The aim of this research is the analysis of socio-economic factors that wouldinfluence consumer buying process of electric vehicles in Iceland. The purpose of the researchis to detect the most crucial factors influencing Icelanders decisions for and againstpurchasing an electric vehicle, instead of car with internal combustion engine. This researchverified people‟s opinions and can bring companies closer to real mindsets of Icelandicpotential buyers. Moreover, this paper might give a possibility to eliminate wrong thinkingand barriers by better adjusted marketing. Additionally, analyzed advantages might showwhat the main reason of shifting to this alternative technology is. Moreover, it shows whatmight be the customer acceptance price range.

都會區之主要幹道除為串連交通行為的空間外，更為眾多活動發生之場域，然在以機動車輛為主之道路空間規劃下，許多都市問題與亂象發生，由此1990年代提倡都市規劃應以「人」為本的新都市主義(New Urbanism)思潮出現，針對都市空間景觀倡導運用都市設計、永續運輸等策略，創造適宜人居之都市環境。而台北市為台灣首善之都，雖自民國80年起進行一連串都市空間檢討，然仍忽略主要幹道空間，而台北都會區大眾捷運網絡基本雛形已於民國89年底完成，路網設計多沿主要幹道興建，營運至今，民眾對公共運具之使用率確有增加並降低部分汽車使用量。由此，若能重新檢討並調整道路空間比例，基於人車共存之概念，綠美化主要幹道景觀，營造正面感受之環境意象，可提升市民對所居都市之認同感，亦可符合民眾日益昇高之生活環境品質要求，創造優質都市環境。 / 有鑑於此，本研究以台北都會區主要幹道為研究空間，忠孝東路、羅斯福路部份路段為實驗場域，進行幹道空間之檢討與空間改造計畫之評估，將「以人為主」之都市規劃理念導入交通規劃中，整合都市永續發展、都市設計及運輸相關理論，歸納出都會區主要幹道空間之規劃手法應包涵TOD之都市發展型態、塑造適宜之人行空間、調整幹道道路空間、結合都市設計之規範及永續運輸之交通規劃方式等五大項目。基此，考量人行、車行、幹道景觀、社會公平與幹道空間多樣化使用，在達成永續運輸之目標下，從「交通順暢性」、「步行親和性」、「景觀寧適性」、「場域複合性」等四大層面，建立適合研究範圍之「都會區主要景觀幹道最佳設計」評估架構。本研究應用模糊多準則評估方法，先透過專家德爾菲(Delphi)法確定評估架構後求取評估架構之權重值，並依所建立之評估架構計算忠孝東路與羅斯福路各幹道空間改造方案之績效值，以相對客觀的方式整合不同領域專家之價值判斷，應用模糊層級分析(Fuzzy AHP)法遴選研究範圍最適之幹道空間改造計畫，進行研究範圍最佳幹道空間改造方案之排序。 / 本研究評估結果發現最後遴選出之最適空間改造方案內容，均為調整道路路型、配置最大化人行空間之方案，將過去以汽車為主的幹道空間轉為對行人友善之場域，並強調綠化幹道景觀與多樣化使用。同時，由不同群體對各評估面向權重值之差異可發現學生群體著重幹道所提供之交通功能，學者及政府都市計劃單位著重幹道之人行空間，政府交通單位則並重幹道之車行與人行空間。此外，本研究亦根據評估結果研提相關改造計畫執行配套措施之建議，期所採行之幹道空間改造計畫評估方式，可供政府有關單位進行幹道空間檢討與改造評估時，一個相對客觀的決策進行過程與執行參考。 / The major arterials of a metropolis are places where not only connect traffic but lots of activities occurred. However, many urban problems came up under the roadway planning that according to mobile vehicles and resulted in an ideological trend named “New Urbanism” in 1990s. That promote urban planning should according to human beings and use strategies as urban design and sustainable transport for landscape to create a urban environment that is livable-in. / Taipei city is the biggest city of Taiwan at which we have reflected on urban space but have ignored review the major arterials since 1991. Then, the embryo network of mass rapid transit system of Taipei metropolitan area which was designed along major arterials has established in 2000. Since that, the using rate of public transportation has been increasing and decreasing part of quantity of private transportation. We can base on the construct “people-cars coexist”, therefore, review and regulate road -way scale to green the major arterials’ landscape, to shape a positive environmental image. It could promote townspeople’s identification of the city where they live in and conform to the increasing request for the quality of medium in the result of a high quality urban circumstance. / Base the above, this research chose Zong-Xiao east road and Roosevelt road of Taipei metropolis as the survey area to review the roadway landscape and evaluate spatial transforming schemes. We blended the new urbanism into transport planning and integrated with theories of sustainable development, urban design and transportation to generalize the medium of the major arterials area planning should contain five contents: TOD, mold a pedestrian-friendly area, adjust the allotment ratio of arterial, combine methods of urban design and sustainable transportation. Therefore, we took pedestrian, vehicles, arterial’s landscape, arterial space using diversification into account and under the goal, which achieve sustainable transportation established evaluative framework with four objectives: ” traffic smooth”, pedestrian-friendly” , “elegant and comfortable landscape”, and ”space complexity”. By utilizing fuzzy-MCDM approach, first, depended on fuzzy-Delphi method to ascertain that evaluative framework then counted the weights of criteria. According to the evaluative framework established by this research calculated the results of spatial transforming schemes of Zong-Xiao East road and Roosevelt road. Then adopting fuzzy-AHP method to integrate experts’ judgements of different domains, all proposed spatial schemes are reviewed and best arterial