I have been interested in the topic I chose for my diploma thesis since I was deciding on my future profession. When it comes to the teaching profession, usually the idea of summer holidays attracts everyone. However, the stress that teachers face in performing this profession is not so much talked about. Therefore, I decided to learn more about this issue. This thesis deals specifically with stress in primary school teachers, to which teachers are increasingly exposed, and the word stress is very often associated with this profession. For several years I personally worked as a teaching assistant in a special school and now I teach Czech to foreigners at a primary school in Pilsen. Also for this reason, I decided to map the stress of primary school teachers. I would like to continue working in this profession, as well as working on my personal growth and finding a way to effectively prevent stress. The thesis is divided into two parts. In the theoretical part, I define the terms load and stress first and cite some well-known authors dealing with this issue. I also describe the symptoms of stress of various kinds and its consequences for our health. In the following chapter I describe individual stressors, which have a significant effect on the teacher's work performance. The chapter describing...

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Nurses have been on the front line of the COVID-19 pandemic and experienced direct impacts over the last few years. Many encountered additional stressors of isolation from loved ones and the challenges of parenting school-age children. Additionally, due to the recent and significant departure of nurses from bedside nursing, there has been greater need for remaining nurses to precept new staff coming into the hospital. Some nurses assumed a preceptor role in addition to their direct care responsibilities. It has been reported that combined home and work-life burdens put nurses at higher risk of burnout, resulting in poor health outcomes and increased depression, anxiety, and stress. Mindfulness meditation is an evidenced-based tool to help acknowledge surroundings and to help to lower or decrease perceived stress. A randomized controlled design with a two-group pretest-posttest was used to evaluate the impact of a mindfulness smartphone application on the perceived levels of burnout, stress, anxiety, depression, and mindfulness of nurses. After taking a pretest, participants were randomized to either a waitlist control group or an intervention smartphone group. The waitlist group did not have any intervention during the 30 -day study period. The intervention group was asked to complete sessions via a smartphone mindfulness app for 30 days. The instruments used in this study were the Maslach Burnout Inventory (MBI), Depression, Anxiety, and Stress Scale 21 questions (DASS-21), Mindfulness Attention Awareness Scale (MAAS), and the Mobile Device Proficiency Questionnaire 16 questions (MDPQ-16). This dissertation includes three reports based on the same dataset. The first report analyzed the effects of a smartphone mindfulness application on burnout in nurse preceptors. Results of the study indicated that a smartphone application can reduce burnout in the subscales of Personal Accomplishment and Depersonalization but not in Emotional Exhaustion. The second report examined the impact of a smartphone mindfulness application on scores of depression, anxiety, and stress of nurses. The study results indicated a significant improvement in the smartphone application group compared to the waitlist group for the variables of depression and stress. The third report evaluated the impact of the smartphone mindfulness application on the mindfulness levels of participants and the relationship between their technology proficiency to their interaction with the application. The smartphone group's mindfulness scores increased significantly compared to the waitlist group. However, mobile proficiency was not significantly related to the participants’ use of the mindfulness application. The findings of this study indicate that the use of a smartphone application can effectively increase mindfulness when used by nurses at the bedside. The smartphone mindfulness app also showed potential benefits in reducing self-perceived levels of several aspects of burnout, depression, and stress in nurses. Hospitals could choose to embed mindfulness principles into the hospital environment's culture or provide staff opportunities to practice mindfulness through a smartphone application during the day. Such mindfulness may decrease the consequences of burnout, which include increased nurse turnover, decreased quality of care, and high costs of recruiting and training new nurses. Further research is needed to study the long-term impact of using the smartphone application and the time required daily to show results

