarity score of 120 as threshold. We found 830 groups of ECs with more than one cluster and 1430 with only one cluster. After that, we performed a reannotation step. For this task a new Blastp was done, assuming an e - value cutoff of 10e - 20 , among all pr edicted proteins, from each Tritryp genome, against all clusters. From these data we generated maps, for Tritryps, of the pathways of interest and compared them to the KEGG standard maps. We identified some cases of analogy in these pathways between humans and Tritryps that may be used as new therapeutic targets for developing drugs against these parasites. The homology modeling was done for an analog (6.1.1. - , T. brucei ), using the tool MHOLline. Furthermore we also searched in the therapeutic targets data base for neglected disease, TDRTARGES (http://tdrtargets.org/), for the ECs identified as possible new targets, and no occurrences were found. This may indicate that with the methodology applied we managed to identify new candidates for therapeutic targets against these parasites. In further analysis, we will test more restrictive e - values on the reannotation step to test the potential of reannotation of the tool.

O estudo dos protozoários é importante por diversos motivos, entre eles sua diversidade, sua importância evolucionária e impacto na saúde pública. Muitos aspectos tornam o estudo desses seres vivo ainda mais fascinantes, como por exemplo, fenômenos como o trans-splincing e a presença de um vírus em algumas espécies de leishmanias. A proteína U5-15k é considerada de grande importância fazendo parte do spliciossoma. Neste trabalho tivemos o objetivo de iniciar a caracterização desta proteína empregando ferramentas de bioinformática para analisar sua sequencia de aminoácidos, sua estrutura secundária e modelar sua estrutura por homologia, também foi possível otimizar sua expressão, purificação, caracterizar sua auto clivagem e fazer estudos biofísicos de Espalhamento Dinâmico de Luz e Espectroscopia de Dicroísmo Circular. O Leishmania RNA vírus 1-4 (LRV1-4) é um vírus da família Totiviridae de capsídeo icosaédrico que codifica duas proteínas (proteína capsidial e RNA polimerase). Sendo pouco estudado tivemos o objetivo de iniciar a caracterização molecular deste vírus com objetivos futuros de empreender estudos estruturais e funcionais. Não foi possível obter expressão recombinante em nenhuma das duas proteínas virais, por isso se optou por se estabelecer um novo protocolo de lise celular e purificação com o qual se obteve imagens inéditas de Microscopia Eletrônica de Varredura, na qual o vírus é purificado ainda envolto em material genético. / The study of protozoa is important for several reasons, including their diversity, their evolutionary importance and public health impact. Many aspects make the protozoas study even more exciting, for example, phenomena such as trans-splincing and the presence of virus in some species of Leishmania. The U5-15k protein is considered of great importance as part of the spliciossome machinery. In this work we intended to characterize this protein , this using bioinformatics tools to analyze its amino acid sequence, its secondary structure and its structure by homology modeling, it was possible to optimize expression, purification, characterization and make biophysical studies of their self cleavage of Dynamic Light Scattering and Spectroscopy of Circular Dichroism. The Leishmania RNA virus 1-4 (LRV1-4) is a virus belonging to the Totiviridae family with an icosahedral capsid structure that encodes two proteins (a capsid major protein and an RNA polymerase). It was not possible to obtain the recombinant expression of any of the two viral proteins, so it was decided to establish a new protocol for cell lysis and purification with which it was obtained unprecedented images of Transmission electron microscopy, in which the virus is further purified wrap on genetic material.