landscape transforming scheme were generated. / Evaluation result found that the best scheme with maximum pedestrian space shows the concepts of transforming the arterial area to be a pedestrian-friendly space and emphasizing green landscape, mixed land use. Furthermore, divergent preference of different groups were analyzed and found that students concentrate the transportation capability of arterial, experts and government planning departments focus on the pedestrian space of arterial, government’s transportation departments emphasize both on the car-lanes and pedestrian space. Research result construct a objective framework and review process for evaluating major arterial and also generate a best transforming scheme of those two roads, can be as a reference basis for urban re-design work of city government.

Research of movement parameters of motorcars in braking.

The number concentration and size distribution of particles in Brisbane have been studied extensively by the researchers at The International Laboratory for Air Quality and Health, Queensland University of Technology (Morawska et al., 1998, 1999a, 1999b). However, the comprehensive studies of chemical compositions of atmospheric particles, especially with regard to the two main classes of pollutants (polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and trace elements), that are usually of environmental and health interest, have not been fully undertaken. Therefore, this thesis presents detailed information on polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and elemental compositions of vehicle exhausts and of urban air in Brisbane. The levels of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and elements in three of Brisbane's urban sites (Queensland University of Technology, Woolloongabba and ANZ stadium sites) were measured. The most common PAHs found in all sites were naphthalene, phenanthrene, anthracene, fluoranthene, pyrene and chrysene while Al, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn, Mo, Si, Sn, Sr and Zn were the most common elements detected in the total suspended particles and fine particle (PM2.5). With the aid of multivariate analysis techniques, several outcomes were obtained. For example: -- Major human activities such as vehicular and industrial sources were the most contributing pollution sources in Brisbane. However, these two sources have different influential strength on the compositions of the polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and trace inorganic elements found in the urban air. -- Woolloongabba bus platform was the most polluted site on the basis of the elemental and PAH compositions in its air samples while QUT site was the worst polluted site in terms of PM2.5 elemental contents. These results demonstrated that the impact of traffic related pollutants on Brisbane's urban air is significant. This led to the investigations of the direct emissions of pollutants from exhaust vehicular source in the second part of this research work. The exhaust studies included the investigations of PAHs, trace inorganic elements and particles. At the time of the study, the majority of vehicles in Brisbane used low sulfur diesel (LSD) fuel or unleaded petrol (ULP). However, the importance of vehicles using ultra low sulfur diesel (ULSD) and liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) is constantly growing. Therefore, the exhaust emission studies on chassis dynamometer from heavy duty non-catalyst-equipped buses powered by LSD and ULSD with 500 ppm and 50 ppm sulfur contents respectively as well as passenger cars powered by ULP and LPG were explored. The outcomes of such studies are summarized as follows: -- Naphthalene, acenaphthene, acenaphthylene, anthracene, phenanthrene, fluorene, fluoranthene and pyrene were frequently emitted by the buses powered by LSD and ULSD. However, buses powered by ULSD emitted 91% less PAHs than those powered by LSD. On the other hand, Mg, Ca, Cr, Fe, Cu, Zn, Ti, Ni, Pb, Be, P, Se, Ti and Ge were found in measurable quantities in the exhaust of the buses. The emissions of the elements were found to be strongly influenced by the engine driving conditions of the buses and fuel parameters such as sulfur content, fuel density and cetane index. -- Naphthalene, fluorene, phenanthrene, anthracene, pyrene, chrysene, benzo(a)anthracene and benzo(b)fluoranthene were predominantly emitted by ULP and LPG cars. On