Syftet med studien var att undersöka hur patienter som haft en hjärtinfarkt och/eller genomgått en kranskärlsoperation skattar sin oro och nedstämdhet före och efter ett års hjärtrehabilitering samt om det fanns skillnader mellan mäns och kvinnors skattningar. Enkäter innehållande patienters självskattning av oro och nedstämdhet före och efter hjärtrehabilitering, Hospital Anxiety and depression scale (HAD), samlades in från Hälsoinvest i Högbo. Författarna till denna studie valde att samla in enkäter från 1996- 2001. För att få delta i hjärtrehabiliteringen måste patienterna vara i arbetsför ålder och haft hjärtinfarkt och/eller genomgått kranskärlsoperation samt vara icke rökare. HAD- formuläret innehöll sju frågor rörande oro och sju frågor rörande nedstämdhet. Undersökningsgruppen bestod av 115 personer: 34 kvinnor och 81 män. Medelåldern på deltagarna var 52,4 år (range = 33-61 år). Huvudresultatet visade att deltagarna signifikant hade minskat graden av oro och nedstämdhet över tid. Det fanns inga signifikanta skillnader mellan mäns och kvinnors skattningar av oro och nedstämdhet före eller efter hjärtrehabilitering. Kvinnor respektive män minskade signifikant sin grad av oro och nedstämdhet över tid. Denna studie indikerar att hjärtrehabilitering behövs för att minska patienters oro och nedstämdhet i samband med kranskärlssjukdom.

Bakgrund: Plötsligt hjärtstopp är en av de vanligaste orsakerna till för tidig död i vårt samhälle och den största dödsorsaken runt om i världen. Syfte: Syftet med studien var att studera vilken kunskap, utbildning och beredskap i hjärt-lungräddning (HLR), som medarbetarna i primärvården anser sig ha och om det fanns skillnader i detta mellan yrkesprofessioner och mellan vårdcentraler i stad respektive landsort. Metod: Designen är en deskriptiv och jämförande tvärsnittsstudie. En enkät användes för att få med så många respondenter som möjligt. Resultat: Resultatet baseras på svar från 144 respondenter. Av samtliga medarbetare hade 87 ­% gen­omgått en HLR utbildning det senaste året. Detta till trots ansåg sig endast 66 % ha tillräckliga kunskaper i HLR. Någon signifikant skillnad mellan yrkesprofessioner gällande kunskap i HLR gick inte att signifikant säkerställa (p = 0,107). Endast 80 % av medarbetarna visste hur ambulans larmas. I en jämförelse mellan stad och landsort fanns dock ingen signifikant skillnad i den kunskapen (p = 0,12). Slutsats: Det är viktigt att skapa förutsättningar för fortlöpande utbildningar till medarbetarna för att öka kunskap, utbildning och beredskap i HLR, vilket även kan ses som ett kvalitetssäkringsarbete i vården. / Background: Sudden cardiac arrest is one of the most common causes of premature death in our society and the largest cause of death worldwide. Purpose: The purpose of this study was to investigate primary health care employee’s knowledge, training and preparedness they consider themselves to have in cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) and to study whether there are differences between professional roles as well as differences in urban and rural health centers. Method: The design of this study is a descriptive and comparative cross-sectional study.  To capture as many respondents as possible a questionnaire was used. Result: The result in this study is based on responses from 144 respondents. Eighty-seven percent of employees have been training CPR the last year. Despite that only 66 % felt they have sufficient know­­ledge. There was no significant differences indicated in knowledge in CPR between professions roles (p = 0,107). Only 80 % knew how to alert the ambulance. In a comparison between urban and rural no significant difference in knowledge can be seen (p = 0, 12). Conclusion: The conclusion of the study is that it´s important to create competence for the employees, education for members of the CPR in order to improve the skills which can also be seen as a quality work in health care centers.