No capítulo 1, a modelagem HQSAR, a docagem e os estudos de ROCS foram construídos utilizando uma série de 57 inibidores de cruzaína. O melhor modelo HQSAR (q2 = 0,70, r2 = 0,95, r2test = 0,62, q2rand. = 0,09 and r2rand. = 0,26) foi utilizado para predizer a potência de 121 compostos extraídos da literatura (conjunto de dados V1), resultando em um valor de r2 satisfatório de 0,65 para essa validação externa. Uma validação externa adicional foi empregada utilizando uma série de 1223 compostos extraído dos bancos de dados ChEMBL e CDD (conjunto de dados V3); nessa validação externa o valor de AUC (área sob a curva) para a curva ROC foi de 0,70. Os mapas de contribuição, obtidos para o melhor modelo HQSAR 3.4, estão de acordo com as predições do modo de interação e com as bioatividades dos compostos estudados. Nos estudos de ROCS, a forma molecular utilizada como filtro, foi útil na rápida identificação de modificações moleculares promissoras para inibidores de cruzaína. O valor de AUC obtido com a curva ROC foi de 0,72, isso indica que o método foi muito eficiente na distinção entre inibidores ativos e inativos da enzima cruzaína. Em seguida, o melhor modelo HQSAR foi utilizado para predizer os valores de pIC50 para novos compostos. Alguns dos compostos identificados, utilizando esse método, demonstraram valores de potência calculada maior do que a série de treinamento em estudo. No capítulo 2, os efeitos sobre a potência na inibição da enzima cruzaína pela substituição de um grupo nitrila como warhead por outros grupos foi avaliada. Com a síntese de 20 compostos do tipo dipeptidil, avaliou-se a relação estrutura-atividade (SAR), baseado na troca do grupo warhead na porção P1\'. O grupo oxima foi mais potente que o grupo correspondente nitrila em 0,7 unidades logarítmicas. Os compostos do tipo dipeptidil aldeídos e azanitrila obtiveram potências mais elevadas do que o correspondente dipeptidil nitrila em duas de magnitude. Os compostos dipeptidil alfa-beta insaturados foram menos potentes do que o correspondente dipeptidil nitrila. No capítulo 3, estratégias de química medicinal foram empregadas nas sínteses de 23 novos análogos, contendo o esqueleto básico de imidazopiridina. Sete e doze compostos sintetizados exibiram EC50 <= 1µM in vitro contra os parasitos Tripanosoma cruzi (T. cruzi) e brucei (T. brucei), respectivamente. Com os resultados promissores de atividade biológica in vitro, citotoxicidade, estabilidade metabólica, ligação proteica e propriedades farmacocinéticas, o composto 41 foi selecionado como candidato para os estudos de eficácia in vivo. Esse composto foi submetido em um modelo agudo da infecção com T. cruzi em ratos (cepa Tulahuen). Depois de estabelecida a infecção, os ratos foram dosados duas vezes ao dia, durante 5 dias; e monitorados por 6 semanas usando um sistema de imagem in vivo IVIS (do inglês, \"In Vivo Imaging System\"). O composto 41 demonstrou inibição parasitária comparável com o grupo de treinamento dosado com benzonidazol. O composto 41 representa um potencial líder para o desenvolvimento de novos fármacos para o tratamento de tripanossomíases. / In chapter 1, the HQSAR, molecular docking and ROCS were applied to a dataset of 57 cruzain inhibitors. The best HQSAR model (q2 = 0.70, r2 = 0.95, r2test = 0.62, q2rand. = 0.09 and r2rand. = 0.26) was then used to predict the potencies of 121 unknown compounds (the V1 database), giving rise to a satisfactory predictive r2 value of 0.65 (external validation). By employing an extra external dataset comprising 1223 compounds (the V3 database) either retrieved from the ChEMBL or CDD databases, an overall ROC AUC (area under the curve) score well over 0.70 was obtained. The contribution maps obtained with the best HQSAR model (model 3.4) are in agreement with the predicted binding mode and with the biological potencies of the studied compounds. We also screened these compounds using the ROCS method, a Gaussian-shape volume filter able to identify quickly the shapes that match a query molecule. The AUC obtained with the ROC curves (ROC AUC) was 0.72, indicating that the method was very efficient in distinguishing between active and inactive cruzain inhibitors. These set of information guided us to propose novel cruzain inhibitors to be synthesized. Then, the best HQSAR model obtained was used to predict the pIC50 values of these new compounds. Some compounds identified using this method has shown calculated potencies higher than those which have originated them. In chapter 2, the effects on potency of cruzain inhibition of replacing a nitrile group with alternative warheads were explored; with the syntheses of 20 dipeptidyl compounds, we explored the structure activity relationships (SAR) based on exchanging of the warhead portion (P1\'). The oxime was 0.7 units more potent than the corresponding nitrile. Dipeptide aldehydes and azadipeptide nitriles were found to be two orders of magnitude more potent than the corresponding dipeptide nitriles. The vinyl esters and amides were less potent than the corresponding nitrile by between one and two orders of magnitude. In chapter 3, we synthesized 23 new imidazopyridine analogues arising from medicinal chemistry optimization at different sites on the molecule. Seven and twelve compounds exhibited an in vitro EC50 <= 1µM against Trypanosoma cruzi (T. cruzi) and Trypanosoma brucei (T. brucei) parasites, respectively. Based on promising results of in vitro activity (EC50 &lt; 100 nM), cytotoxicity, metabolic stability, protein binding and pharmacokinetics (PK) properties, compound 41 was selected as a candidate for in vivo efficacy studies. This compound was screened in an acute mouse model against T.cruzi (Tulahuen strain). After established infection, mice were dosed twice a day for 5 days, and then monitored for 6 weeks using an in vivo imaging system (IVIS). Compound 41 demonstrated parasite inhibition comparable to the benznidazole treatment group. Compound 41 represents a potential lead for the development of drugs to treat trypanosomiasis.

