Bullying has become a significant issue for schools and one that has attracted the media spotlight. It has also received considerable attention from the research community since the late 1980s following the tradition established through the work of many Scandinavian researchers. Much of the research has been longitudinal and sought to illuminate the experience of children who bullied or were being bullied. There has been considerably less research into teachers' and parents' understanding and experience of bullying between school children. This thesis seeks to rectify that situation by examining the views of Year 5 and 6 pupils, teachers and a sample of parents from a case study primary school. The research was conducted over a period of two years in a school referred to under the pseudonym Nicholas Street. The thesis investigates three questions: first, the meaning that key parties attribute to the term bullying; second, the nature of their experience in the context of the school; and third, their views on how it is handled or resolved. Data were collected through semi-structured interviews and reinterviews with teachers; unstructured and semi-structured interviews, questionnaires and a selection 'game' with pupils and semi-structured interviews and questionnaires with parents. All interviews were audio-taped and transcribed onto a computer database (Hyperqual) and questionnaire responses from pupils were analysed with the support of computer technology (SPSS). The inductive analysis commenced with a case study of a single pupil, Lorraine. This provided the reference point for the structured analysis of bullying issues in the wider context of the school. Findings include: 0 the differing ways that bullying was defined by the parties; 0 the emergent distinction between a relationship that was founded on bullying and an action that might be described as bullying; 0 that bullying usually occurred between pupils in the same class and was not a clandestine activity nor unknown to non-participants (the secretive image); 0 that, although there was a degree of satisfaction reported by all parties concerning methods deployed in handling bullying, there was also inconsistency, confusion and a lack of awareness of policy.

Bullying in schools is largely discussed when referring to middle and high school students. Students in preschool are often considered to be too young to carry out acts of bullying. Unfortunately, this is contrary to the truth. Bullying among children aged 2-5 is very common, although it can easily be dismissed as a normal stage in child development. Educators and observers argue that bullying in preschool occurs when a child or a group of children intimidate another child or group of children to the point that it becomes a behavioral pattern. Evidence shows that 2-5 year-olds engage in acts intended to cause physical or emotional harm on their peers. Young children exposed to bullying display similar symptoms as older children, including sleeping problems, stomach pains, headaches and fear to attend school. The qualitative phenomenological method was chosen, as this research was exploratory in nature. The data collected for the research was conducted utilizing several methods such as surveys, phone calls, and in-person interviews. The goal was to gain more information regarding preschool bullying, as there is currently very limited information on this topic, as well as to determine whether this behavior was seen as child-play or bullying by adult caregivers. The experience freely and graciously shared by the participants led to five themes, which provided a conceptual framework for the study, and allowed the 20 participants to share their experiences.

Nurses experiencing bullying or witnessing other nurses bullied may choose to vacate their hospital positions. Nurse attrition negatively impacts a hospital's bottom line, which can lead to insolvency and a lack of access to healthcare by patients. The purpose of this phenomenological study was to understand the choices nurses made regarding their careers after experiencing or witnessing bullying and to calculate a hospital's cost of loss. Freire's oppressed group theory provided the conceptual framework for the study. The basis of the research questions was to understand how the nurse felt when bullied or observing a coworker bullied, the actions taken, and the financial impact to the hospital. The snowball technique secured 11 RN participants for this phenomenological study with data collection consisting of a demographic questionnaire and semistructured interviews. Data analysis followed Maxwell's plan of initial analysis, transcribing and coding, theme identification, a final coding review, and the final abstraction. The findings in this study demonstrated that based on the lived experiences of the participants, demographics did not influence who or how nurses were bullied; and after leaving the employer, bullied nurses and witnesses displayed various emotions that encompassed nonchalance, anger, tears, or relief. Over half said they would have stayed if they had not been bullied or witnessed it. An additional theme demonstrated that the results of bullying significantly affected a hospital's bottom line in revenue and reputation. Eleven suggestions have been recommended for future studies. Academics, hospital administrators, nurses, and the community at large can use the study findings to effect changes in the hospital environment through conversations, grass-roots efforts, and collaboration.

