No Rio Grande do Sul (RS), a prática de queimadas está relacionada principalmente com a renovação do pasto e agricultura. Embora o RS não seja o Estado com maior incidência de queimadas no Brasil, centenas de focos são identificados por dados de satélites anualmente. O uso de dados de sensores remotos para identificar focos de queimadas vem sendo utilizado há décadas, com o desenvolvimento de novos algoritmos. Uma técnica que vem sendo utilizada consiste na obtenção da Potência Radiativa do Fogo (PRF), a partir de dados de sensores remotos. A PRF é uma medida da energia radiante liberada no processo de queima de biomassa. Estudos demonstram que a PRF possui uma relação linear positiva com a biomassa em processo de combustão, permitindo gerar valores de coeficientes de consumo de biomassa. O conhecimento dos valores destes coeficientes pode determinar o total de biomassa queimada quando multiplicados pela PRF obtida por sensores remotos, no momento da passagem do satélite, em tempo quase real. A determinação dos coeficientes de consumo, por sua vez, depende da tipologia vegetal submetida à queima. Devido à pequena quantidade de dados sobre as queimadas no RS, o objetivo deste trabalho consiste em estimar o coeficiente de consumo de biomassa por queima de vegetação campestre no RS, através da utilização da Potência Radiativa do Fogo (PRF), obtida a partir de dados do sensor MODIS e dados de campo de biomassa. A área de estudo escolhida foi o município de André da Rocha, por possuir focos de queimadas identificados pelo MODIS (pelo produto MYD14 - Thermal Anomalies/Fire products), e dados sobre a quantidade de biomassa em áreas frequentemente queimadas. Também foram obtidos dados de experimentos in situ do comportamento do fogo em área campestre no RS. Foi identificada e quantificada a área queimada, a partir do uso de uma cena do satélite Landsat. A obtenção de dados de experimentos de campo e da cicatriz da área queimada permitiu a obtenção da taxa média de consumo de biomassa e a obtenção dos valores de PRF pelo produto MYD14 permitiu obter o valor da PRF média na área de estudo. Pela relação linear existente entre esses dois parâmetros, foi obtido o coeficiente médio de consumo de biomassa. O valor do coeficiente de consumo foi de 0,24 kg/MJ, resultado esse próximo do encontrado por outros autores. A metodologia utilizada neste trabalho difere da metodologia utilizada em trabalhos anteriores para a obtenção do coeficiente de consumo de biomassa. De qualquer maneira, o dado obtido é uma estimativa preliminar para novos estudos e experimentos em campo. / In Rio Grande do Sul (RS), the practice of burning is mainly related to the renewal of pasture and agriculture. Although the RS is not the state with the highest incidence of fires in Brazil, hundreds of fire focuses are identified by satellite data annually. The use of remote sensing data to identify burning areas has been used for decades with the development of new algorithms. One technique that has been used consists in obtaining the Fire Radiative Power (FRP) from remote sensing data. The FRP is a measure of the radiant energy released in the process of burning biomass. Studies have shown that the FRP has a positive linear relationship with the biomass in the combustion process, allowing to generate coefficient values biomass consumption.The knowledge of the values of these coefficients can determine the total biomass burned when multiplied by FRP obtained by remote sensors at the time of passage of the satellite, in near real time. The determination of the coefficients of consumption, in turn, depends on the type of plant subject to burning. Due to the small amount of data on fires in the RS, the objective of this study is to estimate the coefficient of biomass consumption by burning Campos grassland in RS, by using the FRP obtained from MODIS (from the product MYD14 - Thermal Anomalies / Fire products) and field biomass data. The chosen study area was André da Rocha, for having fires focus identified by MODIS and data from biomass often burned. Experiment data in situ of the fire behavior in campos grassland in RS were also been obtained. The scar burned area was identified and quantified from the use of a Landsat scene. Data of the field and the burned scar area allowed to obtain the average rate of consumption of biomass, and FRP values from MODIS allowed to obtain the average value of the FRP in the study area. The coefficient value was calculated from the linear relationship between these two parameters. The coefficient of consumption obtained was 0.24 kg/MJ, a result close to that found by other authors. The methodology used in this study differs from the method used in previous studies. Anyway the data is a preliminary estimate for new studies and field experiments.

