Submitted by (lucia.rodrigues@ufrpe.br) on 2017-03-14T16:00:03Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Kesia Ferreira Alves.pdf: 466143 bytes, checksum: 66630edcc98b43dfb320ee8189581aa0 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-03-14T16:00:03Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Kesia Ferreira Alves.pdf: 466143 bytes, checksum: 66630edcc98b43dfb320ee8189581aa0 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008-02-28 / Conselho Nacional de Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico - CNPq / Anthracnose is considered an important disease of bell pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) in the state of Pernambuco and in various parts of the world, causing significant losses for fruit commercialization. Actions directed to preventive measures such as alternative control, are of great importance through the exploration of secondary compounds present in medicinal plants with antimicrobial activity. This study aimed to, assess the efficiency of crude extracts in the control of anthracnose in bell pepper, and analyze the control stability of promising treatments in relation to different extract, inoculum, temperature and pathogen isolates concentrations. In preliminary selection, 16 plant species were used in order to obtain aqueous and hidroalcoólico extracts. The aqueous extracts of garlic (Allium sativum L.), Mallow (Malva sp.), and ginger (Zingiber officinale Roscoe.) showed greater than 97% reductions in disease severity levels. The greatest value of CL75 was found for the garlic extract (3.5%), while the lowest value of CL75 was verified with the application of the ginger extract (2.1%). The lowest rate of efficiency reduction of the anthracnose control (TRE) with the pathogen inoculum increase occurred with garlic extract. With regard to different C. gloeosporioides isolates, significant interaction was found between the different extracts and isolates of the pathogen. The plant extracts were effective in controlling the disease in temperatures of 20, 25 and 30 ° C, while temperatures in the 10, 15and 35 ° C there was no disease. There were no differences in the efficiencies of garlic and ginger extracts, while the extract of hollyhock had the lower efficiency at 20 ° C, differing from the other temperatures, and other extracts at this temperature. The results obtained in this study indicate the great potential for use of the garlic extract (6%) in anthracnose control of bell pepper, considering its stability in different situations. / A antracnose é considerada uma importante doença do pimentão (Capsicum annuum L.) no Estado de Pernambuco e em várias partes do mundo, causando perdas significativas à produção de frutos para comercialização. Ações voltadas para medidas preventivas como o controle alternativo, são de grande relevância por meio da exploração de compostos secundários presentes em plantas medicinais com atividade antimicrobiana. O presente trabalho teve por objetivo, avaliar a eficiência de extratos vegetais brutos no controle da antracnose em pimentão, bem como analisar a estabilidade do controle dos tratamentos promissores em relação a.diferentes concentrações dos extratos, concentrações do inoculo e isolados do patógeno e, temperaturas. Na seleção preliminar foram utilizadas 16 espécies vegetais para obtenção de extratos aquosos e etanólicos. Os extratos aquosos de alho (Allium sativum L.), malva (Malva sp.) e gengibre (Zingiber officinale Roscoe.) propiciaram reduções superiores a 97% nos níveis de severidade. O maior valor de CL75 foi constatado para o extrato de alho (3,5%), enquanto o menor valor de CL75 foi verificado com a aplicação de extrato de gengibre (2,1%). A menor taxa de redução da eficiência do controle (TRE) da antracnose com o incremento do inóculo do patógeno ocorreu no extrato de alho. Com relação a diferentes isolados de C. gloeosporioides, foi constatada interação significativa entre os tipos de extratos e os isolados do patógeno. Os extratos vegetais foram eficientes no controle da doença nas temperaturas de 20, 25 e 30 oC, enquanto nas temperaturas 10, 15 e 35 °C não houve doença. Não houve diferenças nas eficiências dos extratos de alho e gengibre, enquanto o extrato de malva apresentou a menor eficiência a 20 oC, diferindo das outras temperaturas, bem como dos demais extratos nessa temperatura. Os resultados obtidos nesse estudo indicam o grande potencial de utilização do extrato de alho a 6% no controle da antracnose em pimentão, considerando sua estabilidade em diferentes situações.

Pythium root rot caused by Pythium aphanidermatum, a destructive disease of sweet pepper and other hydroponic crops, is characterized by root browning (necrosis) and reduces growth of roots and shoots. Serious losses in crop productivity are common, in part for lack of adequate control measures. Severe root rot has been previously associated with episodes of high temperature, but whether this is due to high temperature effects on the host, the pathogen, or their interaction remains unclear. To clarify these relationships, and to provide a basis for predicting rapid increases in root rot, quantitative experiments were conducted to determine how episodes of high root-zone temperature are associated with root browning. Pepper plants were grown separately in hydroponic units containing aerated nutrient solution positioned in temperature-controlled water baths. The root zone temperature was 23°C except during high temperature treatments. Browning developed progressively earlier in roots that were maintained at 33°C for 9 to 144 h immediately before they were inoculated with zoospores of P. aphanidermatum, and in all instances earlier than in control plants maintained continuously at 23°C. The data demonstrated unequivocally that high root-zone temperature can predispose pepper plants to Pythium root rot. Browning also developed earlier when root inoculation with P. aphanidermatum was delayed as long as 216 h following exposure at 33°C for 72 h, indicating that predisposition of the host by high temperature episodes can persist for at least 9 days. The ability of Pseudomonas chlororaphis strain 63-28 to suppress Pythium root rot and promote plant growth was investigated in pepper plants grown in the hydroponic units and predisposed to the disease, i.e. plants were predisposed to high temperature (33°C for 72 h ending at 3 days before inoculation) or not predisposed (constant 23°C). When P. chlororaphis was applied in the nutrient solution at a final density of 107 CFU mL-1 7 days before the high temperature episode, the agent delayed root browning, re-mediated predisposition to root rot, and increased growth of plants that were and were not inoculated with P. aphanidermatum. It is concluded that high temperature predisposed pepper seedlings to root rot and that strain 63-28 has substantial potential for managing root rot regardless of predisposition by high temperature.

