SUMMARY Subsantial questions of legal regulation of burden of proof and the matter of proof in civil procedure are being discussed in this master‘s writing. The work deals both with disclosing the legal regulation of burden of proof and the matter of proof in actual civil procedure, and analyzing the main theoretical and practical aspects of these questions in more details. The structure of this work enables to reveal the essence of this theme. The work consists of two parts. Whereas from the begining of the civil procedure, first of all, it is important to define which facts are disputed in the particular civil case, therefore the first part of this work deals with revealing the legal regulation of matter of proof. The legitimate and right court judgement can be taken only if all factual circumstances of a case are established. In every civil case the court must be „on the balance of probabilities“ that the alleged facts exist. The first part of this work deals with the conceptions of matter of proof in civil procedure. Also analyze the theoretical and practical significance of establishing the factual circumstances in particular civil case. The further chapters of the first part reveals the essence of each group of the facts, which can be asserting in civil cases. As we already know the facts in dispute on an issue raised between the parties, the second important practical step - to allocate the burden of proof. The second part of this work reveals the conceptions of... [to full text]

In this thesis I scavenge the history of philosophy for answers to the question ‘How are claims to knowledge justified?’. I argue that Plato’s psychological doctrine of knowledge marks the starting point of a philosophical inquiry motivated by the possibility to discover foundations of knowledge through investigating the nature of mind. At the core of this inquiry lies the hypothesis that if the psychological mechanisms that govern the capacity for knowledge acquisition is fully understood, then answers will follow about why judgements are true or false. The prospective result of the inquiry is a theory of universal epistemic justification which demarcates epistemically warranted beliefs from unwarranted beliefs. I suggest that there is a historically persistent case of cognitive dissonance within the epistemological enterprise — a tension between two of its central theses — which is caused by the persistence of the of the hitherto unsuccessful but ongoing quest for universal epistemic justification, and its inciting promises. The contradicting theses are those of certain justification (that one is justified in believing that p only if p is entailed by evidence) and proportional justification (that one is proportionally justified in believing that p to the extent that evidence makes p credible). I discuss the consequences of giving up one of the respective theses. I conclude that the thesis of certain justification cannot be given up unless an adequate theory of proportional justification is proposed, and that the legacy of searching for universal epistemic justification will continue unless epistemologists are able to construct one.

Univ., Diss.--Mannheim, 2005. / Literaturverz. S. [245] - 274.

Thesis (M.A.) - Carleton University, 2007. / Includes bibliographical references (p. 128-132). Also available in electronic format on the Internet.

In this interview, the outstanding Italian professors tell us their perspective on the main points of patrimonial civil law. In this way, the speakers explain matters related to the transfer of property system, breach of contract, tort, among others subjects; making brief comments, the authors also refer to the legislative options received in the Peruvian law. / En la presente entrevista, los destacados profesores italianos nos comentan su perspectiva en torno a puntos clave del derecho civil patrimonial. De esta forma, los ponentes tratan temas referidos a los sistema de transferencia de propiedad, incumplimiento del contrato, responsabilidad extracontractual, entre otros temas. Realizando breves comentarios, los autores también se refieren a las opciones legislativas acogidas en el ordenamiento peruano.

Thesis title: Burden of proof in civil procedure This paper deals with burden of proof. The aim of this thesis is to provide a broader framework for this burden, since it is absolutely crucial in order to form a proper understanding of this topic. The first chapter mentions principles that are common to all legal procedures and those that are applicable only within civil procedure. These general procedural principles need to be interpreted in accordance with the European Convention on Human Rights, which is binding upon Czech law. They also serve as a tool for a deeper integration of European law. The principles that are only applicable within civil procedure are usually presented in pairs consisting of principles of opposite meaning and are never really used in their pure form. The second chapter deals with basic rules of Evidence. It mentions the definition of Evidence, it makes a clear distinction between logical methods of proving and procedural ones, followed by definition of the purpose of Evidence. It also mentions topics that do not need to be proven, since there is some type of presumption governing these issues or they are somehow known to the court. This chapter emphasizes tools that simplify the process of proving. It also defines basic terms of Evidence. It does not try to be a complex...