Este trabalho apresenta um estudo comparativo entre os dois modelos de cultivo mais usados hoje no Estado de Roraima que são o derruba e queima e Sistemas Agroflorestais, onde se analisou as técnicas utilizadas e o desenvolvimento socioeconômico proveniente dos mesmos, utilizando-se da metodologia de pesquisa participativa, DRR (diagnóstico rápido rural), DRP (diagnóstico rápido participativo) e Sondagem, estruturadas sob a forma de questionários semi-estruturados, em formulários próprios e pela obtenção de fotografias nas áreas dos agricultores familiares da vicinal 7 do projeto de colonização do Apiaú, situado no município de Mucajaí, em Roraima. A escolha desta área foi devido a mesma apresentar os dois modelos de trabalho da terra. Verificou-se neste trabalho, entre outros itens: o tempo de ocupação do lote, nível tecnológico, acessibilidade à utilização das novas tecnologias disponíveis e os métodos de escoamento e comercialização dos produtos, além das receitas e despesas provenientes ou não da área produtiva destes agricultores familiares. Neste estudo observaram-se algumas diferenças nos dois grupos, como a de que, os agricultores familiares que trabalham com SAFs se sobressaem ao grupo do derruba e queima no que diz respeito à educação, tempo no lote, bem-estar geral, e principalmente na parte econômica, onde este grupo consegue manter uma receita razoável através da comercialização feita pelos produtos provenientes dos diferentes consórcios por eles utilizados e das criações, o que os diferencia dos que utilizam o derruba e queima que usam o fogo, que acaba prejudicando o meio ambiente, e trabalham basicamente com culturas de subsistência. Após análise realizada vimos que a continuação dos trabalhos com SAFs depende diretamente de subsídios para que eles possam produzir com qualidade e produtividade, e de políticas públicas que consigam manter os agricultores e principalmente os jovens no lote, trazendo desta forma o desenvolvimento sustentável para o Estado de Roraima. Porém, isso ainda não ocorre, o que continua causando um grande êxodo rural na região estudada. / This work presents a comparative study between two most common cultivating models presently under use in state of Roraima, witch are slash and burn and agroforestry systems (SAF’s), where the technics utilized were analized among with socioeconomical development derived from them, by utilization of participative research methodology, DRR (rapid rural diagnostic), DRP (rapid participative diagnostic) and sounding, organized as semi-structurated questionnaire, under proper forms and trough pictures obtained from smalholders farms at vicinal 7 from Apiau colonization project situated in the municipality of Mucajaí, in Roraima. The definition of this área was due the presence of both land use models. Parameters assessed in this study were period of land tenure, technological level, accessibility for utilization of available knew technologies, methods for taking products away and commercialize them, besides incomes and costs derived or not from productive areas of these smalholders. In this study, differences were observed between these two groups, that is smalholders that develop agroforestry systems outstand slash and burn group concerning to education, period of land tenure, well-being mainly concerning to economical aspects, were this group maintain a reasonable income trough commercialization of products derived from diferent crop associations utilized by them and from livestock, making them different from those who make use of slash and burn who use fire, wich ends being harmfull to environment, and cultivate basically subsistence crops. Considering analisis of this study, one may stipulate that work continuity with SAF’s depend directly on subsidies in order to them produce with quality and productivity, and on public policies that are efficient in maintaining smalholders and specialy young ones within the farms, resulting in this way in sustainable development for State of Roraima, although this still does not happen, causing a great abandonment in the region under suty.