Rationale: In the breast cancer setting, anti-cancer therapies, including Doxorubicin (DOX) and Trastuzumab (TRZ), are associated with an increased risk of cardiotoxicity. There is a need to develop prophylactic cardioprotective agents to mitigate the cardiotoxic side effects of these common anti-cancer drugs. Objective: To investigate whether the anti-oxidant, N-acetylcysteine amide (NACA), can attenuate the drug-induced heart failure caused by DOX+TRZ in a murine model. Methods: A total of 100 female mice received one of the following drug regimens: i) saline; ii) NACA; iii) DOX; iv) TRZ; v) DOX+TRZ; vi) NACA+DOX; vii) NACA+TRZ; and viii) NACA+DOX+TRZ. Serial echocardiography was performed over a 10-day study period, after which the mice were euthanized for histological and biochemical analyses. Results: In mice receiving DOX, left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) decreased from 73±4% to 43±2% at day 10. In mice receiving DOX+TRZ, LVEF decreased from 72±3% to 32±2% at day 10. Prophylactic administration of NACA to mice receiving DOX or DOX+TRZ was cardio-protective with an LVEF of 62±3% and 55±3% at day 10, respectively. Histological and biochemical analyses demonstrated loss of cellular integrity, increased oxidative stress (OS), and increased cardiac apoptosis in mice treated with DOX+TRZ which was attenuated by the prophylactic administration of NACA. Conclusion: NACA attenuates the cardiotoxic side effects of DOX+TRZ in a murine model of chemotherapy induced cardiac dysfunction by decreasing OS and apoptosis. / October 2015

A large number of studies have shown that both temperature and air pollution (eg, particulate matter and ozone) are associated with health outcomes. So far, it has received limited attention whether air pollution and temperature interact to affect health outcomes. A few studies have examined interactive effects between temperature and air pollution, but produced conflicting results. This thesis aimed to examine whether air pollution (including ozone and particulate matter) and temperature interacted to affect health outcomes in Brisbane, Australia and 95 large US communities. In order to examine the consistency across different cities and different countries, we used two datasets to examine interactive effects of temperature and air pollution. One dataset was collected in Brisbane City, Australia, during 1996-2000. The dataset included air pollution (PM10, ozone and nitrogen dioxide), weather conditions (minimum temperature, maximum temperature, relative humidity and rainfall) and different health outcomes. Another dataset was collected from the 95 large US communities, which included air pollution (ozone was used in the thesis), weather conditions (maximum temperature and dew point temperature) and mortality (all non-external cause mortality and cardiorespiratory mortality). Firstly, we used three parallel time-series models to examine whether maximum temperature modified PM10 effects on cardiovascular hospital admissions (CHA), respiratory hospital admissions (RHA), cardiovascular emergency visits (CEV), respiratory emergency visits (REV), cardiovascular mortality (CM) and non-external cause mortality (NECM), at lags of 0-2 days in Brisbane. We used a Poisson generalized additive model (GAM) to fit a bivariate model to explore joint response surfaces of both maximum temperature and particulate matter less than 10 μm in diameter (PM10) on individual health outcomes at each lag. Results show that temperature and PM10 interacted to affect different health outcomes at various lags. Then, we separately fitted non-stratification and stratification GAM models to quantify the interactive effects. In the non-stratification model, we examined the interactive effects by including a pointwise product for both temperature and the pollutant. In the stratification model, we categorized temperature into two levels using different cut-offs and then included an interactive term for both pollutant and temperature. Results show that maximum temperature significantly and positively modified the associations of PM10 with RHA, CEV, REV, CM and NECM at various lags, but not for CHA. Then, we used the above Poisson regression models to examine whether PM10 modified the associations of minimum temperature with CHA, RHA, CEV, REV, CM and NECM at lags of 0-2 days. In this part, we categorized PM10 into two levels using the mean as cut-off to fit the stratification model. The results show that PM10 significantly modified the effects of temperature on CHA, RHA, CM and NECM at various lags. The enhanced adverse temperature effects were found at higher levels of PM10, but there was no clear evidence for synergistic effects on CEV and REV at various lags. Three parallel models produced similar results, which strengthened the validity of these findings. Thirdly, we examined whether there were the interactive effects between maximum temperature and ozone