the average, the total emission factors of PAHs from LPG cars were generally lower than those of ULP cars, but given the large variations in the emission factors of cars powered by the same type of fuel, differences in the emission factors from both car types were statistically insignificant. In general, platinum group elements and many other elements were found in the exhausts of cars powered by both fuels. Emissions of inorganic elements from the cars were dependent on the type and the mileage of the cars. For example, ULP cars generally emitted higher levels of Cu, Mg, Al and Zn while LPG cars emitted higher level of V. In addition, cars with higher mileages were associated with higher emissions of the major elements (Zn, Al, Fe, V and Cu). -- Buses powered by ULSD usually emitted fewer particles, which were generally 31% to 59% lower than those emitted by LSD powered buses. Similarly, cars powered by LPG emitted less particles from those powered by ULP fuel. However, more nanoparticles (those with aerodynamic diameters of less than 50 nm) were emitted by LPG powered cars than their ULP counterparts. Health effect assessment of the exhaust PAHs was evaluated in terms of benzo(a)pyrene toxicity equivalent (BAPeq). The potential toxicities of PAHs emitted by ULSD powered buses were generally lower than those emitted by their LSD counterparts. A similar trend with lower emissions of PAHs from LPG cars than from ULP cars was observed when otherwise identical passenger cars were powered by LPG and ULP fuels. In summary, this thesis has shown that the majority of airborne particles found around Brisbane have anthropogenic origins, particularly vehicle emissions, and that fuel or lubricant formulations and engine operating conditions play important roles in the physical and chemical characteristics of pollutants emitted by vehicles. The implications of these results on worldwide strategies to reduce the environmental and health effects of particles emitted by motor vehicles were discussed. In this regard, direct emission measurements from vehicles powered by LSD, ULSD, ULP and LPG unveiled the relative environmental benefits associated with the use of ULSD in place of LSD to power diesel engines, and of LPG in place of ULP to power passenger cars.

Dans un contexte ou la question de la préservation de l'environnement est devenue un sujet sociétal majeur, la recherche de nouvelles technologies pour remplacer la voiture à essence constitue un véritable enjeu industriel. Les véhicules hybrides et électriques sont une alternative prometteuse aux véhicules conventionnels. Ce travail de thèse porte sur la conception et l'optimisation des machines électriques pour la motorisation de ces voitures.Au cours de ces travaux, nous avons développé une nouvelle méthodologie de dimensionnement et d'optimisation des machines synchrones à double excitation. L'intérêt de cette méthode est son bon compromis entre la précision et le temps de calcul et sa capacité d'adaptation à plusieurs types de machines. Le second volet de la thèse est consacré à la proposition d'une nouvelle structure de machine synchrone à rotor bobiné. Une technique originale de compensation de la réaction magnétique d'induit est mise en place, elle consiste en l'insertion d'aimants secondaires permettant de créer un flux dans l'axe q de la machine. Ce dernier a pour rôle d'affaiblir le flux de la réaction magnétique d'induit. / In a context where the question of the environmental protection has become a major social problem, research new technologies to replace the gasoline car is a real industrial challenge. The hybrid and electric vehicles are a promising alternative to conventional vehicles. This thesis focuses on the design and optimization of electrical machines for electric and hybrid cars.In this work, we developed a new methodology for design and optimization of hybrid excitation synchronous machines. The advantage of this method is its good compromise between accuracy and computation time and its ability to be adapted to a wide range of machines. The second part of this thesis is devoted to the development of a new structure of a wound rotor synchronous machine. A novel technique for compensating the armature reaction of this machine is introduced, it involves the insertion of secondary magnets to produce a quadratic axis flux (q-axis), this latter has the function of weakening the armature reaction flux.