Submitted by Lara Oliveira (lara@ufersa.edu.br) on 2017-01-10T15:07:18Z No. of bitstreams: 1 RenanCP_TESE.pdf: 1501418 bytes, checksum: aa1c2949e9a54d1fc61ebd7d070d6706 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Vanessa Christiane (referencia@ufersa.edu.br) on 2017-01-24T14:46:08Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 RenanCP_TESE.pdf: 1501418 bytes, checksum: aa1c2949e9a54d1fc61ebd7d070d6706 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-03-21T14:47:24Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 RenanCP_TESE.pdf: 1501418 bytes, checksum: aa1c2949e9a54d1fc61ebd7d070d6706 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-04-28 / Nitrogen (N) is one of the macronutrients more absorbed by sweet pepper, and phosphorus (P), one of the macronutrients that limit crop production. The experimental design was a randomized block design with four replications. These consisted of the implementation of the five nitrogen rates (0, 50, 100, 150 and 200 kg ha-1 N) and phosphorus than five (0, 60, 120, 200 and 300 kg ha-1 P2O5), in a red yellow podzolic in the municipality of Mossoró in the state of Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil. The following characteristics were evaluated: commercial fruit productivity, non-commercial fruit productivity, overall productivity of fruits, number of commercial fruits, number of unmarketable fruits, total number of fruits and average weight of commercial fruits. It defined the critical level of P extracted from the soil by Mehlich-1 extractor, as well as the critical levels of N and P in the diagnostic leaves. For the growth analysis and nutrient absorption four plants were sampled at 14, 28, 42, 56, 70, 84, 98, 112 and 126 days after transplanting (DAT) at doses of 100 kg ha-1 N and 120 kg ha-1 of P2O5. The maximum production of dry plant matter occurred at 126 DAT, with accumulation of 73.5 g plant-1. For this value, the fruits accounted for 57.1% and vegetative shoots with 42.9%. The accumulation of nutrients in the plant in descending order was: K (2.68 g plant-1) > N (1.61 g plant-1) > Ca (0.31 g plant-1) > Mg (0.23 g plant-1) > P (0.20 g plant-1). Regarding nutrient partitioning in the plant, the N and P were found in large quantities in fruits, while K, Ca and Mg in the vegetative shoot. For productivity of 16.3 t ha-1, exports of N, P, K, Ca and Mg were equivalent to 23.07; 3.41; 29.17; 1.33 and 2.08 kg ha-1, respectively. For this soil, the combination of 29.93 kg ha-1 N and 40.22 kg ha-1 P2O5 was promoted the maximum economic efficiency yield of sweet pepper. The critical levels of N in the sheet and P in leaf and soil associated with producing maximum economic efficiency of sweet pepper were, respectively, 34.78 to 38.94 g kg-1; 2.02 to 2.36 g kg-1 and 12.85 to 29.18 mg dm-3 / O nitrogênio (N) é um dos macronutrientes mais absorvidos pelo pimentão, enquanto que o fósforo um dos que mais limitam a produção das culturas. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi o de blocos ao acaso com quatro repetições e dez tratamentos. Estes consistiram da aplicação de cinco doses de N (0, 50, 100, 150 e 200 kg ha-1 de N) e cinco doses de P (0, 60, 120, 200 e 300 kg ha-1 de P2O5), em um Argissolo Vermelho-Amarelo do município de Mossoró-RN. Para as características de produção foram avaliadas as seguintes características: produtividade de frutos comerciais, produtividade de frutos não comerciais, produtividade total de frutos, número de frutos comerciais, número de frutos não comerciais, número total de frutos e massa média de frutos comerciais. Foi estimado o nível crítico de P extraído do solo pelo extrator Mehlich-1, bem como os níveis críticos de N e de P nas folhas diagnósticas das plantas. Para a marcha de crescimento e de acúmulo de nutrientes, quatro plantas foram amostradas aos 14, 28, 42, 56, 70, 84, 98, 112 e 126 dias após o transplantio (DAT), nas doses de 100 kg ha-1 de N + 120 kg ha-1 de P2O5. A máxima produção de matéria seca total da planta ocorreu aos 126 DAT, com acúmulo de 73,5 g planta-1. Para este valor, os frutos contribuíram com 57,1% e a parte aérea vegetativa com 42,9%. O acúmulo de nutrientes em ordem decrescente na planta foi: K (2,68 g planta-1) > N (1,61 g planta-1) > Ca (0,31 g planta-1) > Mg (0,23 g planta-1) > P (0,20 g planta-1). Em relação à partição de nutrientes na planta, o N e o P foram encontrados em maiores quantidades nos frutos, enquanto o K, Ca e Mg na parte aérea vegetativa. Para a produtividade de 16,3 t ha-1, as exportações de N, P, K, Ca e Mg foram equivalentes a 23,07; 3,41; 29,17; 1,33 e 2,08 kg ha-1, respectivamente. Para este solo, a combinação das doses de 29,93 kg ha-1 de N e 40,22 kg ha-1 de P2O5 foi a que promoveu a produção de máxima eficiência econômica de pimentão. Os níveis críticos estimados de N na folha e de P na folha e no solo, associados à produção de máxima eficiência econômica do pimentão variaram, respectivamente, de 34,78 a 38,94 g kg-1; 2,02 a 2,36 g kg-1 e 12,85 a 29,18 mg dm-3 / 2017-01-10

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:32:26Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2005-08-22Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T20:04:00Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 santos_hs_dr_botfca.pdf: 1546408 bytes, checksum: d25b46b4f52200f204737b84f9ba16ae (MD5) / Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) / Avaliou-se a produtividade, o acúmulo e a exportação de nutrientes por plantas de pimentão (Capsicum annuum L.) enxertadas e não enxertadas, cultivadas sob ambiente protegido. O experimento foi conduzido de agosto de 2003 a maio de 2004 na Escola Técnica Estadual Augusto Tortolero Araújo pertencente ao Centro Estadual de Educação Tecnológica Paula Souza, em Paraguaçu Paulista, SP. Os porta-enxertos utilizados, AF 2638 e AF 2640, possuem resistência à Phytophthora capsici Leonian e Meloidogyne incognita raça 2. Os tratamentos constaram dos híbridos 'Rúbia R' e 'Margarita' sem enxertar, enxertados sobre os dois porta-enxertos e enxertados neles mesmos. O delineamento experimental foi em blocos ao acaso com oito tratamentos, quatro repetições e 15 plantas por parcela. As plantas foram avaliadas quanto a altura da maior haste, altura da primeira bifurcação, precocidade de florescimento, comprimento e número médio de internódios, produção