on NECM in individual communities between April and October, 1987-2000, using the data of 60 eastern US communities from the National Morbidity, Mortality, and Air Pollution Study (NMMAPS). We divided these communities into two regions (northeast and southeast) according to the NMMAPS study. We first used the bivariate model to examine the joint effects between temperature and ozone on NECM in each community, and then fit a stratification model in each community by categorizing temperature into three levels. After that, we used Bayesian meta-analysis to estimate overall effects across regions and temperature levels from the stratification model. The bivariate model shows that temperature obviously modified ozone effects in most of the northeast communities, but the trend was not obviously in the southeast region. Bayesian meta-analysis shows that in the northeast region, a 10-ppb increment in ozone was associated with 2.2% (95% posterior interval [PI]: 1.2%, 3.1 %), 3.1% (95% PI: 2.2%, 3.8 %) and 6.2 % (95% PI: 4.8%, 7.6 %) increase in mortality for low, moderate and high temperature levels, respectively, while in the southeast region, a 10-ppb increment in ozone was associated with 1.1% (95% PI: -1.1%, 3.2 %), 1.5% (95% PI: 0.2%, 2.8%) and 1.3% (95% PI: -0.3%, 3.0 %) increase in mortality. In addition, we examined whether temperature modified ozone effects on cardiovascular mortality in 95 large US communities between May and October, 1987-2000 using the same models as the above. We divided the communities into 7 regions according to the NMMAPS study (Northeast, Industrial Midwest, Upper Midwest, Northwest, Southeast, Southwest and Southern California). The bivariate model shows that temperature modified ozone effects in most of the communities in the northern regions (Northeast, Industrial Midwest, Upper Midwest, Northwest), but such modification was not obvious in the southern regions (Southeast, Southwest and Southern California). Bayesian meta-analysis shows that temperature significantly modified ozone effects in the Northeast, Industrial Midwest and Northwest regions, but not significant in Upper Midwest, Southeast, Southwest and Southern California. Nationally, temperature marginally positively modified ozone effects on cardiovascular mortality. A 10-ppb increment in ozone was associated with 0.4% (95% posterior interval [PI]: -0.2, 0.9 %), 0.3% (95% PI: -0.3%, 1.0%) and 1.6% (95% PI: 4.8%, 7.6%) increase in mortality for low, moderate and high temperature levels, respectively. The difference of overall effects between high and low temperature levels was 1.3% (95% PI: - 0.4%, 2.9%) in the 95 communities. Finally, we examined whether ozone modified the association between maximum temperature and cardiovascular mortality in 60 large eastern US communities during the warmer days, 1987-2000. The communities were divided into the northeast and southeast regions. We restricted the analyses to the warmer days when temperature was equal to or higher than the median in each community throughout the study period. We fitted a bivariate model to explore the joint effects between temperature and ozone on cardiovascular mortality in individual communities and results show that in general, ozone positively modified the association between temperature and mortality in the northeast region, but such modification was not obvious in the southeast region. Because temperature effects on mortality might partly intermediate by ozone, we divided the dataset into four equal subsets using quartiles as cut-offs. Then, we fitted a parametric model to examine the associations between temperature and mortality across different levels of ozone using the subsets. Results show that the higher the ozone concentrations, the stronger the temperature-mortality associations in the northeast region. However, such a trend was not obvious in the southeast region. Overall, this study found strong evidence that temperature and air pollution interacted to affect health outcomes. PM10 and temperature interacted to affect different health outcomes at various lags in Brisbane, Australia. Temperature and ozone also interacted to affect NECM and CM in US communities and such modification varied considerably across different regions. The symmetric modification between temperature and air pollution was observed in the study. This implies that it is considerably important to evaluate the interactive effect while estimating temperature or air pollution effects and further investigate reasons behind the regional variability.

Magister Sport, Recreation and Exercise Science - MSRES / The work demands involved in fire-fighting place significant stress on the cardiovascular system. Cardiovascular disease is the leading cause of on-duty death among fire fighters and is a major cause of morbidity. This study investigated the prevalence of coronary artery disease risk factors among career fire fighters in the Western Cape.