Den här studien använder sig av TORCS (The Open Racing Car Simulator) som är ett intressant spel att skapa självkörande bilar i då det finns nitton olika typer av sensorer som beskriver omgivningen för agenten. Problemet för denna studie har varit att identifiera vilka av alla dessa sensorer som kan användas i en belöningsfunktion och hur denna sedan skall implementeras. Studien har anammat en kvantitativa experimentell studie där forskningsfrågan är: Hur kan en belöningsfunktion utformas så att agenten klarar av att manövrera i spelet TORCS utan att krocka och med ett konsekvent resultat Den kvantitativ experimentell studien valdes då författarna behövde designa, implementera, utföra experiment och utvärdera resultatet för respektive belöningsfunktion. Det har utförts totalt femton experiment över tolv olika belöningsfunktioner i spelet TORCS på två olika banor E-Track 5(E-5) och Aalborg. De tolv belöningsfunktionerna utförde varsitt experiment på E-5 där de tre som fick bäst resultat: Charlie, Foxtrot och Juliette utförde ett experiment på Aalborg, då denna är en svårare bana. Detta för att kunna styrka om den kan köra på mer än en bana och om belöningsfunktionen då är generell. Juliette är den belöningsfunktion som var ensam med att klara både E-5 och Aalborg utan att krocka. Genom de utförda experimenten drogs slutsatsen att Juliette uppfyller forskningsfrågan då den klarar bägge banorna utan att krocka och när den lyckas får den ett konsekvent resultat. Studien har därför lyckats designa och implementera en belöningsfunktion som uppfyller forskningsfrågan. / For this study TORCS (The Open Racing Car Simulator) have been used, since it is an interesting game to create self-driving cars in. This is due to the fact there is nineteen different sensors available that describes the environment for the agent. The problem for this study has been to identify what sensor can be used in a reward function and how should this reward function be implemented. The study have been utilizing a quantitative experimental method where the research questions have been: How can a reward function be designed so that an Agent can maneuver in TORCS without crashing and at the same time have a consistent result The quantitative experimental method was picked since the writer’s hade to design, implement, conduct experiment and evaluate the result for each reward function. Fifteen experiments have been conducted over twelve reward functions on two different maps: E-Track 5 (E-5) and Aalborg. Each of the twelve reward function conducted an experiment on E-5, where the three once with the best result: Charlie, Foxtrot and Juliette conducted an additional experiment on Aalborg. The test on Aalborg was conducted in order to prove if the reward function can maneuver on more than one map. Juliette was the only reward function that managed to complete a lap on both E-5 and Aalborg without crashing. Based on the conducted experiment the conclusion that Juliette fulfills the research question was made, due to it being capable of completing both maps without crashing and if it succeeded it gets a consistent result. Therefor this study has succeeded in answering the research question.

Submitted by Johnny Rodrigues (johnnyrodrigues@ufcg.edu.br) on 2018-10-01T15:57:21Z No. of bitstreams: 1 FERNANDO LUIZ RODRIGUES NOGUEIRA - DISSERTAÇÃO PPGECA 1979..pdf: 28269926 bytes, checksum: 9c17b869db5eb91eb14ad6085660d4e9 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-10-01T15:57:21Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 FERNANDO LUIZ RODRIGUES NOGUEIRA - DISSERTAÇÃO PPGECA 1979..pdf: 28269926 bytes, checksum: 9c17b869db5eb91eb14ad6085660d4e9 (MD5) Previous issue date: 1979-09 / Esta dissertação apresenta uma investigação de campo e de laboratório, sobre as propriedades de engenharia e condições de umidades de subleitos das rodovias pavimentadas do Estado da Paraíba, localizadas em diferentes áreas climáticas, topográficas e de diferentes formação dos solos. Foram feitos estudos do material de subleito em cerca de 17 seções distribuidas nas diversas rodovias. As estimativas de tráfego para o tempo de serviço e de projeto, foram avaliadas e comparadas com base nos métodos de Murillo Lopes e da Gran Bretanha. Os parâmetros de resistência dos solos de subleitos, obtidos nos ensaios CBR com e sem imersão, foram relaciona dos com a resistência determinada pelo CBR "in situ". realizou-seum estudo sobre a distribuição de umidade dos subleitos em relação aos valores de sucção obtidos no laboratório. Os resultados encontrados nesta pesquisa, indicaram que o dimensionamento de pavimentos baseado nos resultados dos ensaios de CBR com amostras saturadas, não são adequados para regiões de climas secos. O ensaio CBR para o teor de umidade de equilíbrio, provavelmente fornecerá uma indicação da capacidade de suporte do solo mais coerente com aquela que e de se esperar em serviço. Propõe-se que a umidade de equilíbrio possa ser tomada como aquela correspondente a umidade ótima para o Peso Específico Aparente Máximo. Os ensaios de laboratório