e características dos frutos produzidos em 12 colheitas, massa de matéria verde e seca de folhas, caules e frutos. As análises químicas foram realizadas em uma planta por parcela aos 35, 83, 135, 178 e 213 dias após o transplante, para determinar a marcha de absorção e exportação de nutrientes. Verificou-se que os híbridos enxertados e não enxertados apresentaram produtividades médias de 132 e 153 t ha-1 para as combinações enxertadas de 'Rúbia R' e 'Rúbia R' pé-franco respectivamente e de 144 e 132 t ha-1 para as combinações enxertadas de 'Margarita' e 'Margarita' pé-franco respectivamente. O acúmulo de nutrientes não foi significativamente diferente entre plantas enxertadas e pés-francos, e a ordem decrescente dos nutrientes acumulados foi: K>N>Ca>Mg>P>S. A partir do que foi observado, concluiu-se que, nessas condições, a enxertia em plantas de pimentão não alterou seu desempenho agronômico, nem teve influência sobre a marcha de absorção de nutrientes. / It was evaluated the yield, accumulation and exportation of nutrients by sweet pepper plants grafted and non grafted, under protected cultivation. The research was carried out from August 2003 to May 2004, at the Technical School Augusto Tortolero Araújo, part of Paula Souza State Center of Technological Education, in Paraguaçu Paulista, SP, in Brazil. The rootstocks used - AF 2638 and AF 2640, are resistant to Phytophthora capsici Leonian and Meloidogyne incognita race 2. The treatments were constituted of non grafted hybrids 'Rúbia R' and 'Margarita'; grafted on two evaluated rootstocks and grafted on themselves. The experimental design was of completely randomized blocks with eight treatments, four replications and fifteen plants per plot. Five plants were sent for chemical analysis. Evaluations of the total plants height, first fork height, early blossom, length and average number of internodes, total yield and fruits characteristics of 12 harvests, fresh and dry matter of leaves, stems and fruits, were carried out. The samples for the chemical analysis were taken at the 35th, 83th, 135th, 173th and 213th days after transplantation, with the objective of determining the accumulation and exportation of the nutrients. The results proved that the grafted and non grafted plants had average yield, with the average of 132 and 153 t ha-1 for the grafted combinations of 'Rúbia R' and non grafted plants of 'Rúbia R' respectively and 144 and 132 t ha-1 for the grafted combinations of 'Margarita' and non grafted plants of 'Margarita' respectively. The accumulation of the nutrients was equivalent for grafted combinations and non grafted plants, and nutrients in decreasing order of accumulation were: K>N>Ca>Mg>P>S. It was evidenced that grafting sweet pepper plants neither its agronomic performance, nor interfered on the uptake of nutrients' absorption.

Thesis (M.A. (Horticulture)) --University of Limpopo, 2010 / Refer to document / University of Namibia

Orientador: Rumy Goto / Banca: Roberto Lyra Villas Bôas / Banca: Dirceu Maximino Fernandes / Banca: Sebastião Wilson Tivelli / Banca: Arlete Marchi Tavares de Melo / Resumo: Avaliou-se a produtividade, o acúmulo e a exportação de nutrientes por plantas de pimentão (Capsicum annuum L.) enxertadas e não enxertadas, cultivadas sob ambiente protegido. O experimento foi conduzido de agosto de 2003 a maio de 2004 na Escola Técnica Estadual Augusto Tortolero Araújo pertencente ao Centro Estadual de Educação Tecnológica Paula Souza, em Paraguaçu Paulista, SP. Os porta-enxertos utilizados, AF 2638 e AF 2640, possuem resistência à Phytophthora capsici Leonian e Meloidogyne incognita raça 2. Os tratamentos constaram dos híbridos 'Rúbia R' e 'Margarita' sem enxertar, enxertados sobre os dois porta-enxertos e enxertados neles mesmos. O delineamento experimental foi em blocos ao acaso com oito tratamentos, quatro repetições e 15 plantas por parcela. As plantas foram avaliadas quanto a altura da maior haste, altura da primeira bifurcação, precocidade de florescimento, comprimento e número médio de internódios, produção e características dos frutos produzidos em 12 colheitas, massa de matéria verde e seca de folhas, caules e frutos. As análises químicas foram realizadas em uma planta por parcela aos 35, 83, 135, 178 e 213 dias após o transplante, para determinar a marcha de absorção e exportação de nutrientes. Verificou-se que os híbridos enxertados e não enxertados apresentaram produtividades médias de 132 e 153 t ha-1 para as combinações enxertadas de 'Rúbia R' e 'Rúbia R' pé-franco respectivamente e de 144 e 132 t ha-1 para as combinações enxertadas de 'Margarita' e 'Margarita' pé-franco respectivamente. O acúmulo de nutrientes não foi significativamente diferente entre plantas enxertadas e pés-francos, e a ordem decrescente dos nutrientes acumulados foi: K>N>Ca>Mg>P>S. A partir do que foi observado, concluiu-se que, nessas condições, a enxertia em plantas de pimentão não alterou seu desempenho agronômico, nem teve influência sobre a marcha de absorção de nutrientes. / Abstract: It was evaluated the yield, accumulation and exportation of nutrients by sweet pepper plants grafted and non grafted, under protected cultivation. The research was carried out from August 2003 to May 2004, at the Technical School Augusto Tortolero Araújo, part of Paula Souza State Center of Technological Education, in Paraguaçu Paulista, SP, in Brazil. The rootstocks used - AF 2638 and AF 2640, are resistant to Phytophthora capsici Leonian and Meloidogyne incognita race 2. The treatments were constituted of non grafted hybrids 'Rúbia R' and 'Margarita'; grafted on two evaluated rootstocks and grafted on themselves. The experimental design was of completely randomized blocks with eight treatments, four replications and fifteen plants per plot. Five plants were sent for chemical analysis. Evaluations of the total plants height, first fork height, early blossom, length and average number of internodes, total yield and fruits characteristics of 12 harvests, fresh and dry matter of leaves, stems and fruits, were carried out. The samples for the chemical analysis were taken at the 35th, 83th, 135th, 173th and 213th days after transplantation, with the objective of determining the accumulation and exportation of the nutrients. The results proved that the grafted and non grafted plants had average yield, with the average of 132 and 153 t ha-1 for the grafted combinations of 'Rúbia R' and non grafted plants of 'Rúbia R' respectively and 144 and 132 t ha-1 for the grafted combinations of 'Margarita' and non grafted plants of 'Margarita' respectively. The accumulation of the nutrients was equivalent for grafted combinations and non grafted plants, and nutrients in decreasing order of accumulation were: K>N>Ca>Mg>P>S. It was evidenced that grafting sweet pepper plants neither its agronomic performance, nor interfered on the uptake of nutrients' absorption. / Doutor