O T. cruzi, é o agente causador da doença de Chagas. O estado redox NAD+/NADH intracelular é fundamental na manutenção do metabolismo celular. A GAPDH apresenta a função de proteção do telômero em mamíferos contra degradação, isto por causa de ligar se ao telômero. Aqui, mostramos que a GAPDH recombinante de T. cruzi (rTcGAPDH) interage com o DNA telomérico. A rTcGAPDH liga ao DNA de simples fita. Mostramos que a GAPDH liga ao DNA telomérico in vivo em células epimastigotas, onde a [NADH] é maior que [NAD+], mas a adição de NAD+ exógeno bloqueia esta interação. Corroborando a hipótese de que o equilíbrio NAD+/NADH determina a interação GAPDH-telômero, vimos que o tripomastigota tem maior [NAD+] intracelular que a [NADH] e a GAPDH não é capaz de ligar se ao DNA telomérico. Além disso, o NADH exógeno resgata a interação GAPDH-telómero nesta fase. É importante o equilíbrio NAD+/NADH desta interação em tripanosomas, sugerindo que a proteção do telômero do parasita pode ser regulada pelo estado metabólico das células. / The T. cruzi, is the causative agent of Chagas disease. The redox state of NAD+/NADH intracellular is critical in the maintenance of cellular metabolism. The GAPDH has the protection function of the telomere in mammals against degradation, because it is connecting to the telomere. Here we show the recombinant GAPDH of T. cruzi (rTcGAPDH) interacts with telomeric DNA. The rTcGAPDH binds to single-stranded DNA. We show GAPDH to bind to telomeric DNA in vivo epimastigotes cells, where [NADH] is greater than [NAD+], but the addition of exogenous NAD+ blocks this interaction. Corroborating the hypothesis that the NAD+/NADH balance determines the GAPDH-telomere interaction, we saw that the trypomastigote has higher [NAD+] that intracellular [NADH] and GAPDH is not able to connect to telomeric DNA. In addition, the exogenous NADH recovers the GAPDH-telomere interaction at this stage. It is important the NAD+/NADH balance this interaction in trypanosomes, suggesting that the protection of the telomere of the parasite can be regulated by the metabolic state of the cells.

Trypanosoma brucei is a causative agent of African sleeping sickness. It is an extracellular parasite which circulates in the blood, lymph and eventually invades the central nervous system. There is a great need for new medicines against the disease and specific properties of nucleoside kinases in the pathogen can be exploited as targets for chemotherapy.  T. brucei contains a gene where two thymidine kinase sequences are fused into a single open reading frame. These types of tandem thymidine kinases were found only in different types of parasites, which made us to believe that it might be beneficial for them. Each thymidine kinase sequence in these tandem enzymes are here referred to as a domain. By cloning and expressing each domain from T. brucei separately, we found that domain 1 was inactive and domain 2 was as active as the full-length enzyme. T. brucei thymidine kinase phosphorylated the pyrimidine nucleosides thymidine and deoxyuridine and to some extent purine nucleosides like deoxyinosine and deoxyguanosine. Human thymidine kinase increases the affinity to its substrates when it forms oligomers. Similarly, the T. brucei two thymidine kinase sequences, which can be viewed as a pseudodimer, had a higher affinity to its substrates than domain 2 alone.  T. brucei lacks de novo purine biosynthesis and it is therefore dependent on salvaging the required purine nucleotides for RNA and DNA synthesis from the host. Purine salvage is considered as a target for drug development. It has been shown that in the presence of deoxyadenosine in the growth medium, the parasites accumulate high levels of dATP and the extensive phosphorylation of deoxyadenosine leads to depleted ATP pools. Initially, we wondered if deoxyadenosine could be used as a drug against T. brucei. However, we found that T. brucei is partially protected against deoxyadenosine because it was cleaved by the enzyme methylthioadenosine phosphorylase (MTAP) to adenine and ribose-1-phosphate. At higher concentration of deoxyadenosine, 3 the formed adenine was not efficiently salvaged into ATP and started to inhibit MTAP instead. The deoxyadenosine was then instead phosphorylated by adenosine kinase leading to accumulation of dATP. The MTAP reaction makes deoxyadenosine itself useless as a drug and instead we focused on finding analogues of deoxyadenosine or adenosine that were cleavage-resistant and at the same time good substrates of T. brucei adenosine kinase. Our best hit was then 9-(2-deoxy-2-fluoro-ß-D-arabinofuranosyl) adenine (FANA-A). An additional advantage of FANA-A as a drug was that it was taken up by the P1 nucleoside transporter family, which makes it useful also against multidrug resistant parasites that often have lost the P2 transporter function and take up their purines solely by the P1 transporter. In parallel with our study of nucleoside metabolism in T. brucei, we also have a collaboration project where we screen essential oils from plants which are used in traditional medicine. If the essential oils are active against the trypanosomes, we further analyze the different components in the oils to identify new drugs against African sleeping sickness. One such compound identified from the plant Smyrnium olusatrum is isofuranodiene, which inhibited T. brucei proliferation with an IC50 value of 3 μM.