Estudos sobre cronificação têm se mostrado cada vez mais importantes, visto que, tanto na medicina humana, quanto na medicina veterinária, tem sido comum a ocorrência de lesões crônicas, que muitas vezes apresentam dificuldade de cicatrização com terapia convencional. Por este motivo, o presente trabalho tem por objetivo estabelecer modelo de ferida crônica em ratos Wistar, com o uso de agentes químicos, comumente utilizados na rotina clínica como antissépticos, em doses consideradas tóxicas ao leito da ferida. Para isso, foram utilizados 48 ratos Wistar, machos, divididos em quatro grupos de 12 animais cada. (Controle, Polivinilpirrolidona - PVPI 1%, Clorexidina 1% e H2O2 35%). Os animais foram submetidos a anestesia inalatória e sofreram lesão circular de 1cm de diâmetro, confeccionada com o uso de trépano corneal. Foram realizadas duas feridas simétricas paralelas e em seguida à confecção iniciou-se a aplicação tópica dos agentes químicos, com auxílio de pipeta de 50μl, sendo instilados duas vezes ao dia, durante 15 ou 30 dias. As avaliações macroscópicas das feridas induzidas cirurgicamente eram realizadas a cada dois dias, através de medição com paquímetro, além de observação quanto a presenças de sangramentos e outras secreções. Foram avaliadas também através de histologia e imuno-histoquímica. Como resultados o grupo PVPI teve maior taxa de contração, cicatrizando em menor tempo que o grupo controle, embora essa diferença de tempo não tenha sido significativa estatisticamente; apesar das feridas se apresentarem cicatrizadas macroscopicamente, à avaliação histológica foi possível perceber que haviam alterações, dignas de processo cicatricial em curso; o grupo H2O2 proporcionou resultados positivos perante aquilo que foi proposto. Sugere-se que novos estudos sejam realizados, com o H2O2, nos quais os períodos de uso do agente sejam prolongados, superiores aos usados no presente estudo, utilizando ainda material de silicone, fixado nas bordas da ferida, com o intuito de evitar cicatrização por contração. Sugere-se também o uso de doses elevadas de analgésicos durante todo o tempo de experimento. / Research on chronic lesions have been of increased interest in both human and veterinary medicine, as different conditions can delay and lead to difficulties on wound healing, even after conventional therapy has been instituted. Although there are several reports on experimental models for the study of acute wound healing, the establishment of chronic lesions using chemical agents, for scientific purposes, is scarce. This study pursued the development of a chronic skin wound model with chemical substances routinely used as antiseptics, in concentrations considered detrimental to injured tissue. For that, forty-eight Wistar rats were divided in four groups of 12 animals each, for of one of the topical treatments: povidone-iodine solution, 1% chlorhexidine, 35% hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), and control with 0.9% saline solution (NaCl). Under general anesthesia, two circular full skin defects, with 1cm diameter, were produced (with a corneal trephine) in the dorsal cervical region of all the animals. Immediately after the incisions, 50μl of one of the treatments were administrated twice daily, for either 15 or 30 days. Macroscopic evaluations were performed every other day, recording wound size (with a pachymeter) and occurrence of bleeding or exudates. Microscopically, at day 15 or 30, histologic and immunohistochemical studies were carried out with the complete removal of the wound or cicatricial region. Macroscopically, the povidone-iodine group showed faster wound contraction and healing rate than the control, yet, this difference was not statistically significant. Although, under clinical observation, the incised regions presented scar tissue, the histopathological evaluation of the respective specimens showed uncompleted healing process features. The hydrogen peroxide demonstrated promising results to the proposed intent. However, a bigger sample is needed to ascertain the found evidences. Furthermore, studies with longer or more frequent periods of substance exposure, along with devices to circumvent wound contraction and higher doses of analgesics, are recommended.

The search for products to treat wounds caused by burns is mainly increasing. Several products are developed and marketed with the purpose of act accelerating the scar dynamics, such as topical agents, solutions, grafts, and interactive dressings and biofilms. The gelatin has been one of the most studied materials for this purpose because it shows cellular architecture suitable to act as support in the construction of new tissues as well, allows the incorporation of active substances in its protein structure. The usnic acid (UA), a secondary metabolite of lichens, has shown promising biological properties for the treatment of wounds, such as antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory activities. However, it is a metabolite waterinsoluble and for its incorporation into gelatin membranes, it is necessary the use of liposomes, which enable the incorporation of insoluble drugs for subsequent controlled release. In this perspective, the aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of gelatin membranes containing usnic acid/liposome about scar repair of burns in pigs. The biological assay was realized with nine (09) male pigs, 03 animals in each group forming three groups which were sacrificed 8, 18 and 30 days after the induction of the burn for removal of specimens and development of histological slides. Three burns were made on the dorsum of each animal, which were coated with three