A series of field, rainshelter, growth cabinet and modelling studies were conducted to investigate hot pepper response to different irrigation regimes and row spacings; to generate crop-specific model parameters; and to calibrate and validate the Soil Water Balance (SWB) model. Soil, climate and management data of five hot pepper growing regions of Ethiopia were identified to develop irrigation calendars and estimate water requirements of hot pepper under different growing conditions. High irrigation regimes increased fresh and dry fruit yield, fruit number, harvest index and top dry matter production. Yield loss could be prevented by irrigating at 20-25% depletion of plant available water, confirming the sensitivity of the crop to mild soil water stress. High plant density markedly increased fresh and dry fruit yield, water-use efficiency and dry matter production. Average fruit mass, succulence and specific leaf area were neither affected by row spacing nor by irrigation regimes. There were marked differences among the cultivars in fruit yields despite comparable top dry mass production. Average dry fruit mass, fruit number per plant and succulence were significantly affected by cultivar differences. The absence of interaction effects among cultivar and irrigation regimes, cultivars and row spacing, and irrigation regimes and row spacing for most parameters suggest that appropriate irrigation regimes and row spacing that maximize productivity of hot pepper can be devised across cultivars. To facilitate irrigation scheduling, a simple canopy cover based procedure was used to determine FAO-type crop factors and growth periods for different growth stages of five hot pepper cultivars. Growth analysis was done to calculate crop-specific model parameters for the SWB model and the model was successfully calibrated and validated for five hot pepper cultivars under different irrigation regimes or row spacings. FAO basal crop coefficients (Kcb) and crop-specific model parameters for new hot pepper cultivars can now be estimated from the database, using canopy characteristics, day degrees to maturity and dry matter production. Growth cabinet studies were used to determine cardinal temperatures, namely the base, optimum and cut-off temperatures for various developmental stages. Hot pepper cultivars were observed to require different cardinal temperatures for various developmental stages. Data on thermal time requirement for flowering and maturity between plants in growth cabinet and open field experiments matched closely. Simulated water requirements for hot pepper cultivar Mareko Fana production ranged between 517 mm at Melkassa and 775 mm at Alemaya. The simulated irrigation interval ranged between 9 days at Alemaya and 6 days at Bako, and the average irrigation amount per irrigation ranged between 27.9 mm at Bako and 35.0 mm at Zeway. / Thesis (PhD)--University of Pretoria, 2010. / Plant Production and Soil Science / unrestricted

Tesis por compendio / [ES] El pimiento es un cultivo muy importante a nivel mundial, pero es sensible a la falta de agua y a la salinidad. No obstante, se puede mejorar la tolerancia mediante la técnica del injerto. El Instituto Valenciano de Investigaciones Agrarias y la Universidad Politécnica de Valencia han realizado estudios previos para seleccionar accesiones de pimiento tolerantes a ambos estreses, utilizando después una selección de ellos como portainjertos para estudiar los mecanismos fisiológicos de tolerancia y aumentar la rentabilidad de su producción. Sin embargo, después de todos estos estudios, la información disponible es limitada. En este sentido, los objetivos que se han planteado en esta tesis doctoral fueron: i) seleccionar nuevas accesiones tolerantes de pimiento a la salinidad y escasez de agua, para aumentar la disponibilidad de genotipos tolerantes y usarlos en futuros programas de mejora, con el objetivo final de obtener nuevos portainjertos con una tolerancia mejorada; ii) identificar a corto plazo los mecanismos fisiológicos de tolerancia al estrés hídrico de una accesión tolerante (A25) usada como portainjerto; iii) identificar a corto plazo los mecanismos fisiológicos de tolerancia a la salinidad de un nuevo portainjerto híbrido tolerante (NIBER®); iv) encontrar los principales mecanismos moleculares de tolerancia a la salinidad de una accesión tolerante (A25) respecto a una sensible (A6) desde el punto de vista transcriptómico. Una vez realizados estos ensayos, en primer lugar, pudimos relacionar positivamente la capacidad fotosintética y el mantenimiento del crecimiento en plantas tolerantes a estrés hídrico y salino, tanto sin injertar como injertadas; de hecho, basándonos principalmente en esta relación, seleccionamos las accesiones A34 y A31 como tolerantes a estrés salino e hídrico, respectivamente. Además, demostramos que el papel principal de la prolina en los estreses estudiados no está ligado a la bajada de potencial osmótico; sin embargo, se identificaron funciones protectoras de este aminoácido que, junto a otras moléculas antioxidantes como los fenoles, contribuyen en el pimiento a aumentar la tolerancia. Igualmente importante es el peróxido de hidrógeno, que se relacionó con la capacidad antioxidante en pimiento, funcionando como molécula señalizadora en estrés salino. Asimismo, la bajada de ácido abscísico y la modificación de la expresión de genes relacionados han sido también relevantes en condiciones de estrés salino para mantener la apertura estomática y, por consiguiente, el crecimiento en plantas sin injertar e injertadas sobre portainjertos tolerantes. Se demostró también que la limitación del transporte de Na+ a hojas, así como el transporte y acumulación eficiente de K+ en raíces y hojas, son esenciales