Most studies on the mental health of humanitarian aid workers have concentrated on sociodemographic variables or trauma exposure as predictors of psychopathological outcomes. However, less is known about the psychosocial and organizational factors contributing to occupational stress-related disorders in this high-risk occupation group. This mixed-methods, cross-sectional study sought to establish a psychosocial model for burnout and psychological distress among humanitarian staff that comprehensively tested the psychological effects of common adversities and workplace psychosocial stressors in combination. The model further investigated the potential mediating role of individual coping styles and the protective role of organizational psychological safety climate. N=111 full-time aid workers from 52 organizations in Bangladesh completed an online survey, and n=13 participants were followed-up with virtual individual interviews between December 2020 and May 2021. A stepwise model building process with path analysis established an integrated conceptual model with overlapping but distinct pathways from common adversities and workplace stressors to burnout. While greater exposure to both types of stressors was associated with higher levels of burnout and distress, workplace psychosocial stressors had a greater total effect on psychological outcomes than common adversities (β = .52, 95% CI [0.42, 0.90], p = < .001 vs. β = .20, 95% CI [0.03, 0.59], p = .032). Both types of stressors had indirect effects on burnout through negative emotion-focused coping (β = .12, 95% CI [0.30, 2.14], p = .007). However, only workplace stressors and not common adversities directly affected psychological distress (β = .45, 95% CI [0.09, 0.24], p = < .001 vs. β = -.01, 95% CI [-0.09, 0.09], p = .927). Expanded path models indicated that specific domains of stressors, namely, deployment-related interpersonal stressors, work-life interface, and work organization and communication stressors, significantly influenced psychological outcomes. Conditional process analysis showed that higher perceived levels of psychological safety climate buffered the adverse indirect effects of deployment-related interpersonal stressors via negative emotion-focused coping on burnout (β = -.21, 95% CI [-0.08, -0.01], p = .008) and distress (β = -.23, 95% CI [-0.03, -0.01], p = .005). Contrary to findings from the extant literature, sociodemographic variables (except psychiatric history), task-focused coping, and avoidance-focused coping were not significant exogenous variables. Thematic analysis of qualitative data yielded themes that largely converged with and elaborated on statistical results. Qualitative results offered additional insights about the “chronic emergency” organizational culture and professional attitudes of “martyrdom” unique to humanitarian aid workers, which may normalize and reinforce a high-stress work environment and minimized recognition of staff’s mental health needs. The psychosocial model, complemented with qualitative elaboration, can inform the development of evidence-based interventions for staff care. Reducing workplace stressors, improving adaptive coping, and enhancing the psychosocial safety climate of organizations may prevent and alleviate occupational stress-related disorders in humanitarian aid workers and other first responders.

Bakgrund: Omläggning av brännskador är förenat med stort lidande för patienten i form av smärta och ångest. Det finns forskning som belyser enskilda strategier för att lindra detta lidande men det saknas forskning som sammanställer strategierna.    Syfte: Uppsatsens syfte var att sammanställa och värdera olika strategier, som kan användas av specialistsjuksköterskan inom intensivvård, för att lindra smärta och ångest hos brännskadade patienter vid såromläggning.  Metod: Uppsatsen var en deskriptiv litteraturöversikt som inkluderade 20 kvantitativa artiklar. Artikelgranskningen utfördes med hjälp av mallar från SBU och GRADE. Katie Erikssons teori om lidande var uppsatsens teoretiska utgångspunkt.    Resultat: I resultatet framkom olika kategorier för lindring av smärta, ångest och smärtrelaterad ångest vid omläggning av brännskador. Dessa var komplementära och medicinska strategier. Komplementära strategier var den kategori som visade på störst potential att minska smärta, ångest och smärtrelaterad ångest.   Slutsats: Komplementära och vissa medicinska strategier lindrar signifikant lidande i kombination med opioider och uppnår största möjliga lindring när den upprepas flera dagar i följd. För att lindra lidande vid omläggning av brännskador behöver specialistsjuksköterskan inom intensivvård anpassa vården efter patientens behov och önskemål. / Background: Burn wound dressing is associated with great suffering for the patient in the form of pain and anxiety. There is research that investigates strategies to alleviate this suffering, however there is a lack of research compiles these strategies.   Purpose: The purpose of the essay was to compile and evaluate different strategies, which can be used by specialist nurses in intensive care to relieve pain and anxiety in burn patients during wound dressing.   Method: The essay was a descriptive literature review that included 20 quantitative articles. Article review was performed using templates from SBU and GRADE. Katie Eriksson’s theory of suffering was the essay’s theoretical outset.   Results: Different categories for the relief of pain, anxiety and pain-related anxiety during dressing change of burn wounds emerged. These were complementary and medicinal strategies. Complementary strategies was the category that showed the greatest potential to reduce pain, anxiety and pain-related anxiety.   Conclusion: Complementary and certain medical strategies significantly alleviate suffering in combination with opioids and achieve the greatest possible relief when repeated over several consecutive days. In order to alleviate suffering when performing dressing changes of burn wounds, the specialist nurse in intensive care needs to adapt the care to the patient's needs and wishes.

