在社會科學的領域中，以生態觀點所發展出的命題一直受到相當的注意，東西方學者在這方面的實證與論述，或具體而嚴謹，或抽象得類似哲學，研究面向雖有不同，但是基本的思維邏輯卻是一致的。他們的特色是跳出既定的範疇，從環境的角度來審視整體的互動與平衡。本研究從較為寬廣的視野將特定的商業環境視為一個「企業生態系」，此生態系中的企業群聚由共生的企業族群所組成，單一個體或族群皆可能受到其他個體或族群的影響。 　　根據這樣的想法，本研究直接援引生物生態學中的「共同演化」觀點發展出觀念性架構並做實務現象的觀察與映證。因為共同演化的作用，一個企業族群的演化將直接對共生的企業族群產生選擇壓力，從而促成另一企業族群在同一方向上跟隨演化。在觀察演化的過程時，本研究認為產業環境的「制度力量」往往左右了演化的方向，因此將個別組織間的規範同形、模仿同形、強制同形與依賴同形等制度力量作為分析企業族群共同演化的基本驅動因子。 　　為觀察實務現象，本研究以兩岸的自行車成車與零件族群為個案分析的樣本，並實地走訪臺海兩岸業者，對兩岸自行車業發展、分佈的共同演化過程做了完整的觀察。根據實務分析的結果，本研究得到下列映證：一、自然生態界的共同演化現象同樣存在與產業界；二、制度同形過程是企業族群的演化機制；三、共生企業族群間的相互選擇壓力是促成共同演化的主要力量；四、共同演化是循序漸進的互動過程。在學術方面，本研究的主要貢獻是突破傳統組織生態學「結構惰性」與「獨立性」的基本假設，進一步觀察與映證更高層次的族群互動現象。 　　在實務上，對企業經營也有重要的策略涵義：一、要成為企業族群的領導者就必須率先發動演化；二、臺灣企業處於「大陸化」的生態體系中，應該在共生族群間主導同形與共同演化；三、跨海峽的共同演化不但提攜夥伴也扶植競爭者。因此，臺灣企業在演化過程中，中國大陸的改革開放是契機、轉機也可能是危機，臺灣企業必須持續掌握優勢資源、緊密合作攜手演化。

Digitalization has become a topic of several presentations and discussions in real estate industry seminars in recent years. Often the speeches are about why the real estate industry needs digitalization, presenting threats and opportunities for the participants of the seminars. Still, real estate industry is conservative by nature and thus far property owners have not needed to innovate in order to stay in business. Therefore, a question arises that how do real estate owners react to the growing expectations about digitalization. On the other hand, relatively little is known about the innovativeness of real estate firms, as innovation research in built environment sector has largely focused on building project management phase organizations and facility management firms. Still, the real estate owners have a central role and a long-term perspective on the innovation in the built environment sector as a whole, as they are clients in all building life-cycle phases. Thus, this thesis purpose is to increase understanding of digitalization as a phenomenon in the real estate and facility management sectors: 1) by distinguishing the phenomenon in relation to existing research and 2) by generating new knowledge on digitalization in the field by explorative research. In order to distinguish the phenomenon in relation to existing research, the thesis provides a structured literature review that focuses on digitalization in the real estate and facility management sector. The main conclusion is that digitalization is a complex phenomenon, including multiple perspectives and conceptualizations, although, the literature converges on rather distinct topics of digital systems and methods, technology adoption and organization and management. Additionally, the review provides a discussion of opportunities for further research. An argument is made for sociotechnical perspective to provide opportunities for better managerial comprehension on the complex phenomenon. In order to generate new knowledge on digitalization in the field, particularly, on the innovativeness of real estate firms, the thesis provides summaries of two papers. The first paper focuses on the innovation processes in the real estate owner organizations and the second paper focuses on the innovation ecosystem that comprises of actors that contribute towards common innovation goals. The papers are based on interviews with the various real estate industry actors and document analysis. The papers converge on results, concluding that the real estate owners have invested in resources and capabilities for innovation, but it is still challenging for them to act on the digital threats and opportunities. Additionally, the second paper develops an operationalizable definition and methodology for research on innovation ecosystems, which has relevance for the more general literature on innovation and strategy. Thus, this thesis distinguishes digitalization as a phenomenon in the built environment management sectors and increases understanding on the innovativeness of real estate firms’ and other actors that contribute to the innovativeness