para alcanzar la homeostasis iónica y por tanto la tolerancia en pimientos injertados sobre portainjertos tolerantes. Para finalizar, el estudio de las rutas moleculares fue una herramienta útil para confirmar el comportamiento fisiológico y agronómico de una accesión de pimiento previamente clasificada como tolerante a la salinidad, descubriendo además nuevos mecanismos no referenciados hasta el momento. Los genes diferencialmente expresados encontrados estaban relacionados con la señalización hormonal, el crecimiento y desarrollo de las plantas, la fotoprotección, la regulación de los transportadores de iones y la detoxificación de ROS. / [CA] El pimentó és un cultiu molt important mundialment, però és sensible a la falta d'aigua i la salinitat. No obstant això, es pot millorar la tolerància mitjançant la tècnica de l'empelt. L'Institut Valencià d'Investigacions Agràries i la Universitat Politècnica de València han fet estudis previs per a seleccionar accessions de pimentó tolerants a tots dos estressos i a continuació, una selecció d'entre elles es va utilitzar per a estudiar els mecanismes fisiològics de tolerància i augmentar la rendibilitat de la seua producció. No obstant això, després de tots aquests experiments, la informació encara és limitada. En aquest sentit, els objectius que s'han plantejat en aquesta tesi doctoral van ser: i) seleccionar noves accessions tolerants de pimentó a la salinitat i la falta d'aigua, per a augmentar la disponibilitat de genotips tolerants i usar-los en futurs programes de millora, amb l'objectiu final d'obtindre nous portaempelts amb una tolerància millorada; ii) identificar a curt termini els mecanismes fisiològics de tolerància a l'estrès hídric d'una accessió tolerant (A25) usada com portaempelt; iii) identificar a curt termini els mecanismes fisiològics de tolerància a la salinitat d'un nou portaempelt híbrid tolerant (NIBER®); iv) trobar els principals mecanismes moleculars de tolerància a la salinitat d'una accessió tolerant (A25) respecte a una sensible (A6) des d'un punt de vista de la transcriptòmica. Després de realitzar aquests assajos, en primer lloc, vam poder relacionar positivament la capacitat fotosintètica i el manteniment del creixement en plantes tolerants a l'estrès hídric i salí, tant sense empeltar com empeltades; de fet, basant-nos principalment en aquesta relació, vam seleccionar les accessions A34 i A31 com tolerants a l'estrès salí i hídric, respectivament. A més a més, vam demostrar que el paper principal de la prolina en els estressos estudiats no està lligat a la baixada de potencial osmòtic; en canvi, es van identificar diferents funcions protectores d'aquest aminoàcid, que, junt a altres molècules antioxidants com els fenols, contribueixen en el pimentó a combatre'ls. Igualment important és el peròxid d'hidrogen, que es va relacionar amb la capacitat antioxidant del pimentó, funcionant com a molècula senyalitzadora a l'estrès salí. Així mateix, la baixada d'àcid abscísic i la modificació de l'expressió de gens relacionats de la seua senyalització han sigut també rellevants en condicions d'estrès salí per a mantindre l'obertura estomàtica i per tant el creixement en plantes sense empeltar i empeltades amb portaempelts tolerants. Es va demostrar també que la limitació del transport de Na+ a les fulles, així com el transport i l'acumulació eficient de K+ a les arrels i les fulles, són essencials per a aconseguir l'homeòstasi iònica i per tant la tolerància en pimentons empeltats damunt portaempelts tolerants. Per concloure, l'estudi de les rutes moleculars va ser un instrument útil per a confirmar el comportament fisiològic i agronòmic d'una accessió de pimentó prèviament classificada com a tolerant, descobrint a més nous mecanismes no trobats fins ara. Els gens diferencialment expressats trobats estaven relacionats amb la senyalització hormonal, el creixement i el desenvolupament de les plantes, la fotoprotecció, la regulació dels transportadors de ions i la detoxificació de ROS. / [EN] Pepper culture is economically very important worldwide, although it is very sensitive to suboptimal conditions of water and high salinity. However, the tolerance to these stresses can be improved by the grafting technique. Previous studies of the Valencian Institute for Agricultural Research and the Polytechnic University of Valencia have been conducted to select pepper accessions that showed tolerance to both stresses, after which a further selection of them was used as rootstocks to find physiological mechanisms of tolerance and to increase its agronomic profit. However, after all these studies, the available information in this regard is still scarce. Therefore, the objectives of this thesis were to: i) screen new tolerant pepper accessions under high salt concentrations and suboptimal water conditions, to increase the availability of tolerant genotypes to be used in future breeding programmes, with the final aim of obtaining new and improved tolerant rootstocks; ii) identify the short-term physiological mechanisms of water stress tolerance of a tolerant accession (A25) used as a rootstock; iii) identify the physiological mechanisms of short-term tolerance to salinity of a new tolerant hybrid rootstock (NIBER®); and iv) find the main molecular pathways of salinity tolerance of a tolerant accession (A25) compared to a sensitive one (A6) by a transcriptomic approach. After conducting these studies, we firstly found a positive relationship between photosynthetic capacity and growth maintenance in plants that were tolerant to water or salt stress, both grafted or ungrafted; indeed, based mainly on this relationship, we selected accessions A34 and A31 as tolerant to salt and water stress, respectively. In addition, we were able to demonstrate that the main role of proline under salinity and water scarcity is not linked herein to the drop in osmotic potential; on the contrary, we identified different protective roles that, together with other antioxidant protective molecules such as phenols, contribute to the tolerance of pepper plants to these environmental stresses. Moreover, hydrogen peroxide, a reactive oxygen species, was found to play important roles in the antioxidant capacity of pepper, working as a signalling molecule under salinity stress. Furthermore, the drop in abscisic acid concentration