This thesis is an auto/ethnographic venture to explore the politics of bullying inside Bangladeshi classrooms. The thesis explores bullying in the frameworks of affect, anti-oppressive and intersectional gender pedagogy. Using autoethnographic and ethnographic means, the author revisits past encounters of being bullied and collects data from four schools in Dhaka, Bangladesh, drawing connections between narratives and theories. The thesis explores how schools fix and essentialize the identities of bully and bullied in discursive readings, which result in troubling approaches to deal with bullying, such as discipline, punishment and surveillance, which further exclude and other the bully and bullied. The thesis offers an affective reading of bodies inside classrooms, and employs theories of anti-oppressive and intersectional gender pedagogy to address and bring down the binary between bully and bullied, address power relations in classrooms and revise the roles of teachers and students. By acknowledging tensions and disruptions, aiming for self-reflexivity and transgressions, it offers a reading of how to think of transformations and turn the classroom into a ‘risky,’ yet generative space, to start a dialogue about bullying.

本研究主要目的在瞭解國中學生知覺校園受凌經驗與其相關 因素的關係。研究對象：本研究對象以就讀於雲林縣國民中學一至三 年級的學生為主要研究對象，共 580 位。發出問卷 580 份，計回收 550 份回收率 95%，剃除無效問卷 16 份，剩下 534 份為有效問卷， 有效問卷回收率為 92%。統計方法：將所得資料經描述性統計、獨 立樣本 t 檢定、單因子變異數分析、相關分析。 研究結果發現： 研究樣本之國中學生在「個人特質」與「受凌因素」中，個人特 質包含「神經質性」、「嚴謹自律性」，受凌因素包含「個體受凌」、 「反擊霸凌」、「整體受凌」；顯示出「聰穎開放性」與「反擊霸凌」、 「整體受凌」達顯著正相關，「外向性」與「個體受凌」、「反擊霸 凌」、「整體受凌」達顯著負相關。 由此得知，個人特質越「神經質性」或越「嚴謹自律性」在「個 體受凌」、「反擊霸凌」與「整體受凌」上越容易受凌。個人特質越 「聰穎開放性」在「反擊霸凌」與「整體受凌」上越容易受凌。個 人特質「外向性」越負向在「個體受凌」、「反擊霸凌」與「整體受 凌」上越容易受凌。 / The purpose of this study was to understand the junior high school students’ perception of being bullied in school and its related factors. The participants were 534 students in three junior high schools in Yunlin. The data was analyzed by Descriptive Statistics, T-test, One-way ANOVA and Pearson’s Correlation. The results were as follows: Two main factors were analyzed in this research. One was Personality Traits, and the other was Bullied Factors. Personality Traits included Neurotic Traits and Rigorous Self-Discipline. Campus Bullied Factors included Individual Bullied, Countering Bullied, and Overall Bullied. It showed that Intelligent Openness was positively correlated with Countering Bullied, and Overall Bullied. Extraversion was negatively correlated with Individual Bullied, Countering Bullied, and Overall Bullied. From the results of the research, the personality traits with more Neurotic Traits and Rigorous Self-Discipline were positively correlated with Individual Bullied, Countering Bullied, and Overall Bullied items and were easily been bullied. The personality traits with more Extroversion were negatively correlated with Individual Bullied, Countering Bullied, and Overall Bullied items. / 內容目錄 中文摘要................................................................................................ iii 英文摘要................................................................................................ iv 誌謝辭......................................................................... ............. ............. v 內容目錄................................................................................................ vi 表目錄.................................................................................................. viii 圖目錄..................................................................................................... x 第一章 緒論......................................................................................... 1 第一節 研究背景與動機..................................................... 1 第二節 研究目的................................................................. 5 第三節 研究問題................................................................. 6 第四節 研究假設................................................................. 6 第五節 名詞操作型定義 ....................................................... 