products: silver sulfadiazine ointment (group SDZ); Duoderme ® (group GDU) and gelatin films containing usnic acid/liposome (group UAL). The results of the macroscopic examination showed progressive reduction of the injured area over time for the three experimental groups, furthermore, there was no clinical signs of secondary infections. In the analysis of the average rate of contraction of wounds no statistically significant difference between the rates of decline observed for animals in any group and time periods analyzed (p> 0,05). In the microscopy in eight days, all three groups showed hydropic degeneration of the epithelium, with intense neutrophilic infiltration. The reaction of granulation observed in the central region of the injured group SDZ was more immature than in groups GDU and UAL. In 18 days, the neo-formation epidermal, although partial in the three groups showed quite incipient in SDZ compared to groups GDU and UAL. The inflammatory reaction was reduced in all groups, but the reaction of granulation was more immature in group SDZ, in relation to the reaction of exuberant granulation, richly with cells evidenced in groups GDU and UAL. In 30 days, the reaction of granulation, showed to be more extensive in group SDZ, opposing the restricted reaction of granulation observed in groups GDU and UAL, present only in the region below the epithelium. In group SDZ also observed the presence of inflammatory infiltrate involved in the reaction of granulation. In the analysis of collagen by picrosirius there was a gradual substitution of the fibers of collagen type III to type I, and the improvement in the density of collagen in all groups, but in UAL compared to groups and SDZ GDU it was observed a faster substitution of collagen fibers, as well as improvement in the density of collagen. Therefore it is concluded that the UAL group promoted the development and maturation of granulation reaction, scar repair comparable to duoDermeÒ and better than the sulfadiazine silver ointment, as well as increase of collagen deposition compared to the other two groups. / A busca por produtos para o tratamento de feridas provocadas principalmente por queimaduras é cada vez maior. Diversos produtos são desenvolvidos e comercializados com finalidade de atuarem acelerando a dinâmica cicatricial, tais como, agentes tópicos, soluções, enxertos, curativos interativos e biofilmes. A gelatina têm sido um dos materiais mais estudados para esse fim, visto que apresenta arquitetura celular adequada para atuar como suporte na construção de novos tecidos, bem como, possibilita a incorporação de substâncias ativas em sua estrutura proteica. O ácido úsnico (AU), um metabólito secundário de líquens, tem apresentado propriedades biológicas promissoras para o tratamento de feridas, como atividade antimicrobiana e anti-inflamatória. Porém é um metabólito insolúvel em água e para sua incorporação às membranas de gelatina se faz necessário o uso de lipossomas, que possibilitam a incorporação de fármacos insolúveis para posterior liberação controlada. Nesta perspectiva, o objetivo desse estudo foi avaliar o efeito de membranas de gelatina contendo AU/lipossomas sobre o reparo cicatricial em queimaduras em suínos. O ensaio biológico foi realizado com nove (09) suínos machos, 03 animais em cada grupo, formando três grupos, que foram sacrificados 8, 18 e 30 dias após a indução da queimadura, para remoção dos espécimes e preparo das lâminas histológicas. Foram realizadas três queimaduras no dorso de cada animal, as quais foram recobertas com três produtos: pomada de sulfadiazina de prata (grupo SDZ); Duoderme® (grupo GDU) e filmes de gelatina contendo lipossoma/ácido úsnico (grupo UAL). Os resultados da macroscopia demonstraram redução progressiva da área lesada ao longo do tempo experimental para os três grupos estudados, além disso, não foi observado sinais clínicos de infecção secundária. Na análise do índice médio da retração das feridas não houve diferença estatisticamente significativa entre os índices de retração obtidos nos animais em nenhum grupo e tempos analisados (p>0,05). Na microscopia, em 8 dias, os três grupos mostraram degeneração hidrópica do epitélio, com intensa infiltração neutrofílica. A reação de granulação observada na região central das feridas do grupo SDZ foi mais imatura em relação aos grupos GDU e UAL. Em 18 dias, a neoformação epidérmica, apesar de parcial nos três grupos, se mostrou bastante incipiente no SDZ quando comparada aos grupos GDU e UAL. A reação inflamatória foi reduzida em todos os grupos, entretanto a reação de granulação mostrou-se mais imatura no grupo SDZ, em relação à reação de granulação exuberante, ricamente celularizada, evidenciada nos grupos GDU e UAL. Em 30 dias, a reação de granulação, demostrou estar mais extensa no grupo SDZ, contrapondo-se a restrita reação de granulação observada nos grupos GDU e UAL, presente apenas na região abaixo do epitélio. No grupo SDZ, ainda observou-se presença de infiltrado inflamatório envolvido na reação de granulação. Na análise de colágeno por picrossírius verificou-se uma gradativa substituição das fibras de colágeno tipo III para tipo I, bem como, melhora da densidade de colagenização em todos os grupos, porém no UAL, quando comparado aos grupos SDZ e GDU, observou a substituição mais rápida das fibras de colágeno, assim como melhora na densidade da colagenização. Conclui-se assim, que o grupo UAL promoveu o desenvolvimento e maturação da reação de granulação, do reparo cicatricial comparáveis ao duoderme e melhores que a pomada de sualfadizina de prata, bem como maior incremento da deposição colagênica em relação aos dois outros grupos.