O objetivo desta dissertação foi descrever em veterinária seqüência padrão de procedimentos que devem ser realizados nos períodos pré, trans e pós-circulação extracorpórea (CEC) para sua aplicação em cão, com base na literatura existente, e em observações levadas a efeito no Laboratório de Cirurgia Cardiotorácica, do Departamento de Cirurgia da Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia da Universidade de São Paulo. O referido trabalho concerne sobre a escolha do material, montagem e preparo da máquina ECOBEC ? Braile Biomédica - para circulação extracorpórea em cães, e descreve procedimentos básicos para entrada, condução, monitorização e saída de CEC, a fim de obter-se resultado técnico exeqüível no procedimento. Diante do exposto na literatura compulsada, baseado na metodologia e material proposto e com observações pessoais, é licito afirmar que esta é factível, desde que obedecidos os preceitos enumerados e descritos no presente trabalho para os períodos pré, trans e pós-circulação extracorpórea. / The purpose of this assay was to describe the standard basic procedures that should be followed before, during, and after cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) in dogs, based on the existing literature and personal observations that took place in the Laboratory of Cardiothoracic Surgery, of the Surgical Department of the Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia of the University of São Paulo. This assay reports how to choose the material, to prepare and to assemble the ECOBEC machine ? Braile Biomédica ? for cardiopulmonary bypass in dogs, and describes the basic procedures to start, conduct, follow up and finish it, in order to obtain a feasible technical results. Based on the literature, based on the methodology and material proposed and personal observations, it is reliable to state that this procedure can be accomplished since all paths described are followed before, during and after cardiopulmonary bypass.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-06-02T19:22:02Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 DoutCLB.pdf: 812696 bytes, checksum: b0eb5a5003d3b08cb3457ce3764679d6 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2004-01-03 / Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais / In the present study we determined the location and orientation of the CO2 and/or pH chemoreceptors and analyzed the cardio-respiratory responses and the aerial respiration in jeju (Hoplerythrinus unitaeniatus) during graded hypercarbia (1, 2.5, 5, 10 e 20% de CO2) and acid medium (pH ~ 7, 6.0, 5.8, 5.6, 5.3 e 4.7) (1, 2, 3, 4 e 5 mM de HCl). The chemoreceptors orientation was determined by means of a series of injections of different hypercarbic solutions (5, 10 e 20% de CO2) in the caudal vein (internal) and buccal cavity (external). To distinguish the orientation of the CO2 and H+ chemoreceptors, acid solutions (HCl) at same pH of the internal (pH 5.1, 4.9, and 3.7) and external (pH 5.6, 5.3, and 4.7) solutions were applied, and significant responses in relation to the control values were not recorded. In another group of fish previously tested acid solutions (30, 40, and 50 mM HCl) were injected. This injections caused a decrease in the extra-cellular blood pH to levels similar to those found during the injections of internal and external hypercarbic solutions. The location of the chemoreceptors was determined by bilateral denervation of branches of the cranial nerves IX (glossopharyngeal) and X (vagus) to the gills. The heart rate, arterial blood pressure, respiratory frequency and ventilation amplitude were recorded for intact and denervated fish. The data indicated that the CO2/pH chemoreceptors eliciting the cardio-respiratory responses to hypercarbia are exclusively branchial and are externally oriented. Jeju respond to hypercarbia of 5% CO2 with bradycardia, hypertension and increases in the ventilatory frequency and ventilation amplitude. Concentrations higher than 5% caused anesthetic effect. The cardiac responses are mediated by CO2/pH chemoreceptors distributed in all gill arches, while the respiratory responses are mediated by chemoreceptors located in the 1st gill arch. Furthermore, hypercarbia also induced aerial respiration in intact fish and in those with the 1st gill arch denervated. The denervation of the four gill arches did not abolish completely the aerial respiration, suggesting that chemoreceptors involved in this response are located in extra-branchial sites. The changes in the internal and external H+ concentrations or in the water did not affect the cardiorespiratory responses and aerial respiration frequency, unless if accompanied by hypercarbia. / O presente estudo determinou a localização e orientação dos quimiorreceptores