para obter as relações de sucção-umidade, não forneceram dados precisos para avaliar a umidade de equilíbrio, devido aos níveis do lençol freático serem muito profundos e não influenciarem nos valores de umidadede equilíbrio. Esta umidade, possivelmente, é determinada por transferência da água na fase de vapor e transferência da mesma dos acostamentos para o centro da rodovia. / A field and Laboratory investigation in described concerning the engineering properties and subgrade conditions of paved roads located in Paraiba State in Different topographic and climatic areas and soil formations. Subgrade materials from seventeen sections of different roads were studied. Traffic volumes for service and project times were determined and evaluated using the Murillo Lopes and the English methods. Subgrade soil resistance parameters obtained in CBR tests with and without immersion were compared with CBR value determined "in situ". A study was also carried out rela ting the distribution of moisture contents in the subgrade to the suction values obtained in Laboratory. The results obtained in this research indicated that pavement design, based on CBR result with saturated specif mens, is not adequate for dry climate regions. A CBR test for equilibrium moisture content, could possibly be an indication of the bearing capacity of the soil which can be expected in service. It is suggested that the equilibrium be taken as that which corresponds to the optimum moisture content for maximum dry unit weight. The laboratory results used to obtains the suction moisture relationships, did not provide data precise enough to evaluate the equilibrium moisture, due to the fact that the wa ter table levels were very deep and did not influence the equilibrium moisture values which were probably determined by trans ference of the water in the vapor state as well as by the transference from the shoulders to the center of the road.

La microspectroscopie Raman cohérente (CARS) est une méthode d'analyse optique sans marqueur qui permet d'identifier des liaisons moléculaires dans un milieu d'intérêt (échantillon) pour permettre de déterminer la composition chimique de ce milieu. Elle nécessite l'excitation concomitante de l'échantillon par deux ondes spectralement décalées (onde pompe et onde Stokes) afin de faire entrer en résonance les liaisons à détecter. Pour la détection de plusieurs liaisons simultanément (microspectroscopie Raman cohérente large-bande ou Multiplex-CARS), la source Stokes monochromatique est remplacée par une source laser large-bande (supercontinuum). Les travaux effectués dans le cadre de cette thèse visent à proposer de nouvelles sources de supercontinuum émettant des faisceaux optimisés en termes d'élargissement spectral et de densité spectrale de puissance pour la microspectroscopie Multiplex-CARS. Pour ce faire, les moyens de développer des continuums spectraux performants ont été explorés dans trois fibres optiques différentes: une fibre microstructurées air/silice monomode à gros cœur dopé à l'ytterbium permettant une réamplification du signal tout au long de sa propagation ; une fibre monomode conventionnelle en régime de dispersion normale pour obtenir un élargissement spectral par saturation du gain Raman ; une fibre multimode dans laquelle le faisceau spectralement élargi par saturation du gain Raman à très forte puissance subit également un auto-nettoyage spatial par effet Kerr tout au long de sa propagation, produisant en sortie un faisceau de forte brillance dont le profil d’intensité est semblable à celui du mode fondamental. Une étude spectrotemporelle complète est présentée pour ces trois sources. / Coherent Raman microspectroscopy (CARS) is an optical method used to identify molecular bonds in a sample in order to analyze and determine its complete composition. It requires the simultaneous excitation of the sample by two waves (the pump wave and the Stokes wave) in order to induce resonant vibration of the bond to be detected. For multiple bonds analysis (broadband coherent Raman microspectroscopy our Multiplex-CARS), the monochromatic Stokes wave must be replaced by a broadband beam (supercontinuum). The aim of this thesis was to design supercontinuum sources optimized for Multiplex-CARS application, in particular in terms of spectral bandwidth and spectral power density. Supercontinuum generation was investigated in three different optical fibers: (i) a microstructured single mode fiber with a large Yb doped core in which the input beam was re-amplified all along its propagation; (ii) a conventional singlemode fiber pumped in the normal dispersion regime in which spectral broadening was achieved by means of Raman gain saturation; (iii) a conventional graded-index multimode fiber in which the beam spectrally broadened by Raman gain saturation at very high power also experienced spatial self-cleaning by Kerr effect, resulting in a high brillance output beam with an,intensity profile close to that of the fundamental mode. A complete spectrotemporal study is achieved for each of these three sources.