O estudo realizado compreendeu a avaliação pré-clínica e clínica de uma forma farmacêutica de liberação sustentada contendo extrato padronizado de própolis EPP-AF para o tratamento de queimaduras. Utilizamos um polímero com características termorreversíveis que possibilitaram a obtenção de um produto que se mantém na forma líquida quando a baixas temperaturas e geleifica in situ. A forma farmacêutica proposta visa maior comodidade e adesão do paciente, obtenção de um tecido epitelial organizado e menor tempo para a cicatrização da área. Neste trabalho, foi avaliada a atividade antimicrobiana in vitro, do extrato de própolis e dos géis obtidos, através da técnica de difusão em agar e também através do método de microdiluição em microplacas contendo caldo de enriquecimento e o revelador trifeniltetrazólio, frente aos microrganismos S. aureus, M. luteus e P. aeruginosa. O potencial mutagênico foi estudado em modelo experimental utilizando micronúcleos de sangue periférico de ratos wistar. A histologia do tecido formado em lesão induzida com a utilização de um punch para biópsia e a eficácia do produto em pacientes queimados também foram objeto deste estudo. As áreas doadoras foram utilizadas como modelos experimentais. Os resultados demonstraram que o extrato de própolis apresentou atividade frente aos microrganismos pesquisados sendo que os géis não se difundiram em disco. Em microdiluição, o modelo utilizado para estudo da atividade antimicrobiana não foi adequado ao microrganismo M. luteus, mas foi possível a obtenção do CIM para S. aureus e P. aeruginosa, que foram respectivamente, 50 ug/mL e 200 ug/mL. O produto não apresentou potencial genotóxico nos tratamentos agudo, sub-agudo e crônico. A pesquisa clínica demonstrou que o gel termorreversível contendo extrato padronizado de própolis 3,6%p/v apresentou tempo de cicatrização semelhante à pomada contendo nitrofurazona (furacin®), tratamento referência utilizado na Unidade de Queimados do Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo. / The present paper examines the pre-clinical and clinical evaluation of a pharmaceutical form that provides sustained delivery of a formulation containing standardized propolis extract EPP AF to the treatment of burn wounds. There has been used a polymer with thermoreversible characteristics which made possible the obtaintion of a product that maintains its liquid state in low temperatures and provides in situ gelling property. The proposed pharmaceutical form intends to enhance patients comfort and acceptance, to obtain a histological well-organized skin tissue and to reduce wound healing time. This study evaluated in vitro the antimicrobial activity of propolis extract and obtained gels using the agar-diffusion method and also a broth microdilution method with microdillution in microplates containing serially diluted antimicrobial and triphenilthetrazolium agent, against microorganisms S. aureus, M. luteus e P. aeruginosa, the mutagenic potential using micronuclei of peripheral blood Wistar rats experimental models, the histology of neo-formed tissue induced by lesions done with a punch and the effectiveness of the products in burn patients, using skin-grafting donnor sites like experimental models. The results show that propolis extract has activity against the listed microorganisms and that the gels did not spread into agar medium plate. In the microdilution method, the used model for the antimicrobial activity study is not adequate to the microorganism M. luteus, but it was possible for the obtention of CIM to S. aureus e P. aeruginosa, which were, respectively, 50 ug/mL e 200 ug/mL. The product did not show genotoxic potential to acute, subacute and chronic treatments. The clinical research show that the thermoreversible gel formulation containing standardized propolis extract 3,6%p/v presented wound healing time similar to the reference treatment used in the Burn Victims Unity witch is nitrofurazone cream (furacin®).