de CO2 e/ou pH, analisou as respostas cardio-respiratórias e a freqüência de respiração aérea em jeju (Hoplerythrinus unitaeniatus) durante hipercarbia gradual (1, 2.5, 5, 10 e 20% de CO2) e meio ácido (pH ~ 7, 6.0, 5.8, 5.6, 5.3 e 4.7) (1, 2, 3, 4 e 5 mM de HCl). A orientação dos quimiorreceptores foi determinada pela aplicação de uma série de injeções com diferentes soluções hipercárbicas (5, 10 e 20% de CO2) na veia caudal (interna) e na cavidade bucal (externa). Para distinguir a orientação dos quimiorreceptores de CO2 e do H+, foram aplicadas soluções ácidas (HCl) de mesmo pH encontrado nas soluções hipercárbicas internas (pH 5.1, 4.9 e 3.7) e externas (pH 5.6, 5.3 e 4.7), não havendo resposta significativa em relação à injeção controle. Em outro grupo de animais foram injetadas soluções ácidas (30, 40 e 50 mM de HCl), previamente testadas, que diminuíram o pH extracelular sanguíneo a valores aproximados aos encontrados durante a aplicação das soluções hipercárbicas internas e externas. A localização foi determinada por denervações bilaterais do IX (glossofaríngeo) e X (vago) nervos cranianos dos arcos branquiais. Durante estes procedimentos foram registradas a freqüência cardíaca, pressão arterial, freqüência e amplitude ventilatória. Os resultados indicaram que a localização dos quimiorreceptores de CO2/pH no jeju que controlam as respostas cardio-respiratórias são exclusivamente branquiais e os receptores estão orientados externamente. O jeju responde a hipercarbia de 5% de CO2 com uma bradicardia, hipertensão e aumento na freqüência e na amplitude ventilatória; e concentrações acima de 5% apresentam um efeito anestésico. As respostas cardíacas são mediadas por quimiorreceptores de CO2/pH localizados nas brânquias, tanto no 1º arco branquial quanto nos demais e as respostas respiratórias são mediadas preferencialmente por quimiorreceptores localizados no 1º arco branquial. Além disso, a hipercarbia também induz a respiração aérea em animais intactos e com o 1º arco branquial denervado. A denervação dos 4 arcos branquiais não aboliu completamente a respiração aérea, o que sugere que os quimiorreceptores envolvidos nesta resposta estão localizados em sítios extrabranquiais. As vii mudanças nas concentrações externas e internas de H+ ou no meio experimental não afetam as respostas cardio-respiratórias e freqüência de respiração aérea a menos que acompanhado pela hipercarbia.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-06-02T19:22:02Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 1969.pdf: 942770 bytes, checksum: 1027d4b0af7300f6bce910182824540d (MD5) Previous issue date: 2007-07-10 / Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais / Methyl parathion (MP) is an organophosphorus insecticide used worldwide in agriculture and aquaculture due to its high activity against a broad spectrum of insect pests. In a first phase of the study, specimens of matrinxã (Brycon cephalus) were exposed to a sublethal concentration (2 mg.L-1, 1/3 of the 96h-LC50) of MP (Folisuper 600®, MP 600 g.L-1) for 96h, and their heart rate (fH), oxygen consumption ( 2 O V& ), gill ventilation ( G V& ), and oxygen extraction (EO2) were measured, during normoxia and in response to graded hypoxia. The fish developed a significant bradycardia during moderate hypoxia, which was higher for the MP exposed group. 2 O V& was kept constant over a wide range of O2 tensions of inspired water (PiO2), until he critical oxygen tensions (PcO2), 35 mmHg for control group and 52 mmHg for the MP exposed group, respectively, were achieved. G V& increased following the changes in 2 O V& and was the result of an accentuated increase in breath volume, rather than in breath frequency. Oxygen extraction was kept almost constant at about 56% for both experimental groups, regardless of ambient oxygen tensions or MP exposure. We used an isometric muscle preparation to test the effect of a single 96h MP exposure to 2 mg.L-1 of MP on the heart excitation-contraction coupling of B. cephalus. Ryanodine (a blocker of sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca2+ release) reduced the force of contraction by approximately 70% in B. cephalus ventricle, suggesting that this species utilizes the intracellular Ca2+ storages of the sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) during routine contractions. MP exposure resulted in a significant decrease in force development and an increase in the time to half relaxation (THR), providing evidences of the effect of MP on intracellular Ca2+ stores. Cardio-respiratory responses to MP can be attributed to damage caused to the gill epithelium, which results in impaired gas exchange. Effects of MP exposure to the ventricular myocardium correspond to the SR Ca2+ storages impairment