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1	Avaliação dinâmica de veículos ferroviários através de um sistema multicorpos / Dynamic assessment of railway vehicles through a multibody system Viganico, Carlos Eduardo Henke January 2010 (has links) Os acidentes com veículos ferroviários podem ter origem em muitos fatores, mas os principais são relacionados com a dinâmica do veículo e carga, via permanente em péssimas condições e operações inseguras nos trens. Os acidentes causam mortes, danos materiais e ao meio ambiente e prejuízos para as operadoras e seus clientes. Para avaliar a dinâmica dos veículos ferroviários, um sistema multicorpos foi desenvolvido (programa computacional) para representar matematicamente um típico veículo ferroviário com seus principais graus de liberdade. As equações de movimento foram desenvolvidas utilizando a equação de Lagrange de movimento, a qual considera princípios da mecânica como: energia cinética, energia potencial e a dissipação de energia do sistema. As equações acopladas e desacopladas são programadas e resolvidas para acelerações, estas são integradas duas vezes, obtendo-se as velocidades e deslocamentos. A partir das repostas do sistema o comportamento do veículo pode ser avaliado em várias condições de operação. A verificação do programa é realizada através de comparações com resultados de outros programas publicados na literatura, onde se verifica uma adequada correlação. Avaliações nos principais regimes de operação são realizadas de forma a simular condições determinadas pela norma AAR e condições extras originadas por irregularidades aperiódicas da via do tipo cusp e jog. Dois tipos de veículos são simulados para representar as condições típicas das ferrovias brasileiras: veículos operando em bitola métrica e em bitola larga. Os resultados das simulações apresentam valores de amplitude e fase que estão de acordo com resultados expostos nas normas e na literatura ferroviária de referência utilizada neste trabalho. A avaliação dinâmica de veículos ferroviários através de um programa computacional é importante, pois considera as principais características dos veículos e via permanente. A possibilidade de representar o veículo com uma configuração simples em relação a programas comerciais permite uma simulação rápida e confiável para determinar respostas em regimes como: hunting, twist e roll, pitch e bounce e yaw e sway. / The accidents with rail vehicles has origin due to many factors, but the main ones are related to the dynamics of the vehicle and load, the spoiled railway and unsafe operations on the trains. Accidents causing deaths, damage to property and the environment and damage to operators and their customers. In order to evaluate the railway vehicles dynamics, it was developed a multibody system (computer program) to mathematically represent a typical railway vehicle with its main degrees of freedom. The motion equations were developed using Lagrange's equation of motion, which takes into consideration the principles of mechanical, as: kinetic energy, potential energy and energy dissipation of the system. The coupled and uncoupled equations are programmed and solved for accelerations, which are twice integrated, in order to have the speeds and displacements. From the system’s responses, the vehicle behavior can be evaluated in several operating conditions. The comparison of the program is accomplished through confrontations with results from other programs in the literature, in which a good correlation is verified. The evaluations in the main regimes of operation are made in a way simulate the conditions determined by the standard conditions and extra conditions caused by aperiodic irregularities of the track. Two types of vehicles are simulated to represent the typical conditions of Brazilian railways: vehicles operating on meter gauge and large gauge. The simulation results show that amplitude and phase values are consistent with results presented in the standards and in the railway literature of reference of this work. The rail vehicles dynamic evaluation through a computer program was important because it considers the main characteristics of vehicles and permanent way. The possibility of representing the vehicle with a simple configuration in relation to commercial softwares allows a fast and reliable simulation to determine responses in regimes as: hunting, twist and roll, pitch and bounce and yaw and sway. Veículos ferroviários Modelos matemáticos Análise dinâmica Freight car dynamics Multibody systems Computer simulation Railway Derailment
2	Avaliação dinâmica de veículos ferroviários através de um sistema multicorpos / Dynamic assessment of railway vehicles through a multibody system Viganico, Carlos Eduardo Henke January 2010 (has links) Os acidentes com veículos ferroviários podem ter origem em muitos fatores, mas os principais são relacionados com a dinâmica do veículo e carga, via permanente em péssimas condições e operações inseguras nos trens. Os acidentes causam mortes, danos materiais e ao meio ambiente e prejuízos para as operadoras e seus clientes. Para avaliar a dinâmica dos veículos ferroviários, um sistema multicorpos foi desenvolvido (programa computacional) para representar matematicamente um típico veículo ferroviário com seus principais graus de liberdade. As equações de movimento foram desenvolvidas utilizando a equação de Lagrange de movimento, a qual considera princípios da mecânica como: energia cinética, energia potencial e a dissipação de energia do sistema. As equações acopladas e desacopladas são programadas e resolvidas para acelerações, estas são integradas duas vezes, obtendo-se as velocidades e deslocamentos. A partir das repostas do sistema o comportamento do veículo pode ser avaliado em várias condições de operação. A verificação do programa é realizada através de comparações com resultados de outros programas publicados na literatura, onde se verifica uma adequada correlação. Avaliações nos principais regimes de operação são realizadas de forma a simular condições determinadas pela norma AAR e condições extras