and its signalling deregulation were also shown to maintain stomatal aperture and thus the growth of the scion when grafted onto tolerant rootstocks and ungrafted accessions under high salt concentration conditions. It was also demonstrated that a limitation of Na+ transport to leaves, as well as a more efficient transport and accumulation of K+ in roots and leaves, are essential to reach ion homeostasis and, thus, tolerance in pepper plants grafted onto tolerant rootstocks. Finally, the study of the molecular pathways of tolerance was a useful tool to confirm the physiological and agronomical behaviour of a pepper accession previously classified as tolerant, although new mechanisms were also found. The differentially expressed genes found were linked to hormonal signalling, plant growth and development, photoprotection, regulation of ion transporters and ROS detoxification. / Quiero agradecer al Instituto Valenciano de Investigaciones Agrarias (IVIA), al Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA) y al Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovación y Universidades por darme la oportunidad de disfrutar de la beca predoctoral FPI-INIA (proyectos RTA2013-00022-C02-1 y RTA2017-00030-C02-00) con la que he realizado esta tesis doctoral y he podido aprender tanto todos estos años, asistir a los congresos y realizar las estancias de investigación en el extranjero. / López Serrano, L. (2021). Unravelling the Physiological and Genetic Adaptation of Grafted Pepper under Saline and Hydric Stresses [Tesis doctoral]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/162875 / Compendio

Tesis por compendio / [ES] Anteriormente, investigadores del Instituto Valenciano de Investigaciones Agrarias (IVIA) y la Universidad Politécnica de Valencia (UPV) evaluaron la respuesta a estrés hídrico en pimiento injertado para obtener patrones de pimiento que confieran tolerancia a la variedad injertada en estrés hídrico. Los mejores patrones se estudian en campo en condiciones de estrés hídrico a largo plazo. Se patentó el patrón híbrido de pimiento NIBER® tolerante a estrés hídrico, las plantas injertadas sobre NIBER® mostraron menor impacto en la biomasa y el rendimiento en déficit hídrico a largo plazo. La tolerancia de NIBER® se atribuyó al mantenimiento de la actividad fotosintética y una mejor distribución de la biomasa radicular en estrés hídrico. Además, la respuesta sostenida de tolerancia observada en las plantas injertadas sobre NIBER® podría relacionarse con una respuesta rápida en la fase inicial en estrés hídrico, que no se conoce a corto plazo. Así, estudiar la contribución de la respuesta a corto plazo de NIBER® sobre la tolerancia de la variedad injertada en estrés hídrico arrojaría luz en las estrategias de tolerancia en plantas injertadas de pimiento. Además, estudiar la modulación génica, el balance hormonal y el perfil metabólico ampliará el conocimiento sobre los mecanismos moleculares en la respuesta a estrés hídrico. En esta tesis doctoral, observamos que los mecanismos constitutivos en ausencia de estrés hídrico influyen en la respuesta a estrés hídrico en plantas injertadas de pimiento, y que las estrategias constitutivas de NIBER® incluyen la estimulación del sistema antioxidante y la inducción sostenida de ABA. En estrés hídrico, las raíces de NIBER® muestran un menor impacto que las raíces de A10, dado su menor contenido de GSSG por menor daño oxidativo. NIBER® promueve la síntesis de osmolitos en la raíz y vitamina B6 en las hojas de la variedad injertada protegiendo al aparato fotosintético del daño oxidativo producido por el estrés hídrico. Además, la prolina, implicada en la protección del aparato fotosintético, se acumula en las plantas injertadas sobre el híbrido de pimiento H92, capaces de mantener la actividad fotosintética a largo plazo en estrés hídrico. Este rol de la prolina en la tolerancia a estrés hídrico a largo plazo no se observó a corto plazo y podría ser una estrategia tardía. La respuesta al estrés hídrico a corto plazo incluye la regulación del movimiento estomático en NIBER® en la fase inicial de estrés (5 h), evitando el cierre estomático hasta las 48 h mediante cambios en la expresión génica de reguladores negativos de ABA y acuaporinas, seguido del cierre estomático a las 48 h asociado a una síntesis previa de ABA en las raíces y transporte a las hojas. El JA también aumentó en las hojas de la variedad injertada sobre NIBER® (48 h) en estrés hídrico, y se regula por señales a larga distancia desde la raíz, que promueven la síntesis en hoja y el transporte a la raíz, y su resíntesis. El JA está implicado en el cierre estomático y la señalización en estrés, causando la activación de factores de transcripción de respuesta a la deshidratación. En las raíces de NIBER® el ratio auxinas/citoquininas se regula en la respuesta inicial al estrés hídrico, favoreciendo el crecimiento de la raíz respecto al tallo a las 5 h, después aumentando las citoquininas y disminuyendo las auxinas a 24 h y finalmente aumentando las auxinas y reduciendo las citoquininas para una mayor biomasa radicular y capacidad exploratoria. En las hojas de la variedad injertada, NIBER® aumenta los metabolitos protectores clorofila a, ácido esteárico, antocianinas y metabolitos implicados en la síntesis de suberina y cutina. Estos últimos también aumentan en la raíz y tienen un papel antioxidante o bien como constituyentes de barreras celulares controlando los flujos de agua, gases y solutos. Finalmente, el contenido en sirohemo aumenta en la raíz y posiblemente está relacionado con una asimilación del nitrógeno más eficiente. / [CA] Prèviament, investigadors de l'Institut Valencià d'Investigacions Agràries (IVIA) i de la Universitat Politècnica de València (UPV) avaluaren la resposta a estrés hídric en pebrera empeltada per obtenir patrons de pebrera que conferisquen tolerància a la varietat empeltada en estrés hídric. Els millors patrons s'estudien al camp en condicions d'estrés hídric a llarg termini. Es va patentar el patró híbrid de pebrera NIBER® com a patró tolerant, les plants empeltades sobre NIBER® mostraren menor impacte en la biomassa i el rendiment en condicions de dèficit hídric. La tolerància de NIBER® es va atribuir al manteniment de l'activitat fotosintètica i a una millor distribució de la biomassa radicular en