Detta examensarbete utfördes på Karlstads universitet i samarbete med Volvo Car Group, en svensk tillverkare av premiumbilar. Arbetet är fokuserat på ett kvalitetsproblem på Volvos produktionslinje då ett tillverkningsfel uppstår när montörer sätter sig i bilarna för att utföra arbetsuppgifter. Detta gäller på andra generationen av XC90 och senare bilmodeller. Ett permanent instegsveck uppstår och återhämtar sig inte när kunden får sin bil levererad. Idag har Volvo inga provmetoder som kan efterlikna problemet och ett arbete sattes igång under 2015 för att komma fram till en ny provmetod. Arbetet fick avslutas mitt i projektet pga. andra prioriteringar, vilket resulterade i en prototyp som behövdes utvärderas vidare för att kunna bli en fullständig provmetod.   Målet för det här examensarbetet var att utvärdera prototypen med hjälp av designprocessen. En förstudie utfördes med fokus på information från det tidigare projektet, nuvarande provmetoder, läderteknik, granskning av sätesdesign, benchmarking och observationer på Volvos bilmodeller direkt från fabriken och ute hos återförsäljare. Efter förstudien påbörjades en utvärdering om prototypen kunde efterlikna problemet mellan Volvos olika varianter av stolar, såsom sportstolar. Genom att betygsätta resultatet med en betygsskala mellan 1–5 var det möjligt att se stor skillnad mellan stolarna med referens från produktion. Andra typer av slitage som nötningsskador uppstod innan det önskade resultatet, speciellt på stolar inriktade på god komfort. På sportstolarna var den avancerade geometrin ett problem att applicera efter provmetodens möjligheter.   Sista delen av projektarbetet utfördes det en bedömning av prototypen baserat på resultatet från mätningarna. Prestandan från prototypen bedöms vara svår att efterskapa på alla typer av stolar. Ett av de större problemen var att få lädret i ett skört tillstånd då prototypen hade en begränsad rörelse. För att projektet skulle fortlöpa så utfördes en kort granskning baserat på erfarenheterna där fokus låg på faktorer som hade påverkat resultatet mest, dessa var rörelse och material. Resultatet för att kunna efterlikna samma instegsveck i produktion är det optimalt med en tryckrörelse på 45° riktat mot sätets sidobolster samt ett mjukt PUR-skum. Detta gav ett optimalt resultat på alla stolar utan att andra slitage uppstod. För att lösa problemet är det nödvändigt för Volvo att titta på två områden, antingen åtgärder inom produktion med extra skydd eller tillämpa konstruktionsändringar i stolarna med en nyutvecklad provmetod som är framtagen på rätt premisser. / This thesis was carried out at Karlstad University and in corporation with Volvo Car Group, a premium car manufacturer from Sweden. The work focuses on a quality problem at the assembly line. A problem occurs on the front seats with the new generation of XC90 and further released car models. It is to Volvo Cars knowledge that an early wear occurs on the leather seats when assemblers ingress and egress the cars during work tasks and the wear then never recovers. To fix this problem and previous work has been carried out at Research & Development in 2015 but was unfortunately required to be held because of other priorities. The previous work resulted in a prototype which purpose was to become a new test method to this issue. However, the prototype needed further investigation to verify if it can replicate the early wear like the seats at the assembly line.   The goal of the research was to evaluate the prototype with a theory based on Engineering Design Process. A pre-study was performed focusing on collecting data from the previous project, current test methods, leather technology, seat design, benchmarking as well as an excursion of Volvo’s lineup of cars at the assembly line and dealerships. After the pre study, a measurement task was performed with the variety of different seat design. This was done to evaluate whether the prototype met the requested requirements or not. By grading the result with a number between 1-5 it was possible to see a difference between the seat design and to replicate the wear problem. Other attritional wear would occur before the desired outcome of wear, especially on comfort seats. It was hard to apply the sports seat to the benefits of the prototype because of the more advanced design.   The last part consisted of an assessment on the prototype and was based on its performance. The results show that the prototype does have a problem to replicate the wear and isn’t applicable on all available seats. One of the main issues was to get the leather in a brittle state based on the movement from the prototype. Furthermore, a short research was carried out on in-depth knowledge of this work to gain an understanding and cognition for continued work. For replicate the requested wear a pressure movement was required at a 45° angle and aimed to the seat side bolster with a soft polyurethane foam. It shows successfully results at every kind of seat design. To solve this issue it’s necessary for Volvo to consider precautions at the assembly line or changes in seat design with a newly developed test method based on the right premises.