originadas por irregularidades aperiódicas da via do tipo cusp e jog. Dois tipos de veículos são simulados para representar as condições típicas das ferrovias brasileiras: veículos operando em bitola métrica e em bitola larga. Os resultados das simulações apresentam valores de amplitude e fase que estão de acordo com resultados expostos nas normas e na literatura ferroviária de referência utilizada neste trabalho. A avaliação dinâmica de veículos ferroviários através de um programa computacional é importante, pois considera as principais características dos veículos e via permanente. A possibilidade de representar o veículo com uma configuração simples em relação a programas comerciais permite uma simulação rápida e confiável para determinar respostas em regimes como: hunting, twist e roll, pitch e bounce e yaw e sway. / The accidents with rail vehicles has origin due to many factors, but the main ones are related to the dynamics of the vehicle and load, the spoiled railway and unsafe operations on the trains. Accidents causing deaths, damage to property and the environment and damage to operators and their customers. In order to evaluate the railway vehicles dynamics, it was developed a multibody system (computer program) to mathematically represent a typical railway vehicle with its main degrees of freedom. The motion equations were developed using Lagrange's equation of motion, which takes into consideration the principles of mechanical, as: kinetic energy, potential energy and energy dissipation of the system. The coupled and uncoupled equations are programmed and solved for accelerations, which are twice integrated, in order to have the speeds and displacements. From the system’s responses, the vehicle behavior can be evaluated in several operating conditions. The comparison of the program is accomplished through confrontations with results from other programs in the literature, in which a good correlation is verified. The evaluations in the main regimes of operation are made in a way simulate the conditions determined by the standard conditions and extra conditions caused by aperiodic irregularities of the track. Two types of vehicles are simulated to represent the typical conditions of Brazilian railways: vehicles operating on meter gauge and large gauge. The simulation results show that amplitude and phase values are consistent with results presented in the standards and in the railway literature of reference of this work. The rail vehicles dynamic evaluation through a computer program was important because it considers the main characteristics of vehicles and permanent way. The possibility of representing the vehicle with a simple configuration in relation to commercial softwares allows a fast and reliable simulation to determine responses in regimes as: hunting, twist and roll, pitch and bounce and yaw and sway. Veículos ferroviários Modelos matemáticos Análise dinâmica Freight car dynamics Multibody systems Computer simulation Railway Derailment
3	Avaliação dinâmica de veículos ferroviários através de um sistema multicorpos / Dynamic assessment of railway vehicles through a multibody system Viganico, Carlos Eduardo Henke January 2010 (has links) Os acidentes com veículos ferroviários podem ter origem em muitos fatores, mas os principais são relacionados com a dinâmica do veículo e carga, via permanente em péssimas condições e operações inseguras nos trens. Os acidentes causam mortes, danos materiais e ao meio ambiente e prejuízos para as operadoras e seus clientes. Para avaliar a dinâmica dos veículos ferroviários, um sistema multicorpos foi desenvolvido (programa computacional) para representar matematicamente um típico veículo ferroviário com seus principais graus de liberdade. As equações de movimento foram desenvolvidas utilizando a equação de Lagrange de movimento, a qual considera princípios da mecânica como: energia cinética, energia potencial e a dissipação de energia do sistema. As equações acopladas e desacopladas são programadas e resolvidas para acelerações, estas são integradas duas vezes, obtendo-se as velocidades e deslocamentos. A partir das repostas do sistema o comportamento do veículo pode ser avaliado em várias condições de operação. A verificação do programa é realizada através de comparações com resultados de outros programas publicados na literatura, onde se verifica uma adequada correlação. Avaliações nos principais regimes de operação são realizadas de forma a simular condições determinadas pela norma AAR e condições extras originadas por irregularidades aperiódicas da via do tipo cusp e jog. Dois tipos de veículos são simulados para representar as condições típicas das ferrovias brasileiras: veículos operando em bitola métrica e em bitola larga. Os resultados das simulações apresentam valores de amplitude e fase que estão de acordo com resultados expostos nas normas e na literatura ferroviária de referência utilizada neste trabalho. A avaliação dinâmica de veículos ferroviários através de um programa computacional é importante, pois considera as principais características dos veículos e via permanente. A possibilidade de representar o veículo com uma configuração simples em relação a programas comerciais permite uma simulação rápida e confiável para determinar respostas em regimes como: hunting, twist e roll, pitch e bounce e yaw e sway. / The accidents with rail vehicles has origin due to many factors, but the main ones are related to the dynamics of the vehicle and load, the spoiled railway and unsafe operations on the trains. Accidents causing deaths, damage to property and the environment and damage to operators and their customers. In order to evaluate the railway vehicles dynamics, it was developed a multibody system (computer program) to mathematically represent a typical railway vehicle with its main degrees of freedom. The motion equations were developed using Lagrange's equation of motion, which takes into consideration the principles of mechanical, as: kinetic energy, potential energy and energy dissipation of the system. The coupled and uncoupled equations are programmed