of the real estate sector as a whole. / Digitalisering har blivit ett ofta återkommande ämne för ett stort antal seminarier inomfastighetsbranschens under de senaste åren. En återkommande fråga har varit hurfastighetsbranschen hanterar digitaliseringen, samt om vilka hot och möjligheterdigitaliseringen innebär för branschen. Fastighetsbranschen uppfattas ofta som konservativoch hittills har fastighetsägare inte tvingats vara särskilt innovativa för att kunna fortsätta sinverksamhet. En intressant fråga i sammanhanget är därför hur fastighetsägare reagerar på deväxande förväntningarna om digitalisering från omvärlden. Relativt lite är känt ominnovationsförmågan hos fastighetsföretag, eftersom innovationsforskningen inom byggdmiljö till stor del har fokuserat på byggprojekt och fastighetsförvaltning. Fastighetsägarna hardock fortfarande en central roll och borde ha ett långsiktigt perspektiv på innovationer inomden byggda miljön som helhet, eftersom de är verksamma inom byggnadens alla faser ilivscykeln.Mot denna bakgrund är avhandlingens syfte att öka förståelsen för digitalisering som fenomeninom fastighetsförvaltningen: 1) genom att analysera fenomenet i förhållande till denbefintliga forskningen och 2) genom att generera ny kunskap om digitalisering inom områdetgenom intervjuer och dokumentanalys.För att särskilja fenomenet digitalisering i förhållande till befintlig forskning innehålleravhandlingen en strukturerad litteraturöversikt som fokuserar på digitalisering inomfastighetsförvaltningen. Den huvudsakliga slutsatsen från denna litteraturöversikt är attdigitalisering är ett komplext fenomen, som innehåller flera perspektiv ochkonceptualiseringar, även om litteraturen fokuserar på ett antal distinkta ämnen: digitalasystem och metoder, anpassning av teknik och organisation samt förvaltning. Dessutominnehåller översikten en diskussion om relevanta områden för vidare forskning. Vidare geröversikten vid handen, att genom att anlägga ett socio-tekniskt perspektiv ges bättremöjligheter att förstå digitalisering.För att skapa ny kunskap om digitalisering, särskilt vad gäller fastighetsföretagensinnovativitet, innehåller avhandlingen två artiklar. Den första artikeln fokuserar påinnovationsprocesser inom fastighetsföretag och den andra artikeln fokuserar påinnovationsekosystemet som består av ett antal olika aktörer som bidrar till gemensammainnovationsmål. Artiklarna bygger på intervjuer med olika aktörer inom fastighetsbranschenoch dokumentanalys. Artiklarnas resultat pekar åt samma håll, och slutsatsen som kan dras äratt fastighetsägarna har investerat i resurser och kapacitet för innovation, men det ärfortfarande en stor utmaning för dem att agera på digitala hot och möjligheter. Dessutomutvecklar den andra artikeln en definition och metod för forskning om innovationsekosystem,som har relevans för forskning inom innovation och strategi. Således särskiljer denna avhandling digitaliseringen som ett fenomen inom den byggda miljönoch ökar förståelsen för fastighetsföretagens innovationsförmåga och andra aktörer sombidrar till innovationer inom fastighetssektorn som helhet. / <p>QC 20200127</p>

本研究採用「商業生態系統」觀點，以「利基者」的角度出發，來探討利基型軟體公司經營模式的變遷。研究對象為屬於「利基者」的資訊安全軟體公司，以及其所處的環境。研究分為「歷史分析」與「探索性個案研究」兩大部分。首先，本研究以「歷史分析」作為前導研究，探討資訊安全軟體由1986年至2007年的發展沿革，並釐清防毒軟體廠商、防火牆軟體廠商，以及入侵偵測/防禦軟體廠商所處的商業生態系統，以及廠商在其中的角色。此外，在歷史分析中，本研究也探討了主要商業生態系統之間的關係。而「探索性個案研究」，則選擇了五個成功的資訊安全軟體公司，以及五個失敗的資訊安全軟體公司，探討這些廠商在1986年至2000年之間經營模式的變遷，以了解成功及失敗的因素為何。此外，也描述繼續存活的成功廠商，如何在2001年之後，因應環境「擾動」而動態調整其經營模式。 在「歷史分析」的部份，本研究首先發現，資訊安全軟體自1986年開始出現，此時的資訊安全軟體廠商，主要為防毒軟體廠商，而廠商在「個人電腦商業生態系統」以及「區域網路商業生態系統」中扮演「利基者」的角色。在1994年後，「Internet商業生態系統」蓬勃發展，除了防毒軟體廠商之外，防火牆軟體廠商以及入侵偵測軟體廠商開始出現。而資安軟體廠商在「Internet商業生態系統」中扮演「利基者」的角色。之後，資訊安全軟體廠商逐漸形成了一個「邊界安全商業生態次系統」。在這個「次系統」中，不同的廠商分別扮演了次系統中的「關鍵者」、「支配者」，以及「利基者」。另一方面，三個「主系統」之間，存在「演替」的現象，後者的重要性，逐漸超越前者。而到了2001年之後，由於環境中的劇烈「擾動」，產生了新的生存空間，也改變了既有「物種」的「種間關係」。而另一方面，主要商業生態系統中「關鍵者」的跨入，也嚴重壓縮了既有「利基者」的生存空間。 