Introdução: A assistência hospitalar a pacientes portadores de queimaduras é altamente dispendiosa devido aos recursos humanos, materiais e estruturais necessários à sua viabilização. O conhecimento financeiro relativo a essa temática ainda é escasso, especialmente no que tange aos custos dos procedimentos executados por profissionais de enfermagem a pacientes, grandes queimados, em condições críticas. Objetivo: Identificar o custo direto médio (CDM) dos procedimentos realizados, com maior frequência, por profissionais de enfermagem, a pacientes grandes queimados internados em uma Unidade de Terapia Intensiva de Queimaduras (UTIQ). Método: Esta pesquisa quantitativa, exploratório-descritiva, do tipo estudo de caso único, foi conduzida na UTIQ da Unidade de Queimaduras do Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo. O CDM foi calculado multiplicando-se o tempo (cronometrado) despendido por profissionais de enfermagem na execução dos procedimentos, objeto de estudo, pelo custo unitário da mão de obra direta, somando-se ao custo dos materiais e soluções/medicamentos. Para a realização dos cálculos utilizou-se a moeda brasileira (R$). Resultados: A partir de 1354 observações, relativas a 12 procedimentos frequentemente realizados na UTIQ, obteve-se o CDM de R$ 1,88 (DP=1,04) para controle dos sinais vitais; R$ 28,78 (DP=69,74) para administração de medicamentos via intravenosa; R$ 16,97 (DP=7,92) para mensuração de diurese; R$ 2,68 (DP=1,20) para verificação de glicemia capilar; R$ 6,71(DP=2,20) para administração de medicamentos via sonda nasoenteral; R$ 50,07 (DP=11,89) para higiene íntima no leito; R$ 3,64 (DP=2,01) para auxílio alimentação; R$ 55,88 (DP=18,98) para banho no leito/arrumação da cama; R$ 287,11 (DP=372,87) para curativo; R$ 6,65 (DP=2,09) para higiene oral; R$ 3,13 (DP=1,08) para administração de medicamentos via oral e R$ 8,51 (DP=1,79) para administração de medicamentos via subcutânea. Conclusão: A apuração dos custos dos recursos consumidos nos procedimentos requeridos pelos pacientes, grandes queimados, em UTI, pode fundamentar as tomadas de decisão gerenciais subsidiando a sua eficiência alocativa, evitando a ocorrência de desperdícios e, quando possível, indicando estratégias de contenção/minimização de custos sem prejuízos à qualidade da assistência de enfermagem. / Introduction: Hospital care for critical burn patients is highly costly due to human, material and structural resources required for its viability. The financial knowledge concerning this subject is still scarce, especially in regard to the cost of procedures performed by nurses in critical burn patients. Objective: To identify the average direct cost (ADC) of the nursing procedures carried out with greater frequency for burn patients admitted into the burn intensive care unit (BICU). Methodology: This quantitative exploratory and descriptive single case study was conducted in BICU at the Burn Unit of the Hospital das Clinicas of the Faculty of Medicine, Universidade de Sao Paulo. The ADC was calculated by multiplying the time (chronometering) spent by nursing professionals in procedures, object of this study, by the unit cost of direct labor adding to the cost of materials and solutions/drugs. For the purposes of the calculation, the Brazilian currency (R$) was used. Results: Based on 1354 observations related to 12 procedures often performed in BICU, it was obtained the ADC of R$ 1.88 (SD=1.04) for \"control the vital signs\"; R$ 28.78 (SD=69.74) for \"administering medication intravenously\"; R$ 16.97 (SD=7.92) for \"measurement of diuresis\"; R$ 2.68 (SD=1.20) to \"check Capillary Blood Glucose\"; R$ 6.71 (SD=2.20) for \"drug administration via nasogastric tube\"; R$ 50.07 (SD=11.89) for \"patient intimate hygiene; R$ 3.64 (SD=2.01) for \"food aid\"; R$ 55.88 (SD=18.98) for \"bed bathing/make the bed\"; R$ 287.11 (SD=372.87) for \"dressing\"; R$ 6.65 (SD=2.09) for \"oral hygiene\"; R$ 3.13 (SD=1.08) for \"oral drug administration\" and R$ 8.51 (SD=1.79) for \"drug administration subcutaneously\". Conclusion: The calculation of the resource costs spent in the procedures required by critical burn patients, in ICU, justify the decision making of subsidizing its allocative efficiency, avoiding the occurrence of waste and, when possible, indicating control strategies/minimizing strategy costs without impairing the quality of nursing care

The thesis named "The Application of self-management methods to prevent burn- out syndrome of the kindergarten headpersons" follows the objective to identify self- management methods and time and stress managements for kindergarten headpersons. In the theoretical section the work is based on findings about the kindergarten headpersons, their motivation, competence, self-management, self-reflection and regards also self- development. The work futher deals with burn-out syndrome, its symptoms and prevention methods, time and stress managements, tools and methods assisting time managements and refers also so called time thieves. Equally the work mentions the stress which is accompanying the headpearsons and describes the stress symptoms, its positive and negative efects on individual and describes also the prevention which should be helpful to control the stress situations. The theoretical section of the work is based on expert literature and explains terms and views of authors dealing with self, time and stress- managements. The research inquiry was aimed at identification of methods from the sphere of self,time and stress-managements applied by kindergarten headpersons within the frame of their self-management which are helpfull to prevent stress and consequent burn-out syndrome. The research iquiry...