and solved for accelerations, which are twice integrated, in order to have the speeds and displacements. From the system’s responses, the vehicle behavior can be evaluated in several operating conditions. The comparison of the program is accomplished through confrontations with results from other programs in the literature, in which a good correlation is verified. The evaluations in the main regimes of operation are made in a way simulate the conditions determined by the standard conditions and extra conditions caused by aperiodic irregularities of the track. Two types of vehicles are simulated to represent the typical conditions of Brazilian railways: vehicles operating on meter gauge and large gauge. The simulation results show that amplitude and phase values are consistent with results presented in the standards and in the railway literature of reference of this work. The rail vehicles dynamic evaluation through a computer program was important because it considers the main characteristics of vehicles and permanent way. The possibility of representing the vehicle with a simple configuration in relation to commercial softwares allows a fast and reliable simulation to determine responses in regimes as: hunting, twist and roll, pitch and bounce and yaw and sway. Veículos ferroviários Modelos matemáticos Análise dinâmica Freight car dynamics Multibody systems Computer simulation Railway Derailment
4	Evaluation of Target Tracking Using Multiple Sensors and Non-Causal Algorithms Vestin, Albin, Strandberg, Gustav January 2019 (has links) Today, the main research field for the automotive industry is to find solutions for active safety. In order to perceive the surrounding environment, tracking nearby traffic objects plays an important role. Validation of the tracking performance is often done in staged traffic scenarios, where additional sensors, mounted on the vehicles, are used to obtain their true positions and velocities. The difficulty of evaluating the tracking performance complicates its development. An alternative approach studied in this thesis, is to record sequences and use non-causal algorithms, such as smoothing, instead of filtering to estimate the true target states. With this method, validation data for online, causal, target tracking algorithms can be obtained for all traffic scenarios without the need of extra sensors. We investigate how non-causal algorithms affects the target tracking performance using multiple sensors and dynamic models of different complexity. This is done to evaluate real-time methods against estimates obtained from non-causal filtering. Two different measurement units, a monocular camera and a LIDAR sensor, and two dynamic models are evaluated and compared using both causal and non-causal methods. The system is tested in two single object scenarios where ground truth is available and in three multi object scenarios without ground truth. Results from the two single object scenarios shows that tracking using only a monocular camera performs poorly since it is unable to measure the distance to objects. Here, a complementary LIDAR sensor improves the tracking performance significantly. The dynamic models are shown to have a small impact on the tracking performance, while the non-causal application gives a distinct improvement when tracking objects at large distances. Since the sequence can be reversed, the non-causal estimates are propagated from more certain states when the target is closer to the ego vehicle. For multiple object tracking, we find that correct associations between measurements and tracks are crucial for improving the tracking performance with non-causal algorithms. evaluation target tracking multiple sensors non-causal smoother smoothing tracking vehicle tracking camera lidar estimate estimation prediction vehicle dynamics sensor fusion real-time tracking extended kalman filter filter validation validation position estimation velocity estimation dynamic model model complexity multi object tracking multiple object tracking single object tracking data association tracking fundamentals iterated kalman filter track management gnn global nearest neighbour mahalanobis mahalanobis distance performance evaluation differential gps dgps roi ego several sensors sensors rmse root mean square error invertible motion anti-causal motion anti-causal tracking constant velocity gnn imu tfs two filter smoother ekf rts radar inertial measurement unit nonlinear nonlinear systems mono camera monocular camera noise model tracking performance fixed interval smoothing m/n logic centralized fusion non-causal object tracker car tracking car dynamics automotive active safety object tracking automotive industry thesis master reverse dynamics reverse tracking reverse sequence sequence tracking data propagation ground truth estimating ground truth additional sensors mounted sensors true estimates environment comparison algorithm independent targets overlapping measurements occluded track switch improve lower uncertainty more certain state process noise covariance sampling image sprt adas cnn cv pdf track target ego tracker tentative track observatiom online tracking offline tracking online offline recorded sequences robust self driving self-driving car traffic trajectory true state scenario scenarios future accurate output advanced driver assistance systems non-linear complex noise pedestrian truck bus maneuvering vehicles processed measurement frame state correction probability density function tuning likelihood transition measurement motion model recursion gaussian approximation distribution linear jacobian multiplicative noise ratio ad hoc ad hoc state space approach backward auction euclidean distance statistical threshold gating association margin normalize covariance matrix fusion confirmed rejected tentative history absolute error modular ego motion parameters variables logg hardware specification fused causal factorization independent uncorrelated transform moving rotation translation oncoming overtaking Control Engineering Reglerteknik

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