「探索性個案研究」中，本研究又分為「規範性個案研究」與「描述性個案研究」兩部分。「規範性個案研究」探討五個成功的資訊安全軟體公司，包括Symantec、Trend Micro、McAfee、Check Point，以及Internet Security Systems(ISS)，在1986年至2000年之間，調整經營模式的動態過程，並與五個失敗的公司，包括ACSI、ESaSS、EliaShim/eSafe、Raptor，以及Axent進行比較。研究首先發現，成功的「利基者」，充分「借助」了「關鍵者」的資源，包括「技術」、「夥伴」、「聲譽」，並透過學習，運用關鍵者的「知識」，提升組織的能力。其次，成功的「利基者」，都能建立以自己為中心的「商業生態次系統」，包括「通路次系統」或是「技術平台次系統」。此外，成功的「利基者」，也都能及時參與新興的商業生態系統，並察覺商業生態系統「演替」(亦即「消長」)的狀況，進而調整參與的重心。而失敗的五個「利基者」，均於2000年之前被其他公司購併，主要因為較欠缺這些作為，或在這些方面未能成功。「描述性個案研究」則描述在2001年之後繼續存活的成功「利基者」，如何因應環境「擾動」與其他廠商行為的改變，動態調整經營模式。這些廠商調整經營模式，以鞏固既有的生存空間，並掌握新的生存空間。同時，也多方參與由不同的「關鍵者」所主導，未來可能成為「主流設計」的技術架構。 綜合來說，成功的利基型軟體公司，由創立開始，隨著成長的過程，「參與」以其他關鍵者為中心的商業生態系統，同時也致力於「建立」以自己為中心的商業生態系統。「參與」及「建立」二者與時並進，並適時調整，利基者才得以維持長久生存。 / This study takes the view of niche players to explore their business model changes in the software business ecosystem. Software firms in the information security software industry and their environments are selected as research context. The research is comprised of two main parts: a historical analysis and an exploratory case study. The historical analysis serves as a pilot study, in which information security software industry’s historical development is scrutinized to clarify which business ecosystems these security software firms, including antivirus software firms, firewall software firms, and intrusion detection/prevention software firms, participate in as they grow, as well as these firms’ roles within the business ecosystems. Relationships between different busines ecosystems are also studied in the historical analysis. In the exploratory case study, five successful security software firms and five failed security software firms are selected as case companies. The case study explores how successful firms and failed firms, from 1986 to 2000, differ in the way they changed their business models, in order to understand why successful firms remain in existence after 2000. The case study also describes how these surviving firms have, responding to “disturbance” in the environments, been adjusting their business models dynamically since 2001. The historical analysis reveals that the “PC business ecosystem”, the “LAN (local area network) business ecosystem”, and the “Internet business ecosystem” are involved as security software firms grow. Information security software firms have participated in the “PC business ecosystem”, when antivirus software was brought to the world in 1986. Antivirus software firms played the role of “niche players” in the “PC business ecosystem” at that time. Later when local area network was getting prevalent, a few antivirus firms participated in the “LAN business ecosystem”, playing the role of “niche players” as well. When the Internet commercialized around 1994, firewall software firms and intrusion detection software firms emerged. All participating information software firms played the role of “niche players” in the “Internet business ecosystem”. In 1996, a “sub-system”—“perimeter security sub-system” —was formed within the “Internet business ecosystem” by various security software firms and hardware companies. This “sub-system” had its own “keystones”, “dominators”, “hub landlords”, and “niche players”. In addition, “ecosystem succession” phenomenon is observed between the three “main system” —the “PC business ecosystem”, the “LAN business ecosystem”, and the “Internet business ecosystem”. Importance of the latter gradually surpassed the former. Furthermore, “disturbance” has emerged since 2001, creating new living space, but at the same time altered the “inter-species relationship” between existing species. Some “keystones” in the main ecosystems turned into “dominators”, highly decreased existing niche players’ living space. The exploratory case study is divided into a “normative case study” and a “descriptive case study”. In the “normative case study”, five successful security software firms, including Symantec, Trend Micro, McAfee, Check