Peat moorlands represent a nationally significant carbon store. Wildfires in peat moorlands release CO2 into the atmosphere, reducing the carbon store and burn into the seed bank preventing vegetation recovery. Burned areas of bare peat remain, known as ‘burn scars’ which are eroded by freeze thaw and desiccation, then weathered by precipitation and wind to cause discolouration of the water supply. A technique for the systematic monitoring of peat moorland burn scars is essential for informing land management and moorland restoration. Satellite data enables peat moorland burn scars to be monitored at the landscape scale for operational services e.g. European Forest Fire Information System (EFFIS). However, in the UK cloud is highly problematic for optical satellites and thermal data provides only a short window of opportunity for active fire detection. This thesis provides a unique line of enquiry by exploring the potential of Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) intensity and Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar (InSAR) coherence for burn scar characterisation and persistence, using a multi-temporal and multi-sensor approach for degraded peat moorland. The Peak District National Park (PDNP) was selected because it is a marginal moorland environment, which experiences high rates of peat erosion and will experience more wildfires, based on future projections of increased temperature, due to global warming. Initial SAR intensity results for the Bleaklow 2003 burn scar showed a clear post-fire increase of 7 dB for burned peat bog when acquired under wet conditions. Post-fire, dry − wet InSAR pairs were characterised by vegetation removal caused by combustion within the burn scar area, whereas wet − wet InSAR pairs characterised the burn scar, but also degraded peat moorland caused by previous wildfires blurring the new burn scar perimeter. Intensity differed significantly with slope for the PDNP 2003 wildfires, reducing the effectiveness of the technique for characterising burn scars on slopes facing away from the sensor, although these wildfires showed no significant difference on coherence for the inland bare ground class. When using coherence as a burn scar discriminator, this research found that it is essential to acquire InSAR pairs immediately post-fire with B⊥ < 550 m. Using a combination of intensity and coherence data a multi-difference colour composite was produced and an ISODATA classification applied. Results were reclassified to produce a burned area map with an overall map accuracy of 94% and Kappa Coefficient of 0.69 covering the Bleaklow and Kinder 2003 burn scars. Burn scars < 6 km2 provided a persistently higher burned area intensity signal for up to six months after the wildfire but only 2 − 3 months for coherence. The smaller Edale burn scar (0.10 km2) was characterised by 2 − 3 dB greater intensity for the burned area over a year after the wildfire. The Edale 2008 case study showed that L-band PALSAR data is less sensitive to characterising peat moorland burn scars compared to C-band data. This study therefore strongly recommends C-band data for peat moorland burn scar characterisation and monitoring. Future research will explore the new C-band Sentinel-1 data which offers improved spatial resolution and repeat-pass time.

Background: Tissue engineering and its contribution to regenerative medicine has advanced through the years. It has proven its efficacy especially in the treatment of advanced full thickness burn wounds. Tissue engineering is the synergy between biology and engineering. This fairly young science has one common goal and that is to regenerate new tissue. Various commercially available products have appeared on the market and this due to the ground-breaking work of many. One such well known product is Integra® which is the brain child of Yannas and Burke. This is a collagen-glycosaminoglycan copolymer which serves as a bioactive regeneration template or extracellular matrix analogue. Advanced wound healing is promoted along with the prevention of scar tissue formation and consequent contractures. Aims:</p This study provides an extensive review on the development of this dermal regeneration matrix and also aims to develop an equivalent product. Attention will be paid to: the biological building blocks and the motivation for their use; the essential production steps; and the final processing required in order to deliver a sterile product. Materials and Methods: A collagen and chondroitin 6-sulphate coprecipitate was prepared and subjected to either controlled or uncontrolled freezing. The frozen slurry was dried under vacuum for 17 hours after which each sample was coated with a thin silicone film. Glutaraldehyde crosslinking followed after which the product was thoroughly rinsed. The packaged products were then subjected to terminal sterilisation via gamma irradiation under various conditions. Various tests were conducted to evaluate the newly formed regeneration matrices and included scanning electron microscopy, enzymatic degradation by collagenase, and a cytotoxicity assay. Scanning electron microscopic analysis was done in order to reveal the adequacy of the scaffold architecture. Collagenase degradation of the scaffolds