estrés hídric. A més, la resposta sostinguda de tolerància observada a les plantes empeltades sobre NIBER® podria relacionar-se amb una resposta ràpida a la fase inicial en estrés hídric, que no s'ha estudiat a curt termini. Així, estudiar la contribució de la resposta a curt termini de NIBER® sobre la tolerància de la varietat empeltada en estrés hídric aclariria els mecanismes de tolerància en plantes empeltades de pebrera. A més, estudiar la modulació gènica, el balanç hormonal i el perfil metabòlic ampliaria el coneixement sobre els mecanismes moleculars en la resposta a estrés hídric. En aquesta tesi doctoral comprovarem que els mecanismes constitutius en absència d'estrés hídric influeixen en la resposta a estrés hídric en plantes empeltades de pebrera i que les estratègies constitutives de NIBER® inclouen l'estimulació del sistema antioxidant i la inducció sostinguda d'ABA. En estrés hídric, les arrels de NIBER® mostraren menor impacte en comparació amb A10, amb un menor contingut de GSSG per menor dany oxidatiu. NIBER® promou la síntesis d'osmòlits a les arrels i de vitamina B6 a les fulles de la varietat empeltada per a protegir a l'aparell fotosintètic del dany oxidatiu per l'estrés hídric. A més, la prolina, implicada en la protecció de l'aparell fotosintètic, s'acumula a les plantes empeltades sobre l'híbrid de pebrera H92, que mantenen l'activitat fotosintètica en condicions d'estrés hídric a llarg termini. Aquest paper de la prolina no es va observar en condicions d'estrés hídric a curt termini i podria ser una estratègia tardana. Les respostes a l'estrés hídric a curt termini inclouen la regulació del moviment estomàtic en NIBER® a la fase inicial d'estrés hídric (5 h), evitant el tancament estomàtic fins a les 48 h mitjançant canvis a l'expressió gènica de reguladors negatius d'ABA i acuaporines, seguit d'un tancament estomàtic a les 48 h associat a una síntesis prèvia d'ABA a les arrels i transport a les fulles. L'JA també va augmentar a les fulles de la varietat empeltada sobre NIBER® a les 48 h en estrés hídric i està regulat per senyals a llarga distància des de les arrels que promouen la síntesis a les fulles i el transport a les arrels i resíntesi. L'JA està implicat al tancament estomàtic i la senyalització en condicions d'estrés, promovent l'activació de factors de transcripció de resposta a la deshidratació. El rati auxines/citoquinines es regula a les arrels de NIBER® a la resposta inicial a l'estrés hídric, primer afavorint el creixement de l'arrel sobre el creixement de la part aèria a les 5 h, després augmentant les citoquinines i disminuint les auxines a les 24 h i finalment augmentant les auxines i reduint les citoquinines per obtenir major biomassa radicular i capacitat exploratòria. A les fulles de la varietat empeltada, NIBER® augmenta el contingut dels metabòlits protectors clorofil·la a, àcid esteàric, antocianines i metabòlits relacionats amb la síntesi de suberina i cutina. Aquests últims també augmenten a les arrels i tenen un paper antioxidant o actuen com a constituents de barreres cel·lulars controlant els fluxos d'aigua, gasos i soluts. Finalment, el contingut en siroheme augmenta a les arrels i possiblement està relacionat amb una assimilació de nitrogen més eficient. / [EN] Previously, research groups at the Valencian Institute of Agricultural Research (IVIA) and the Polytechnic University of Valencia (UPV) evaluated the water stress responses in grafted pepper plants to obtain tolerant pepper rootstocks that make the grafted variety able to overcome water stress. The best rootstocks are studied in the field under long-term water stress conditions. In this way, the NIBER® pepper hybrid rootstock was obtained and patented as water stress-tolerant rootstock, because plants grafted onto NIBER® had a lower impact on biomass and yield under long-term deficit irrigation conditions. NIBER® tolerance response was attributed to sustained photosynthetic activity and improved root biomass distribution under long-term water stress. However, the sustained tolerance response observed in plants grafted onto NIBER® may be linked to prompt responses in the early phase of water stress conditions, but the short-term modulation and behavior of NIBER® water stress response has not been studied. Hence, studying the contribution of the NIBER® short-term water stress responses to tolerance in the grafted variety would shed light into tolerance mechanisms in grafted pepper plants. Moreover, understanding the modulation of the gene expression, phytohormones balance and metabolic profile will also broad the knowledge on the molecular mechanisms implicated in water stress response. In the present doctoral thesis, we stated that the constitutive mechanisms taking place under non-water stress conditions dispose the response to water stress in grafted pepper plants, and NIBER® constitutive strategies include an enhanced ROS detoxification system and maintained ABA induction. When the water stress comes into play, its impact was minor in NIBER® roots in relation to A10 roots, which is reflected in lesser GSSG content from lower oxidative damage. NIBER® promotes the synthesis of osmolytes in roots and vitamin B6 in the grafted variety leaves to protect the plants from the oxidative damage resulting from water stress. Moreover, proline has a role in photosynthetic apparatus protection, because it is accumulated in plants grafted onto pepper hybrid H92, which showed sustained photosynthetic activity under long-term water stress conditions. The proline role in water stress tolerance is not observed under short-term water stress and may constitute a late strategy in grafted pepper plants. Short-term responses to water stress include stomatal movements in NIBER® during early phases (5h) of water stress, starting with the avoidance of stomatal closure up to 48 h by gene expression changes in ABA negative regulators and aquaporins, and followed by stomatal closure at 48 h associated with previous ABA synthesis in roots and transport to leaves. JA is also increased in the leaves of the variety grafted onto NIBER® at 48 h under water stress, and is regulated by long-distance signals from roots that promote its synthesis on leaves and transport to roots and resynthesis. JA is involved in stomatal closure and stress signaling, which leads to