The development of IT has enabled the Internet of Things. Internet of Things is connected devices that communicate with each other and generate data that can then be used for different purposes. The number of connected devices is estimated to 20.4 billion by year 2020. The technology allows the automotive industry to connect its vehicles, which is called Internet of Vehicles, an application of the Internet of Things and intelligent cars. The amount of scientific literature that addresses the economic aspects related to the Internet of Things is scarce and need to be investigated further. The connected car is a disruptive technology that is expected to affect the automotive industry and their business models radically in the next few years and nobody really knows how the industry may look like the next 10-15 years. This type of disruptive technology requires companies to have the competence to implement innovative business models. The study focuses on the connected car from a business perspective and makes no insight into technical aspects or security challenges. The purpose of the study is to create an under-standing of the challenges facing the automotive business models with the introduction of the Internet of Things, which gives the automotive industry the opportunity to connect their cars to a greater extent than before. The study's results show that the value proposition and the channels are the most important parts to focus on in the business model. In order for companies to capitalize on the connection, it is extremely important that the customers understand the value of the connection and that the companies properly manage the information derived from the connected cars. Today, companies offer services or increased value in existing business models to strengthen their brand. The respondents share the opinion that the traditional business models will not change radically as long as the ownership of the car stay the same. Ownership and autonomous cars are the factors that are expected to affect the automotive industry the most. According to the respondents in the study, in order to deal with disruptive innovations in the industry, courage, adaptability, prospects and innovative thinking are required. / IT-utvecklingen har möjliggjort sakernas internet, Internet of Things. Internet of Things är uppkopplade enheter som kommunicerar med varandra och genererar data som sedan kan användas i olika syften. Antalet anslutna enheter beräknas att uppgå till 20,4 miljarder år 2020. Tekniken ger bilindustrin möjligheten att koppla upp sina fordon vilket benämns som Internet of Vehicles, en applikation av Internet of Things och intelligenta bilar. Vetenskaplig litteratur som tar upp de ekonomiska aspekterna i relation till Internet of Things är begränsad och behöver undersökas i större utsträckning. Den uppkopplade bilen är en disruptiv teknologi som förväntas påverka bilindustrin och deras affärsmodeller radikalt inom de närmaste åren och det är ingen som riktigt vet hur industrin kan komma att se ut de närmsta 10-15 åren. Denna typ av disruptiv teknologi kräver att företagen har kompetensen att implementera innovativa affärsmodeller. Studien fokuserar på den uppkopplade bilen ur ett affärsperspektiv och gör ingen fördjupning i tekniska aspekter eller säkerhetsutmaningar. Syftet med studien är att skapa förståelse för vilka utmaningar bilindustrins affärsmodeller står inför med introduktionen av Internet of Things som ger industrin möjligheten att koppla upp sina bilar i en större omfattning än tidigare. Studiens resultat visar att värdeerbjudandet och kanalerna är de viktigaste delarna att fokusera på i affärsmodellen. För att företagen ska kunna kapitalisera på uppkopplingen är det viktigt att kunderna förstår värdet av uppkoppling och att företagen förvaltar informationen från de uppkopplade bilarna på rätt sätt. Idag erbjuder företagen tjänster eller utökat värde i befintlig affärsmodell för att stärka sitt varumärke. Respondenterna delar uppfattningen om att de traditionella affärsmodellerna inte kommer förändras radikalt så länge ägandet av bilen inte gör en helomvändning. Ägandeskapet och autonoma bilar är de faktorer som förväntas påverka industrin störst. Respondenterna i studien nämner fyra viktiga egenskaper för att kunna hantera disruptiva innovationer i branschen, mod, anpassningsbarhet, framtidsutsikt och nytänkande.