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-26T20:22:14Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Landolfo Andrade de Souza.pdf: 1706067 bytes, checksum: c3f41df8c866866f22a3fd11abb9cfa4 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-10-24 / There is no doubt that the modern civil procedure must be updated to cope with the substantive law needs and the new contemporary society dynamics. Likewise, such changes dispense legislative modifications, which often take a long time to be made. Thus, it s necessary to pursue the procedure s improvement by a more appropriate managing of the procedural techniques available for the judge, in the light of the constitutional guarantees. The rule for the burden of proof is within this perspective: it s one of the matters to which the doctrine devotes its attention in order to make the indispensable transformations in the procedural system to bring it closer to substantive law s reality. To this end, this work searched to examine how the burden of proof operates in the class actions, studying the reasons that authorize its change, since such possibility beyond the realm of consumer law - may correspond to a significant condition of effective protection of collective interests. For that purpose, one has used law doctrine, case law and deductive, inductive and analogical methods. The Federal Constitution and federal rules related to the burden of proof dogma and the collective interests protection have also been examined. The research has been split in for main parts. Firstly, some relevant aspects of the collective procedure have been studied. Then, the structural elements of the burden of proof have been analysed. The third part was dedicated to the conceptual elements, as well as the fundaments of applicability, including de lege lata, of the dynamic burden of proof theory in Brazilian law were outlined. In the fourth part, it has been demonstrated that the hipotheses that allow the flexibility of the general criteria for the distribution of the proof burdens are consistent with one of the most relevant preoccupations of procedural law jurists: the search for more effectiveness in the substantive field by the procedural technique refinement / Não há dúvidas de que o processo civil moderno deve atualizar-se para fazer frente às necessidades do direito material e da nova dinâmica da sociedade contemporânea. Tampouco se duvida que esta mudança prescinde de alterações legislativas, pois estas, muitas vezes, demoram a ocorrer. Impõe-se, então, buscar aprimorar o processo com o manejo mais adequado das técnicas processuais postas à disposição do juiz, à luz das garantias constitucionais. A regra sobre o ônus da prova se insere nesta perspectiva: constitui ela um dos pontos em que se debruça a doutrina para imprimir necessárias alterações no sistema processual, tornando-o mais próximo à realidade do direito material. Nesse propósito, este trabalho buscou apreciar como se comporta a regra do ônus da prova nas ações civis públicas, avaliando as razões que autorizariam a sua modificação, já que esta possibilidade para além dos campos do direito do consumidor pode importar significativa condição para a efetiva tutela dos interesses coletivos. Para tanto, valeu-se do estudo da doutrina e da jurisprudência, bem como se utilizaram os métodos dedutivo, indutivo e analógico. Examinaram-se a Constituição Federal e as normas federais pertinentes ao dogma do ônus da prova, bem como à defesa dos interesses coletivos. A pesquisa foi dividida em quatro partes principais. Na primeira, foram examinados alguns aspectos relevantes do direito processual coletivo. Na segunda, analisaram-se os principais aspectos do instituto do ônus da prova. Na terceira, foram fixados os elementos estruturais, bem como os fundamentos de aplicabilidade, inclusive de lege lata, da teoria do ônus dinâmico da prova no direito brasileiro. Na última parte, demonstrou-se que as hipóteses de flexibilização dos critérios gerais de repartição dos encargos probatórios encontram-se afinadas com uma das principais preocupações dos cultores do direito processual: buscar maior efetividade no plano material por meio do aprimoramento da técnica processual

稅務案件涉及稅捐核課之行政程序和爭端解決之訴訟程序，兩者皆採職權調查主義，當事人對於待證事實之主張及證據聲請不拘束行政機關與法院，其得依其職權就必要且可能之證據為調查。而因稅務案件量大且相關證據皆處於納稅義務人之管領範圍下，致職權調查待證事實困難，故有當事人協力義務之規範，兩者相互影響。若當事人不盡其協力義務將可能使證明度降低，並於審判最終待證事實仍真偽不明時，以客觀舉證責任為判決分配。本文分析現行法規範下行政與訴訟程序中有權機關職權調查、當事人協力義務、證明度調整與舉證責任之分配，並以營利事業所得稅常見之爭議為例，探討現行實務作法是否與理論一致，並於文末提出相關現行作法之修改或法規範之建議，以供參酌。 / Tax administrative lawsuits involve administrative procedures and administrative litigation. Both administrative procedures and administrative litigation follow the inquisitorial investigation. Tax authorities and courts can investigate the facts and circumstance according to their authority and are not restricted by the declaration of the parties. However, due to the fact of a large number of tax administrative lawsuits and tax information often accessible only to taxpayers, tax authorities and courts may encounter great difficulties in the inquisitorial investigation. Therefore, taxpayers are obligated to assist tax authorities to investigate the relevant facts and circumstance. Taxpayers’ obligation to assist tax authorties may have a counter-effect on tax authorities’ obligation to follow the inquisitorial investigation. When the cooperative obligation falls on the party, it may cause essening of the standard of proof. If there still not knows the truth at the end of final judgment, using objective burden of proof to allocate the judgment. This thesis study the relationship between the inquisitorial investigation of the authority, cooperative obligation of the taxpayer, standard of proof adjustments, and the current burden of proof of legal norms. By examining the tax administrative litigation cases concerning the Profit-Seeking Enterprise Income Tax, this thesis analyzes the discrepancy in the practice and the theory, and concludes with relevant suggestions to improve current practice and legal norms.

This thesis deals with the issue of causation in disputes relating to compensation of damage to health. The aim of this work is to give a comprehensive interpretation of this issue. The work presents possible approaches of proving a causality between illegal misconduct during treatment and the damage caused to a patient. In medico-legal disputes patient must carry the burden of proof. It also compares the European legislation in relation to the necessary degree of proof with the main focus on German legislation and institutes created by the case law of German courts. Furthermore it presents the interpretation of causality in terms of the Principles of European Tort Law. The work deals marginally with certain aspects of proceedings concerning compensation of damage to health and expert assessment.

O presente estudo pretende identificar os limites à iniciativa probatória do juiz, partindo da análise de aspectos relacionados à estruturação do processo, cognição, persecução da verdade e provas, para, posteriormente, proceder à indicação dos limites específicos que devem ser observados pelo julgador quando da determinação de produção de provas sem o requerimento da parte. Com isso, pretende-se examinar a iniciativa probatória de ofício sob a perspectiva das restrições impostas pela sistemática processual à atuação do juiz, de modo a se realizar uma classificação dos limites em função de diferentes critérios, dentre os quais se enquadra a possibilidade ou não de serem relativizados, e as consequências advindas do seu desrespeito, por parte do julgador. / This study intends to identify the limits of the judge\'s probative initiative, based on the analysis of certain aspects of proceeding, cognition, pursuit of truth and evidence, in order to point the specific limitations that must be obeyed, whenever he decides to look for evidences that were not required by parties. Thus, the present paper aims at examining the judges\'s probative initiative from the perspective of the restrictions that emerge from the procedural system, so as to sort them, among other criteria, by their aptitude of being or not surpassed by the judge\'s decisions. Finally, this paper tries to analyze the consequences of the disrespect of such limits.