dehydration-responsive transcription factors activation. The auxins/cytokinins ratio is also fine-tuned by NIBER® roots during the early water stress response, beginning with promotion of root over shoot growth at 5 h, then increases the cytokinins and reduces the auxins content at 24 h, and finally increases the auxins and reduces the cytokinins content to obtain higher root biomass and greater water exploring ability. In the leaves of the grafted variety, NIBER® increases protective metabolites as chlorophyll a, stearic acid, anthocyanins and suberin and cutin biosynthesis-related metabolites, being the latter also increased in the roots. The mentioned metabolites have an antioxidant role or act as cellular barrier constituents that can control fluxes of water, gases and solutes. Lastly, siroheme increases in roots and it is possibly linked to a more effective nitrogen assimilation. / Padilla Herrero, YG. (2023). Study of the Physiological, Metabolomic and Transcriptional Changes Mediated by Rootstocks to Explain the Water Stress Tolerance of Grafted Pepper Plants [Tesis doctoral]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/199992 / Compendio

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / The pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) has commercial importance, by having sources of vitamins, minerals and fiber. However, a post-harvest problem, excessive softening which reduces the life and favors action pathogens such as Pectobacterium caratovorum subsp. caratovorum- Pcc, causal agent of soft rot, a major disease of post-harvest chili that is favored by the reduction of firmness. One technique that has recently been used for firmly maintaining the application is pectin methyl esterase (PME) with the addition of a calcium solution prologando thus reducing its lifetime and pathogen attack. The objective of this study was to use methyl pectin esterase (PME) exogenous associated with calcium chloride in maintaining firmness and control of Pectobacterium caratovorum subsp. caratovorum about pepper. The first experiment was conducted in a completely randomized design in a 4x5 factorial scheme with three replications for 12 days, evaluated every three days. In the second experiment, the test was conducted in a completely randomized design in a factorial 5x5 with three replications. In the first study the fruits of pepper were subjected to vacuum infusion method with pressure of 200 mmHg for 5 minutes, and following evaluated the loss of weight (PMF), fruit firmness (FF), skin color ( CC), soluble solids (SS), pH, total acidity (TA) and activity of SMEs. In the second test the fruits of pepper were subjected to vacuum infusion method with pressure of 200 mmHg for five minutes, then the fruits were inoculated with the PCC then held the fruit firmness analysis (FF), SME activity and the severity of the disease in chili (SD). The fruits obtained in general a reduction of over time firmly in all treatments but was found significant effect in maintaining the fruit firmness when treated in vacuum infusion with calcium chloride, without altering the physicochemical characteristics, as soluble solids content, total acidity and activity of SMEs, slowing the fruit ripening process. The fruits when treated with vacuum infusion with calcium chloride associated with pectin methyl esterase was not favorable because it altered the physicochemical properties chili, highlighting the decline of firmness, thus deteriorating the quality of the fruit. Regarding inoculation Pcc in the fruit was observed inhibition of growth of this pathogen, prolongation of fruit and better firmness treated fruits infusion over calcium inoculation Pcc chloride. / O pimentão (Capsicum annuum L.) tem grande importância comercial, por possuir fontes de vitaminas, minerais e fibras. Contudo, possui problema pós-colheita, o amolecimento excessivo que reduz a vida útil e favorece ação de patógenos como a Pectobacterium caratovorum subsp. caratovorum- Pcc, agente causal da podridão-mole, uma das principais doenças da pós-colheita do pimentão que é favorecida pela redução da firmeza. Uma técnica que vem sendo utilizada recentemente para a manutenção da firmeza é aplicação da pectina metil esterase (PME) com a adição de solução de cálcio prologando, assim, a sua vida útil e diminuindo o ataque do patógeno. Assim, o objetivo do trabalho foi utilizar a pectina metil esterase (PME) exógena associada ao cloreto de cálcio na manutenção da firmeza e no controle da Pectobacterium caratovorum subsp. caratovorum sobre o pimentão. O primeiro experimento foi realizado em delineamento inteiramente casualizado em esquema fatorial 4x5 com três repetições, durante 12 dias, avaliados a cada 3 dias. No segundo experimento, o ensaio foi realizado em delineamento inteiramente casualizado no esquema fatorial 5x5 com três repetições. No primeiro trabalho os frutos de pimentão foram submetidos ao método de infusão a vácuo com pressão de 200 mmHg por 5 minutos, e por seguinte avaliou-se a perda de massa fresca (PMF), firmeza do fruto (FF), cor da casca (CC), teor de sólidos solúveis (SS), pH, acidez total, (AT) e atividade de PME. No segundo ensaio os frutos de pimentão foram submetidos ao método de infusão a vácuo com pressão de 200 mmHg por cinco minutos, posteriormente os frutos foram inoculados com a Pcc em seguida realizou-se as análises de firmeza do fruto (FF), atividade de PME e a severidade da doença no pimentão (SD). Os frutos obtiveram de forma geral uma redução da firmeza ao longo do tempo em todos os tratamentos, porém foi verificado o efeito significativo na manutenção da firmeza dos frutos quando tratados em infusão a vácuo com cloreto de cálcio, não alterando as características físico-químicas, como o teor de sólidos solúveis, acidez total e atividade de PME, retardando o processo de amadurecimento do fruto. Os frutos quando tratados com infusão a vácuo com cloreto de cálcio associado à pectina metil esterase não foi favorável, pois alterou as propriedades físico-químicas do pimentão, com destaque para o declínio da firmeza, deteriorando assim a qualidade do fruto. Em relação à inoculação da Pcc no fruto, observou-se uma inibição do crescimento desse patógeno, prolongamento do fruto e uma melhor firmeza nos frutos tratados com infusão de cloreto de cálcio mais a inoculação da Pcc.