and to cholinesterase inhibition in nerves supplying the heart. / O metilparation (MP) é um inseticida organofosforado usado mundialmente na agricultura e aqüicultura devido à sua alta atividade contra uma grande variedade de insetos. Em uma primeira fase do estudo, espécimes de matrinxã (Brycon cephalus) foram expostos a uma concentração subletal (2 mg.L-1, 1/3 da CL50-96h) de MP (Folisuper 600®, MP 600 g.L-1) por 96h, e sua freqüência cardíaca (fH), consumo de oxigênio ( 2 O V& ), ventilação branquial ( G V& ) e extração de oxigênio (EO2) foram medidos, em normóxia e em resposta à hipóxia gradual. Os peixes desenvolveram uma bradicardia significante em hipóxia moderada, que foi maior para o grupo exposto ao MP. A 2 O V& foi mantida constante em diversas tensões de O2 da água inspirada (PiO2), até que as tensões críticas de O2 (PcO2), de 35 mmHg para o grupo controle e de 52 mmHg para o grupo exposto ao MP, respectivamente, foram alcançadas. A G V& aumentou, seguindo as mudanças na 2 O V& , e foi o resultado de um acentuado aumento no volume ventilatório (VT), mais do que na freqüência respiratória (fR). A extração de O2 foi mantida constante em aproximadamente 56% para ambos os grupos experimentais, independentemente das tensões de O2 ou da exposição ao MP. Foram usadas preparações musculares para se testar os efeitos de uma exposição à 2 mg.L-1 de MP por 96h no acoplamento excitação-contração do coração de B. cephalus. A rianodina (um bloqueador da liberação de Ca2+ pelo retículo sarcoplasmático) reduziu a força de contração em aproximadamente 70% no ventrículo de B. cephalus, sugerindo que esta espécie utiliza as reservas intracelulares de Ca2+ do retículo sarcoplasmático (RS) durante contrações em steady-state. A exposição ao MP resultou em uma diminuição significativa na produção de força de contração e um aumento no tempo para 50% de relaxamento (THR), fornecendo evidências do efeito do MP nas reservas intracelulares de Ca2+. As repostas cardiorespiratórias ao MP podem ser atribuídas aos danos causados ao epitélio branquial, resultando em prejuízo nas trocas gasosas. Os efeitos da exposição ao MP no miocárdio ventricular correspondem ao prejuízo na utilização das reservas intracelulares de Ca2+ e à inibição da acetilcolinesterase na inervação do coração.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-06-02T19:22:48Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 1659.pdf: 645648 bytes, checksum: 6374964c1d7092a983850eef50d2bd02 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008-01-24 / Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais / The ability to sense and respond to oxygen availability in the environment is of extreme functional importance for fish. This is even more so in tropical freshwater habitats where environmental hypoxia can occur rapidly in space and time. Recent physiological studies on the cardio-respiratory response of tropical fishes have focused on hypoxia tolerant species. This aim of this study was to examine the neural control and function of the cardio-respiratory system in a fish that is adapted to living at high levels of oxygen. Trairão, Hoplias lacerdae was chosen because it is a member of the Erythrinidae family, in which most of species are hypoxia tolerant, including some where the O2 receptors has already been characterized. The study focused on investigation of the localization, distribution and orientation of chemoreceptors of O2 in trairão. Also how the cardio-respiratory parameters were modified by hypoxia. The fish were submitted to selective denervations of the branchial branches of the cranial nerves IX and X. These were, (1) only IX nerve sectioned at the 1st gill arch (IX; n = 9), (2) first gill arch both IX and branch of X sectioned (G1; n = 9), (3) all four gill arches both IX and X sectioned (G4; n = 8), (4) a control group (n = 8) and (5) a sham-operated group that underwent surgery but no nerves were sectioned (n = 4). A cannula was inserted into the ventral aorta to monitor changes in heart rate and blood pressure. Ventilation rate and amplitude was also monitored with a cannula through the roof of the buccal cavity. The fish were exposed to a gradual hypoxia from 140 to 10 mmHg. Either the internal and external surfaces of the gill were treated with NaCN to determine the receptors orientation. Results showed that the receptors related to the heart rate control and ventilation amplitude were distributed over all gill arches on both the internal and external surfaces, and the branches of the both nerves IX and X were involved in these responses. This pattern differs from that observed for the ventilation rat. The receptors involved in the control of this response are located internally to the first gill arch. Tairão also showed