7 第六節 研究限制................................................................. 9 第二章 文獻探討 ............................................................................. 10 第一節 校園霸凌之定義、型式及起因 ......................... 10 第二節 校園霸凌理論及相關文獻.................................. 22 第三節 受凌的特徵及相關之研究.................................. 27 第四節 受凌經驗之相關因素.......................................... 34 第三章 研究方法............................................................................... 46 第一節 研究架構............................................................... 46 第二節 研究流程圖........................................................... 47 第三節 研究對象............................................................... 48 第四節 研究工具............................................................... 48 第五節 專家效度............................................................... 49 第六節 資料處理與分析................................................... 75 第四章 結果與討論 ......................................................................... 76 第一節 研究樣本之人口背景變項及個人描述之現況分析... ………..76 第二節 不同背景變項的國中學生在受凌因素上之差異比較.. …… 80 第三節 探討不同個人描述的國中學生在受凌因素上之差異比較…..85 第四節 探討不同個人特質的國中學生在受凌因素上之相關分析…..93 ………………..…………………… 第五章 結果與建議 ……........…………………………………….94 第一節 討論…………………....………………………94 第二節 結論……………………....………………........97 第三節 建議 ……………………....……………..........101 參考文獻 中文部分 ………………………....……………………..104 英文部分…………………………....……………………122 附件一預試問卷………………………………....………………….131 附件二正式問卷…………………………....……………………….140 表目錄 表 2-1 校園霸凌各學派理論............................................................ 22 表 2-2 受凌者的特徵 .................................................................... 28 表 2-3 受凌特徵表現一覽表 ........................................................ 32 表 2-4 人格五大因素特質各量尺的說明...................................... 41 表 3-1 個人描述第一回合問卷統計結果與建議 ........................ 50 表 3-2 個人描述第二回合問卷統計結果與建議 ....................... .51 表 3-3 個人因素特質量表第一回合問卷統計結果與建議 ..... ...52 表 3-4 個人因素特質量表第二回合問卷統計結果與建議 …...56 表 3-5 受凌經驗量表第一回合問卷統計結果與建議………....59 表 3-6 受凌經驗量表第二回合問卷統計結果與建議………....63 表 3-7 「個人特質預試量表」項目分析摘要表……………. ..66 表 3-8 個人特質因素分析摘要表………………………… .....68 表 3-9 「個人特質因素」信度分析摘要表 …………………...70 表 3-10 「受凌因素預試量表」項目分析摘要 表 …………..71 表 3-11 受凌因素分析摘要表 …………………………………72 表 3-12 「受凌因素」信度分析摘要表 ……………………….74 表 4-1 國中生人口背景現況分析表 ………………………….77 表 4-2 國中生人口背景個人描述現況分析表………………….79 表 4-3 不同性別國中學生知覺之受凌因素分析摘要表……….80 表 4-4 不同就讀年級國中學生知覺之受凌因素分析摘要表….81 表 4-5 不同學業成績國中學生知覺之受凌因素分析摘要表.....82 表 4-6 不同家庭狀況國中學生知覺之受凌因素分析摘要表.....83 表 4-7 不同個人描述學生知覺之個體受凌分析摘要表(一) ….85 表 4-8 不同個人描述學生知覺之個體受凌分析摘要表(二) ….86 表 4-9 不同個人描述學生知覺之個體受凌分析摘要表(三) ….87 表 4-10 不同個人描述學生知覺之個體受凌分析摘要表(四) ….88 表 4-11 不同個人描述學生知覺之個體受凌分析摘要表(五) ….89 表 4-12 不同個人描述學生知覺之個體受凌分析摘要表(六) ….90 表 4-13 不同個人描述學生知覺之個體受凌分析摘要表(七) ….91 表 4-14 不同個人描述受凌分析總表 …………………….……92 表 4-15 個人特質與受凌因素之相關分析摘要表……………….93 圖目錄 圖 3-1 研究架構 .........................................................................46 圖 3-2 研究流程圖 .....................................................................47

This thesis analyses how an increase in bullying awareness can be produced in children aged 9-12 years old playing an iPad serious game called Attitude Game. The project is conducted in collaboration with the company IUS Innovation, where two prototypes were developed by the author of the study, one with mechanics empowering not to bully and the other with mirror mechanics empowering to bully other children. The experiment was conducted with 29 children from a sports club in Göteborg.  A pre-measurement of empathy and a pre-test-post-test measurement of attitude towards bullied children were used to gather data, together with a post-interview during the experiment. Students were assigned to 3 groups, based on a random selection and previous knowledge about the game. The result of the experiment displayed that there was no statistical difference between the change in attitude towards bullied children regarding the empathy level and the prototype tested. The post-interviews displayed that all the participants understood the serious purpose of the game / <p>In case of further contact, you can also write to the private email of the author: carlosglesdiaz@gmail.com</p>

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