was used to project the rate of degradation of each template. Integra® served as the gold standard for each test. Quantifiable data was statistically analysed and any comparison made included the calculation of means, standard deviations and p-values (confidence interval of 95%). Results: Results indicated that highly porous bioactive tissue engineering matrices were obtained by either controlled freezing or uncontrolled freezing. The average pore diameter of the most homogenous scaffolds ranged between 52.47 and 136.44 µm with a mean of 87.34 µm. These templates were formed by using a 0.5% collagen concentration and a controlled freeze rate of 0.92 °C/min. Uncontrolled freezing (1.3 °C/min) of a 0.5% collagen concentration resulted in the formation of an irregular scaffold with an average pore diameter of 174.08 µm. It was found that the architecture of the most equivalent scaffold compared well with that of Integra® with p = 0.424. Scaffolds prepared using higher collagen concentrations (1.0%) and controlled freezing resulted in dense sponges with average pore diameters of 56.51 µm. Statistical analysis upon comparison indicated a significant difference p = 0.000 in the micro architecture. The rate of degradation of the most equivalent scaffold was 1.9 times that of Integra®. This implicates that the crosslinking was insufficient and due to one of the following: poor collagen quality; method of crosslinking; and degradation due to terminal sterilization. The rate of scaffold degradation can be extended, either by additional crosslinking or the prevention of degradation induced by irradiation. Temperature vacuum dehydration crosslinking through esterification or amide formation can be used as an initial crosslinking method in further studies. This form of crosslinking will complete the conventional glutaraldehyde crosslinking that reacts with the free amine groups of lysine or hydroxylysine of the protein backbone of collagen. It should be stressed that the determination of an in vivo degradation rate, in the form of an animal study, will aid to confirm the efficacy of the biologically active regeneration matrix. / Dissertation (MSc)--University of Pretoria, 2008. / Anatomy / unrestricted

Le but de cette étude est de proposer un modèle combiné au transfert de chaleur dans la veine et des tissus de la peau humaine. Il permet de mieux comprendre le comportement thermomécanique de la peau et de son environnement direct lorsqu'ils sont exposés à de fortes variations thermiques. Le travail est basé sur des études expérimentales et numériques. La première étape expérimentale consiste à placer une barre d'acier cylindrique refroidie ou réchauffée sur la peau d'un avant-bras humain et en mesurant l'évolution de température en utilisant une caméra infrarouge. L'influence de la circulation sanguine dans les veines sur la diffusion de la chaleur est très nettement.La deuxième étape expérimentale consiste à mesurer les propriétés géométriques des veines et la vitesse du sang en utilisant une sonde d'écho-Doppler. Ces mesures expérimentales fournissent un modèle numérique de la peau et de son environnement direct. Le modèle tridimensionnel multicouche utilise l'équation biothermique de Pennes pour modéliser les tissus et celle de la chaleur dans un fluide pour modéliser le sang. Les propriétés des matériaux sont tirées de la littérature et validées par notre expérimentation. Le modèle numérique permet de retrouver les mesures expérimentales, mais aussi d'accéder à la température et à la vitesse du sang dans les veines. Enfin, un modèle numérique d'endommagement thermique, couplé au modèle multicouche de la peau, a été développé dans cette étude. Il permet de simuler l'endommagement suite à une brûlure de la peau et de tester l'efficacité de différents traitements visant à limiter les lésions. / The aim of this study is to propose a combined model of heat transfer in the vein and tissue of human skin. It allows to better understand the thermomechanical behavior of the skin and its direct environment when exposed to strong thermal variations. The work is based on experimental and numerical investigations. The first experimental step consists in placing a cooled or a heated cylindrical steel bar on the skin of a human forearm and measuring the temperature change using an infrared camera. Blood circulation in the veins was seen to clearly influence heat diffusion. The second experimental step consists in measuring geometrical properties of the veins and blood velocity using an echo-Doppler probe. These experimental measurements provide a numerical model of the skin and its direct vicinity. The three-dimensional multilayer model uses Pennes equation to model biological tissue and the convective heat transport equation, to model blood. The properties of the biological materials obtained from the literature are validated by our experimentation. The numerical model is able to simulate the experimental observations, but also to estimate blood temperature and velocity in the veins. Finally, a numerical model of thermal damage, coupled with the multilayer model of skin, was developed in this study. It simulates the damage due to burning of the skin and to test the efficacy of different treatments to limit the damage.