blood pressure control chemorecptors on the first gill arch, involved in a very efficient barostatic control. Extrabranchial O2 chemoreceptors were not identified in trairão. This differs from the hypoxia tolerant fish, where extrabranchial chemoreceptors are important to start the cardio-respiratory responses the most fast and accurate possible / A capacidade de sentir e responder às variações de oxigênio no ambiente é de extrema importância para peixes. Isto é mais acentuado em ambientes dulceaquícolas tropicais onde a hipóxia ambiental ocorre freqüentemente. Estudos recentes sobre respostas cardio-respiratórias em peixes tropicais têm enfocado espécies tolerantes à hipóxia. O foco do presente estudo foi examinar o controle neural e a função cardio-respiratória de um peixe adaptado a ambientes bem oxigenados. O trairão, Hoplias lacerdae foi escolhido por pertencer à família Erythrinidae, que apresenta a maioria das espécies tolerantes à hipóxia, incluindo algumas onde os receptores de O2 já foram caracterizados. O foco do estudo foi investigar a localização, distribuição e orientação dos quimiorreceptores de O2 em trairão, bem como os parâmetros cardio-respiratórios são modificados pela hipóxia. Os peixes foram submetidos à denervações seletivas dos ramos branquiais dos nervos cranianos IX e X. Os grupos foram: (1) apenas nervo IX seccionado do 1o arco branquial (IX; n = 9), (2) primeiro arco, ambos IX e ramo do X seccionados (G1; n = 9), (3) os quatro arcos, ambos IX e X seccionados (G4; n = 8), (4) grupo controle (n = 8) e (5) grupo sham-operated , que passou por cirurgia, mas não teve os nervos seccionados (n = 4). Uma cânula foi inserida na aorta ventral para monitorar freqüência cardíaca e pressão arterial. A freqüência e a amplitude ventilatórias foram monitoradas por uma cânula no palato da cavidade bucal. Os peixes foram expostos à hipóxia gradual de 140 a 10 mmHg. Ambas as superfícies, interna e externa, das brânquias receberam tratamento de NaCN para determinar a orientação dos receptores. Os resultados mostraram que receptores relacionados ao controle da freqüência cardíaca e amplitude ventilatória estão distribuídos por todos os arcos branquiais, orientados tanto interna quanto externamente, e ambos os nervos IX e X estão envolvidos nesta resposta. Este padrão difere do observado para a freqüência respiratória. Os receptores envolvidos no controle dessa resposta localizam-se internamente no 1o arco branquial. O trairão também possiu quimiorreceptores de O2 envolvidos no controle da pressão arterial apenas no primeiro arco branquial, participando de um controle barostático eficiente. Não foram identificados receptores de O2 extrabranquiais em trairão. Este padrão difere da maioria dos peixes tolerantes à hipóxia onde os estes receptores são importantes para iniciar rapidamente as respostas cardio-respiratórias à hipóxia

Made available in DSpace on 2016-06-02T19:22:50Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2154.pdf: 1198226 bytes, checksum: cd7dbdada21da7e62cc8a0697ce8e5e1 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008-10-28 / Financiadora de Estudos e Projetos / Trichlorfon (TRC) is a selective organophosphate compound (OPC) widely used to control a variety of arthropod pests, both as an agricultural insecticide and zoo vermicide. In Brazilian fish cultures, TRC is largely used to control Lernaea sp and Argulus sp, two common ectoparasites causing epizooties. The recommended doses vary from 0.1 to 1.0 mg.L-1, but farmers often apply excessive amounts of TRC in fish and agriculture farm management. The goal of this work was to evaluate the sublethal effects of TRC (0.5 mg.L-1 trichlorfon NEGUVON®, during 96 h exposure) on in vivo and in vitro cardio-respiratory function of Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus. The exposure to TRC caused cardiac hypertrophy which would be probably related to the hypertensive effect of the OPCs and/or to the oxidative stress induced by TRC in the heart. TRC not only decreased oxygen uptake ( V& O2 ) values but also increased markedly the critical oxygen tension (PcO2), reducing the ability to maintain a constant O2 uptake. Gill ventilation ( G V& ) increased significantly and progressively in both experimental groups to maintain 2 V& O during hypoxia. These increases in G V& were characterized by larger increases in the tidal volume (VT), whereas respiratory frequency (fR) changed little. A possible explanation for the reduced fR recorded for the TRC group would be a rapid effect of the OPCs in the respiratory nerves due to its anticholinesterasic effect. The lower fR induced by TRC exposure affected G V& during severe hypoxia as this group presented higher VT values, when compared to the controls (C group), only in