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Southern Appalachian Phalaris arundinacea control was investigated by: 1) correlating cover and species richness with soil characteristics across transects; 2) burning and herbicide use to determine conditions facilitating native plant establishment; and 3) hemi-parasitic Pedicularis lanceolata tested as a biological control. Phalaris cover was correlated with subsoil consolidation; areas without Phalaris had consolidated subsoil while Phalaris at >50% cover established on loose soil. Phalaris cover inhibited species richness (r2=0.78). No soil characteristic predicted species richness. Herbicide reduced Phalaris cover and aerial biomass by 23% and 63% respectively, compared to controls. Burning was ineffective. Two summers after herbicide Phalaris subterranean biomass remained 32% less than control biomass. Monocot transplants established readily following herbicide but dicot transplants were less likely to survive. Pedicularis parasitized Phalaris. Pedicularis’ effect on a mixed species total (r2=0.735) was non-linear; implying greater effect on large plants. Non-parasitic native plant species competition reduced biomass of Phalaris by 40%.

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Although previous research has established that therapists who work with sexually-abused children experience symptoms of vicarious trauma, few studies have addressed the process by which the therapist is affected. In order to understand therapists' personal experiences and how working with sexually-abused children impacts them in their personal lives, the researcher interviewed therapists who were currently working with this specific population. Data analysis was completed by using ethnographic research methods and three major themes emerged during the interviews. The first theme included the "job characteristics" inherent in working with sexually-abused children. This theme refers to how the therapists entered the field of therapy, why they wanted to become therapists, and how they began working with children who had been sexually-abused. The subjects also referred to both the challenges and rewards that came from working with sexually-abused children. The second theme that emerged was the impact of working with sexually-abused children on the therapist's personal and professional life. Therapists also talked about how this work affected their view of the world and their relationships with other people. The third theme included coping with stresses associated with working with sexually-abused children. Therapists spoke about ways they individually coped with the stress and how the agency as an organization helped the therapists cope as well. Recommendations for therapists in this field are given and future research is discussed. Implications for clinical practice, training, supervision and structuring agencies are included.

Molten Salt Fast Reactors (MSFRs) have prominent advantages such as fuel breeding, nuclear waste transmutation, and inherent safety. They are the only liquid-fueled nuclear reactors currently receiving significant attention as fourth-generation advanced nuclear systems. To address the challenges of short operational lifetimes and proliferation issues during online fuel processing, the breed-and-burn (B&amp;B) MSFR is among the most promising advanced reactor types. In this study, a large-volume B&amp;B MSFR model without online actinide element treatment was simulated and analyzed using the Monte Carlo simulation software SERPENT, considering different power levels and sizes of the inactive core. The results demonstrate that, under otherwise identical conditions, the operational lifetime and conversion ratio of MSFRs increase with decreasing power levels and increasing the size of the inactive core. These findings provide a foundation and theoretical basis for achieving B&amp;B MSFRs without online actinide element treatment. / Smält saltsnabbreaktorer (MSFRs) har framträdande fördelar såsom bränsleförädling, transmutation av kärnavfall och inneboende säkerhet. De är de enda flytande drivna kärnreaktorerna som för närvarande får betydande uppmärksamhet som fjärde generationens avancerade kärnkraftverk. För att möta utmaningarna med korta driftstider och spridningsproblem vid online bränslebearbetning är rask-och-bränning (B&amp;B) MSFR bland de mest lovande avancerade reaktortyperna. I denna studie simulerades och analyserades en storskalig B&amp;B MSFR-modell utan behandling av aktinidelement online med hjälp av Monte Carlo simuleringsprogramvaran SERPENT, med hänsyn till olika effektnivåer och storlekar på den inaktiva kärnan. Resultaten visar att livslängden och konverteringsförhållandet för MSFRs ökar under annars identiska förhållanden i takt med att effektnivåerna minskar och storleken på den inaktiva kärnan ökar. Dessa resultat ger en grund och teoretisk grund för att uppnå B&amp;B MSFRs utan behandling av aktinidelement online.