Point, and Internet Security Systems (ISS) are compared with five failed firms—ACSI, ESaSS, EliaShim/eSafe, Raptor, and Axent in the way they adjusted their business models from 1986 to 2000. Evidences revealed that successful niche players sufficiently leveraged resources provided by keystones. Resources include technologies, partners, and reputation. Successful niche players also learn from keystones to acquire knowledge, which further improves niche players’ organization capabilities. In addition, successful niche players are capable of building up their own “sub-systems,” which can be “channel sub-systems” or “technological platform sub-systems.” Furthermore, successful niche players, in time, participate in every promising business ecosystems, and sense the “ecosystem succession” phenomenon when it takes place to adjust their efforts on different business ecosystems. Five unsuccessful case companies fail to achieve similar accomplishments. Consequently, all of them have been acquired or merged by other firms by 2000. Meanwhile, in the “descriptive case study,” I describe how five successful firms keep surviving after 2001, adjusting their business models to secure existing living space and seize emerging opportunities. These successful niche players also participated in all information security architectures proposed by different keystones, expecting that one of these architectures will turn out to be the “dominant design” in the future. Overall, successful niche players, as they grow, participate in business ecosystems led by other keystones, and build up their own business ecosystem as well. They advance and adjust both their “participating” and “builing up” activities to secure long-term survival.

邁入21世紀，許多環境趨勢與變動如全球化浪潮、時基競爭、快速回應的壓力等，使現代組織面臨另一波的典範轉移。面對如此動盪的環境，近年來一些組織為了得以快速地感知與因應環境變動，開始由單一組織的營運活動逐漸轉變為「跨組織」、甚至「跨產業」的連結與互動，透過組織間價值利益交換與共同演化，產生高度的適應性與多樣性，得以與複雜不確定的動盪環境共存。組織間連結關係的普遍，使得學術界與實務界開始將關於企業競爭力的探討，由組織內在能力之強調轉移至與組織生存攸關之外部資源的管理上。而對於企業來說，發展的關鍵就是如何與其他企業相互協調、將資源集中起來為消費者創造價值。 本研究從複雜適應系統(Complex Adaptive Systems)角度出發，試圖剖析一「組織間連結」群體之現有樣貌與未來可能樣貌。本研究首先針對相關文獻、研究進行整理，由系統觀點找出複雜適應系統的組織發展光譜，並提出其中商業生態系統(Business Ecosystem)與混序式組織(Chaordic Organization)兩個組織類型將座落於此組織發展光譜之兩端，而混序式組織將可視為一複雜適應系統的最終理想境界，如同相關文獻所述。 本研究更進一步針對兩種組織類型內涵進行解構，並佐以現行個案：台積電公司與Visa國際組織進行實例驗證，歸納出「生態型」與「混序型」兩種經營模式，並於共同特徵與對稱差異分析下，得出以下結論與管理意涵： 1)未來動盪環境之下，組織協議力量(protocal)將取代傳統控制力量，促成網絡內部之複雜與多樣性；2) 協議力量下，未來組織之創新將發生在價值活動的任何一端，屬「激發創新」；3) 面對動盪環境，組織複雜與適應性的建立，將會是不斷重複且持續循環的任務與挑戰。

Магистерская диссертация посвящена разработке инвестиционного проекта по автоматизации проблемных бизнес-процессов на предприятии ресторанного бизнеса. Большое внимание в диссертации уделено установлению и обоснованию перечня требований для выбора системы автоматизации предприятия ресторанного бизнеса, определению этапов схемы автоматизации бизнес-процессов предприятия при его присоединении к экосистеме. В результате исследования разработана методология автоматизации внешних бизнес-процессов предприятия при его присоединении к экосистеме, определен состав разделов бизнес-плана инвестиционного проекта, в наилучшей степени отвечающего проектам автоматизации бизнес-процессов предприятия. / The master's thesis is devoted to the development of an investment project for the automation of problematic business processes in the restaurant business enterprise. The dissertation focuses on the establishment and justification of the list of requirements for choosing the automation system of the restaurant business enterprise, determining the stages of the automation scheme of business processes of the enterprise when it joins the ecosystem. As a result of the study, a methodology for automating external business processes of an enterprise when it joins the ecosystem was developed, and the composition of the sections of the business plan of an investment project that best meets the projects of automating business processes of an enterprise was determined.