normoxia and moderate hypoxia. The exposure to TRC significantly reduced heart rate (fH) in all the experimental PO2, when compared to control values. Both C and TRC groups maintained a constant fH and bradycardia was developed at 20 mmHg. The reason for the early reduction in 2 V& O without hypoxic bradycardia could be the inhibition of the oxygen sensors located in the gills by OPCs, which block the hypoxic bradycardia reflex or, alternatively, an indication that this OPC acts directly on the respiratory nerves and not via the central nervous system. The most remarkable effect of TRC exposure in heart muscle preparations was a significant decrease in force development, when compared to C group. Increases in extracellular Ca2+ concentration caused a positive inotropic effect in both experimental groups, but not sufficient to restore the values developed by the controls in TRC group, which indicates that extracellular Ca2+ availability is not a predominant factor to counteract the negative inotropism caused by TRC. In both experimental groups, contractile force decreases as stimulation frequency increases, resulting in a negative force-frequency relationship. However, exposure to TRC changed the curve of maximum frequency downward due to its negative effect on force development, showing that the pumping capacity is also injured by this OPC. Taken together, the results show that TRC significantly impairs the Nile tilapia s cardio-respiratory function, reducing the species capacity to survive prolonged hypoxic conditions. / O trichlorfon (TRC) é um composto organofosforado (OP) amplamente utilizado para o controle de uma variedade de artrópodes parasitas, tanto como inseticida na agricultura quanto como vermicida. Em pisciculturas brasileiras, o TRC é utilizado para controlar infestações por Lernaea sp e Argulus sp, dois ectoparasitas causadores de epizootias. Para esse fim, as doses recomendadas variam de 0,1 a 1,0 mg.L-1, embora doses excessivas sejam comumente aplicadas. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar os efeitos da exposição a uma dose subletal de TRC (0,5 mg.L-1 triclorfon - NEGUVON®, durante 96 h) sobre a função cardiorespiratória in vivo e in vitro de tilapia-do-Nilo, Oreochromis niloticus. A exposição ao TRC causou hipertrofia cardíaca possivelmente devido ao efeito hipertensivo dos OPs e/ou pelo estresse oxidativo induzido pelo TRC no tecido cardíaco. O TRC reduziu a taxa metabólica ( V& O2 ) e aumentou marcadamente a tensão crítica de O2 (PcO2), reduzindo a capacidade de manutenção da 2 V& O constante. A ventilação branquial ( G V& ) aumentou significativa e progressivamente em ambos os grupos experimentais para manter a 2 V& O durante a hipóxia. Os aumentos na G V& foram caracterizados por aumentos no volume ventilatório (VT), enquanto que a freqüência respiratória (fR) alterou muito pouco. Uma possível explicação para os menores valores de fR registrados para o grupo TRC seria o rápido efeito dos OPs sobre os nervos respiratórios devido aos seus efeitos anticolinesterásicos. A menor fR induzida pelo TRC afetou a G V& durante a hipóxia severa, uma vez que este grupo apresentou maiores valores de VT em relação ao grupo controle (C) apenas em normóxia e hipóxia moderada. A freqüência cardíaca (fH) foi significativamente reduzida pelo TRC em todas as PO2 experimentais. Ambos os grupos experimentais mantiveram a fH constante, desenvolvendo bradicardia apenas a 20 mmHg. A razão para a redução da 2 V& O antes da ocorrência de bradicardia hipóxica poderia ser a inibição dos sensores de O2 das brânquias pelos OPs, bloqueando, desta forma, o reflexo bradicárdico ou, alternativamente, indicando que o TRC estaria atuando diretamente nos nervos respiratórios e não via sistema nervoso central. O efeito mais marcante do TRC sobre o músculo cardíaco isolado foi a significativa redução na força de contração (Fc). Aumentos na concentração de Ca2+ extracelular causaram inotropismo positivo em ambos os grupos experimentais, mas não foram capazes de restaurar os valores controle para o grupo TRC, indicando que a disponibilidade de Ca2+ extracelular não é um fator predominante para reverter o inotropismo negativo causado pelo TRC. Em ambos os grupos experimentais, a Fc diminuiu durante os aumentos na freqüência de estimulação, resultando em uma relação força-freqüência negativa. Contudo, a exposição ao TRC deslocou a curva de freqüência máxima para baixo, devido a seu efeito inotrópico negativo, mostrando que a capacidade de bombeamento cardíaco também é prejudicada por este OP. Em conjunto, os resultados mostram que o TRC prejudica significativamente a função cardio-respiratória da tilápia-do-Nilo, reduzindo suas chances de sobrevivência a prolongados períodos de exposição à hipóxia ambiental.