The trypanolytic factor of human serum :a trojan horse.<p><p><p>African trypanosomes, the prototype of which is Trypanosoma brucei, are protozoan parasites of huge clinical, veterinary and economical importance. They develop in the body fluids of various mammals (including humans) where they face and manipulate many different aspects of the immune system. The extent of this interplay is pivotal to both host and parasite survival, and depending on parasite virulence and host susceptibility, infection duration ranges from some months to several years. At the end, host survival is invariably compromised.<p><p>Humans and few other primates provide however a striking exception to this fatal outcome. They are indeed fully protected against most trypanosome infections through the presence in their blood of a so-called trypanosome lytic factor (TLF). The TLF is known to circulate mainly in the form of a high density lipoprotein particle characterized by the simultaneous presence of two primate-specific proteins: haptoglobin-related protein (Hpr) and apolipoprotein L-I (apoL-I).<p><p>We have contributed to delineate the respective roles played by Hpr and apoL-I in the lysis process.<p><p>ApoL-I was shown to be the exclusive toxin of the TLF. In its absence humans get fully susceptible to any trypanosome infection. The toxin was shown to kill the parasite after endocytosis through the generation of ionic pores in the lysosomal membrane. Those pores dissipate membrane potential and trigger the influx of chloride ions from the cytoplasm into the lysosomal compartment, leading to an eventually fatal uncontrolled osmotic phenomenon. <p><p>ApoL-I efficient delivery to the parasite relies on Hpr. African trypanosomes indeed fulfil their heme nutritional requirements by receptor-mediated internalization of the complex formed by haptoglobin, an evolutionary conserved acute-phase protein, and hemoglobin, resulting from physiological intravascular hemolysis. This heme uptake by the auxotrophic parasites contributes to both growth rate and resistance against host oxidative burst. In human serum, the trypanosome receptor is unable to discriminate between Hp and the closely related TLF-bound Hpr, explaining TLF efficient endocytosis.<p><p>As such, the TLF acts as a Trojan horse, killing the parasite from inside the cell after having deceived its vigilance through the high similarity between heme-delivering haptoglobin and toxin-associated Hpr. <p> / Doctorat en Sciences / info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished

Le Trypanosome africain, dont Trypanosoma brucei est le prototype, est un parasite sévissant en Afrique sub-tropicale. Il est responsable de la maladie du sommeil chez l’Homme et de diverses affections chez les animaux tant sauvages que domestiques.<p><p>T. brucei est un parasite extracellulaire qui se développe dans le sang de son hôte mammifère. Il est donc confronté en permanence au système immunitaire de l’hôte et a en conséquence, afin de générer un environnement plus favorable à sa croissance, établit différents mécanismes d’échappement tels que la variation antigénique ou l’immunomodulation. <p><p>Dans ce contexte, il a été montré que T.brucei libère des facteurs capables d’induire la voie arginase des macrophages. Cette induction peut favoriser la croissance des trypanosomes dans le sang de leur hôte de diverses manières. Premièrement, l’arginase participe à la synthèse de composés tels que les polyamines ou la trypanothione, facteurs de croissance des cellules. Deuxièmement, l’arginase partage le même substrat que la NO synthase inductible (iNOS), ces deux enzymes sont donc en compétition et l’activation de l’arginase pourrait contribuer à diminuer la quantité de NO, composé cytostatique et cytotoxique, produit par les macrophages en limitant le substrat disponible pour l’iNOS. Troisièmement, la déplétion du milieu en arginine suite à l’activation de l’arginase inhibe la prolifération de cellules du système immunitaire dont les lymphocytes T.<p><p>Nous avons identifié une chaîne lourde de kinésine chez T.brucei, TbKHC1 (Trypanosoma brucei Kinesin Heavy Chain 1), appartenant à la superfamille des kinésines, comme un candidat potentiellement capable d’induire la voie arginase des macrophages. TbKHC1 est principalement exprimée au stade sanguicole du parasite et est localisée au niveau de la région endo-exocytaire. Dans un modèle d’infection murin, une invalidation de l’expression de TbKHC1 (par ARN interférence ou par knock-out) conduit à une diminution du premier pic de parasitémie et à une prolongation de la survie des souris infectées. Nous avons montré que TbKHC1 joue un rôle dans l’interaction hôte/parasite à deux niveaux indépendants :premièrement, l’induction de la voie arginase des macrophages par TbKHC1 en début d’infection favorise la croissance du parasite et son établissement au sein de son hôte. Deuxièmement, elle joue un rôle dans l’induction de la pathologie liée à l’infection. <p> / Doctorat en Sciences / info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished