The third platform and the center of sustainable development in Lausanne Sustainable city is in my opinion city, that offers to it's inhabitants good-quality city spaces – attractive streets and squares - interesting for spend free time. Main reason of this I see in insufficient regulation of car traffic. Big amount of cars takes big part of cities and burden it by dust and noise. Also the scale of cities is adapted for cars. That is way I designed city quarter without possibility of private car access. It's alternative to common ways and under arrest to the center of sustainable development it demonstrates it's preferences and becomes alive exhibit. In hart of third platform is situated former cargo railway-station Gare de Sébeillon. It designed for reconversion to the center of sustainable development. Architectural proposition is answered by urban concept.

[pt] Este trabalho trata do problema real de avaliar a capacidade de processamento de pátios ferroviários planos de classificação. Nesses pátios, os vagões são recebidos em trens e movimentam respeitando a disposição dos trilhos e a formação sequencial do trem de saída. Movimentações ineficientes implicam em uma capacidade de processamento inferior à potencial do pátio dado seu layout. O objetivo desta pesquisa é descrever o problema e incitar um método capaz de calcular a capacidade de processamento de pátios ferroviários planos de classificação no horizonte estratégico, indicando se existe ou não a necessidade de um projeto de expansão para garantir atendimento à demanda prevista. O problema foi modelado através de programação linear inteira mista (MILP) baseado na teoria de sequenciamento de produção. O modelo foi aplicado em instâncias de teste, reproduzindo movimentações reais de vagões, e provou avaliar diferentes layouts adequadamente, porém com elevado tempo de execução. A inicialização de algumas variáveis binárias do modelo permitiu um incremento de tamanho nas instâncias, porém ainda inviável para aplicação na prática. / [en] This work deals with the real problem of evaluating the processing capacity of flat rail classification yards. In these yards, the railway cars are received on trains and move respecting the car sequence of the outgoing train. Inefficient movements imply a lower processing capacity than the yard s potential given its layout. The objective of this research is to describe the problem and to incite a method capable of calculating the processing capacity of flat rail classification yards in the strategic horizon, indicating whether or not there is a need for an expansion project to ensure meeting the expected demand. The problem was modeled using mixed integer linear programming (MILP) based on production scheduling theory. The model was applied to test instances, reproducing real railway car movements, and proved to evaluate different layouts properly, but with a high execution time. The initialization of some binary variables of the model allowed an increase in the size of the instances, however it is still unfeasible for practical application.

In a time where environmental issues have become an important topic on the political agenda, car companies have begun transitioning from fossil-fueled vehicles to battery-driven electric vehicles. In this transition, multiple Chinese electric car manufacturers have emerged on the European car market. The purpose with this study has been to investigate Norwegian consumers' perception of Chinese electric car manufacturers. Empirical data was gathered through a self-completion questionnaire that was sent out to Norwegian electric car-related forums and Facebook groups. The results showed that Norwegians had a positive attitude towards electric cars and large intentions of purchasing one. This did not correlate with their attitude and intention of purchasing a Chinese electric car. A contributor to the Norwegians’ negative effect on Chinese electric cars consisted of the individuals’ political views of China. Lastly, it was seen that social norms and perceived behavioral control cannot be considered predictors of the intention. / I en tid där miljöfrågor har blivit ett viktigt ämne på den politiska agendan har bilföretagen påbörjat en övergång från fossildrivna fordon till batteridrivna elfordon. I denna övergång har flera kinesiska elbilstillverkare dykt upp på den europeiska bilmarknaden. Syftet med denna studie har varit att undersöka norska konsumenters uppfattning om kinesiska elbilstillverkare. Empirisk data samlades in genom ett självfyllande frågeformulär som skickades ut till norska elbilsrelaterade forum och Facebook-grupper. Resultaten visade att norrmän hade en positiv inställning mot elbilar och hade stora avsikter att köpa en. Det här korrelerade inte med deras inställning och avsikt om att köpa en kinesisk elbil. En stor bidragande faktor till norrmännens negativa effekt på kinesiska elbilar var individernas politiska syn på Kina. Slutligen uppmärksammades det att sociala normer och upplevd beteendekontroll inte kan betraktas som prediktorer för deras avsikt.

While fringe benefits create value in the employer-employee relationship, implicitly subsidized fringe ben-efits risk incurring economic deadweight losses. An increasingly common fringe benefit in Europe is the company car. Literature has showed how fringe benefits should be taxed for tax neutrality yet current taxations of fringe benefits cars in Europe have been found to cause significant deadweight losses. The prevalence of fringe benefits cars in Europe generally and Sweden specifically renders it relevant to in-vestigate how the taxation of fringe benefits cars affect economic welfare. Fringe benefits cars are also of interest for policy evaluations, both in their provision as fringe benefits in terms of equity as well as a means of transportation and climate change mitigation. Sweden has committed to ambitious GHG emission policy goals which directly relates the composition of the Swedish (company) car fleet. The thesis methodology was based on a Dutch framework for welfare equations and statistical methods such as regression analysis. Interviews were conducted with industry professionals to gain market insights and perspectives in the case of company cars. A deadweight loss was found as SEK 2 300 per fringe benefits car and the total market deadweight loss was estimated to SEK 186 million. The automobile market gives rise to many externalities and some fringe benefits car related were quantified. Internalizing a conservative externality estimate yields additional deadweight losses at SEK 425 per fringe benefits car. Many socioeconomic factors were found to be correlated with car expenditure, most of them positively: household income, age and a managerial like position. Gender as in female had a negative effect on car expenditure. The current taxation of fringe benefits cars (2014) is potentially problematic for Swedish policy goals concerning traffic safety, climate change and gender equity for three reasons. The current taxation of fringe benefits cars: (1) might have negative safety implications from a system perspective on traffic safety, (2) does not necessarily promote more environmental friendly cars on average and (3) is not gender neutral as women as a group has a statistically lower preference for expensive cars. / Löneförmåner kan skapa värde i relationen mellan arbetsgivare och anställda men riskerar genom skattein-ducerade implicita prisreduktioner att ge upphov till ekonomiska dödviktsförluster. En vanlig och allt vikti-gare löneförmån i Europa är förmånsbilen. Litteraturen har visat hur löneförmåner kan beskattas samtidigt som beskattningen av förmånsbilar i Europa har gett upphov till just sådana ekonomiska dödviktsförluster. Den stora andelen förmånsbilar i Europa generellt och Sverige specifikt gör det relevant att undersöka hur den nuvarande beskattningen av förmånsbilar (2014) påverkar den ekonomiska välfärden. Förmånsbilar är även av intresse för policyutvärdering, både i egenskap av löneförmån gällande jämställdhet och i egen-skap av transportmedel med dess miljöpåverkan. Sverige har förbundit sig till ambitiösa utsläppsmål av växthusgaser vilket direkt relaterar till den svenska (förmåns)bilflottans komposition. Metoden i denna studie grundade sig främst på ett holländskt ramverk för välfärdsberäkning och statis-tiska analysmetoder såsom regressionsanalys. Intervjuer har hållits med nyckelpersoner verksamma inom billeasing. Det observerades en dödviktsförlust på 2 300 SEK per förmånsbil med en total marknadsdödvik-tsförlust beräknas till 186 miljoner SEK. Marknaden för bilar ger upphov till många marknadsexternaliteter varav vissa relaterade till förmånsbilar kvantifierades i denna studie. Internaliseras ett konservativt estimat fås ytterligare dödviktsförluster av 425 SEK per förmånsbil. Flera socioekonomiska faktorer påverkade bilutgifter, de flesta hade en positiv effekt: hushållsinkomst, ålder och en chefsliknande position. Att vara kvinna påverkade däremot bilutgifter negativt. Den nuvarande beskattningen av förmånsbilar (2014) kan problematiseras av tre anledningar relaterade till svenska policymål för trafiksäkerhet, klimatförändringar och jämställdhet. Den nuvarande beskattningen av förmånsbilar: (1) kan ge upphov till negativa olyck-sexternaliteter utifrån ett systemperspektiv på säkerhet, (2) ger inte nödvändigtvis mer miljövänliga bilar i genomsnitt och (3) är inte könsneutral då kvinnor har en statistiskt lägre preferens för dyra bilar.

The road transport sector is heavily dependent on fossil-fuel based technologies, and as a result, contribute a significant share towards climate change and other environmental problems. If the transport sector is to reduce its adverse impacts on climate change, then it requires a global shift towards low-carbon technologies. However, deploying these new technologies brings uncertainties regarding their environmental profile, hence, the need for applying a life cycle approach in evaluating their potential environmental impacts. This thesis aim to evaluate the potential life-cycle environmental impacts associated with travelling 1 km in a battery electric cars (BEV) and plug-in hybrid electric cars (PHEV) operated in the EU at present-day, and in the future up till 2050. The study applied the life cycle assessment (LCA) and ReCiPe Midpoint (H) methodologies to assess and calculate the potential life cycle environmental impacts of all vehicle scenarios. The datasets of the vehicles have been modelled with a modular approach by linking together various vehicle components. The future time perspective based on two future scenarios; the Mod-RES, representing the reference future scenario and the High-RES representing a future ambitious policy scenario.   The EU28 electricity production based on Fichtner, et al. was used to model the use phase all vehicle scenarios. The result showed BEV performed best in indicators for global warming (GWP), ozone depletion and fossil resource scarcity. The thesis best estimate for GWP is 5.61E-2 kgCO2 eq resulting from the BEV_High-RES scenario; representing a decrease in GWP of around 80% and 69% when compared to the ICEV and the baseline BEV respectively. On the other hand, the baseline BEV performed worst in impact categories related to human toxicity and damage to ecosystems; the conventional gasoline car showed the lowest estimate for indicators on human toxicity, acidification and eutrophication as defined in the baseline scenario. Nonetheless, the future scenarios showed promising results for all technologies; as projections for stringent environmental regulations, ‘cleaner’ energy systems and continuous advancement in vehicle technologies offered a significant reduction in all impact categories. Notably, the BEV reduced its impact on toxicity categories to around 38% of the initial values for the baseline scanario. Results are strongly dependent on assumptions regarding the vehicle and battery lifetime, the use phase electricity source and the vehicle consumption.  The findings establish the significance of carrying out a full LCA, including future time perspective and assessing impact categories beyond climate change. Also, it underlined the suggestion that production of electric cars raised more concern for EVs than conventional cars; thus, the tendency for environmental problem-shifting and the need for policy-makers to recognise existing trade-offs. / Vägtransportsektorn är starkt beroende av fossilbränslebaserad teknik och bidrar därmed till en betydande andel av klimatförändringen och andra miljöproblem. Om transportsektorn ska minska dess negativa inverkan på klimatförändringen, krävs det en global övergång till teknik med låga koldioxidutsläpp. Utnyttjandet av denna nya teknik medför dock osäkerhet om sin miljöprofil och därmed behovet av att tillämpa ett livscykelperspektiv vid utvärderingen av deras potentiella miljöpåverkan. Avhandlingen presenterar en livscykelanalys av nuvarande och framtida elfordon. Fokus ligger på batteri elbilar (BEV) och plug-in hybrid elbilar (PHEV) som drivs i EU. EU28-elproduktionen baserad på Fichtner, et al. användes för att beräkna de potentiella livscykelmiljöeffekterna av alla fordonsscenarier baserade på effektkategorier definierade i ReCiPe Midpoint (H) -metoden. Resultatet visade att BEV fungerade bäst i indikatorer för global uppvärmning (GWP), ozonförlust och fossila resurserbrist. Avhandlingens bästa uppskattning för GWP är 5,61E-2 kgCO2 ekv som härrör från BEV_High-RES-scenariot; vilket motsvarar en minskning av GWP på cirka 80% och 69% jämfört med ICEV respektive baseline BEV. Å andra sidan har baslinjens BEV den högsta andelen miljöindikatorer relaterade till human toxicitet och skador på ekosystemen. Den konventionella bensinbilen visade den lägsta uppskattningen av indikatorer för human toxicitet, försurning och eutrofiering enligt definitionen i baslinjen. De framtida scenarierna visade emellertid lovande resultat för all teknik, detta förutsätter strängre miljöregler, "renare" energisystem och kontinuerlig framsteg inom fordonsteknik som kommer att erbjuda en betydande minskning av alla påverkningskategorier. I synnerhet reducerade BEV: s påverkan på toxicitetskategorier till omkring 38% av de ursprungliga värdena för baslinjens scanario. Resultaten är starkt beroende av antaganden om fordonets och batteritiden, användningsfasens elkälla och fordonsförbrukningen. Resultaten visar betydelsen av att utföra en fullständig LCA, inklusive framtida tidsperspektiv och bedömning av påverkningskategorier utanför klimatförändringen. Det understryker också förslaget gällamde produktion av elbilar har en betydande ökade oro för elektriska motorer än konventionella bilar. Det finns en risk för miljöproblemförskjutning och ett behovet av att politiska beslutsfattare erkänner befintliga avvägningar. / REFLEX - Analysis of the European energy system under the aspects of flexibility and technological progress

Sweden is a geographically large and sparsely populated country, with a need for road transport for individuals as well as for logistics. Domestic road transport largely contributes to air pollutions, where passenger cars account for the largest share. Looking ahead, the present rate of reduction of emissions is not enough to reach the climate targets of a fossil free transport sector.  Electric road system (ERS) has emerged to deal with drawbacks of electric vehicles. Several solutions are being evaluated at demonstration projects. Until now, ERS is mainly associated with heavy vehicles and the relation to passenger cars is not as clear, where this study explores the social advantages of ERS and passenger cars.  A case study is conducted, where an ERS implementation between Helsingborg and Malmö as part of the European route E6 in Sweden is modelled. The NPV with an economic lifespan of 20 years and an interest rate of 3.5 percent amounts to 350 MSEK, considered as high profitable. The CO2 emissions of the studied system would be reduced by 102 000 tonnes CO2, corresponding to a decrease of about 60 percent. Looking at the studied system, heavy trucks are contributing to the most impact. Nevertheless, there is great potential for passenger cars utilising ERS to decrease their emissions and fuel costs.  Several semi-structured interviews have been conducted to highlight the prevailing views of ERS and passenger cars and the impact of cost-benefit analysis (CBA) for decision-making of transport investments. Several diverse views of ERS and passenger cars exist. ERS is a large investment, where the main need is among heavy vehicles. However, the profitability would increase as the amount of vehicles utilising ERS increases. In a future road transport system, it is possible that several technologies such as ERS, fast chargers and autonomous vehicles could be utilised simultaneous, and complete each other rather than being substitutes. It is conceivable that ERS is planned out of the needs of heavy vehicles, where passenger cars might benefit of the system as well. More passenger cars would likely utilise ERS as it is implemented to a greater extent.  Further, CBA could provide a perception of the investment. However, it does not ensure that the projects are performed or chosen out of highest NPV, since several aspects besides the profitability are considered. Available information of ERS for CBA is yet limited and more data, such as effect relations is needed to facilitate well-founded decisions. In the future, it is likely that CBA of transport investments would become more complex, where several technologies would be considered. The transport sector will most likely alter, and existing assessment methods will presumably be adjusted in line with this. / Sverige är ett geografiskt stort och glesbefolkat land med ett stort behov av vägtransporter för såväl privatpersoner som för logistik. Inrikes vägtransport bidrar i stor utsträckning till luftföroreningar, där personbilar står för den största andelen av utsläppen. Den nuvarande minskningstakten av utsläpp är inte tillräcklig för att nå klimatmålen om en fossilfri transportsektor.  Elvägar (ERS) har utvecklats för att hantera utmaningar med elfordon. Flera lösningar av teknologin testas vid demonstrationsprojekt och hittills är ERS främst förknippat med tunga fordon. Dock är relationen till personbilar inte lika tydlig, där denna studie undersöker de samhälleliga fördelarna med ERS relaterat till personbilar.  En fallstudie har genomförts, där en installation av ERS mellan Helsingborg och Malmö som en del av E6 i Sverige modelleras. Nettonuvärdet med en ekonomisk livslängd på 20 år och en internränta om 3,5 procent uppgår till 350 MSEK, vilket betraktas som hög lönsam. Koldioxidutsläppen från det studerade systemet skulle minskas med 102 000 ton CO2, vilket motsvarar en minskning med drygt 60 procent. Utifrån det studerade systemet bidrar tunga lastbilar till den största inverkan. Likväl finns stor potential för personbilar att nyttja den installerade elvägen för att minska sina utsläpp och bränslekostnader.  Flera semistrukturerade intervjuer har genomförts för att lyfta fram de rådande synsätten på ERS och personbilar och effekterna av samhällsekonomiska analyser (CBA) vid beslutsfattande av transportinvesteringar. Det finns flera olika synsätt på ERS relaterat till personbilar. ERS är en stor investering, där det största behovet finns bland tunga fordon. Emellertid ökar lönsamheten med antalet fordon som använder systemet. I ett framtida vägtransportsystem är det möjligt att flera teknologier såsom ERS, snabbladdning av elbilar och autonoma fordon utnyttjas samtidigt och används som komplement istället för att ersätta varandra. Det är tänkbart att ERS planeras och installeras utifrån behoven hos tunga fordon, där även personbilar kan dra fördel av systemet. Dessutom är det sannolikt att fler personbilar skulle utnyttja ERS allteftersom det installeras i större utsträckning.  Vidare kan CBA ge en uppfattning om investeringen. Det säkerställer dock inte att projekten genomförs eller väljs utifrån högsta nettonuvärde, eftersom flera aspekter utöver lönsamheten beaktas. Tillgänglig information om ERS för CBA är ännu begränsad och mer data såsom effektsamband behövs för att säkerställa välgrundade beslut. I framtiden är det troligt att CBA av transportinvesteringar blir mer komplexa, där flera tekniker behöver beaktas. Transportsektorn kommer sannolikt att förändras, och befintliga bedömningsmetoder kommer förmodligen att anpassas i linje med detta.

Smart technology, such as the internet of things, artificial intelligence, and big data, provides consumers with a new level of convenience through various smart-connected products (SCPs). Although many experts have increasingly warned about the privacy vulnerability issues of various SCPs, consumers often underestimate privacy risks when adopting smart technology. Accordingly, this dissertation presents a literature review and three empirical studies that examine the privacy problems and suggest new concepts and models for a deeper understanding of the privacy suspension phenomenon. The first chapter reviews the literature related to the privacy suspension phenomenon by integrating the antecedents of consumers' privacy concerns. New concepts of privacy concerns, such as active and inactive privacy concerns, are suggested along with multiple propositions for the proposed privacy suspension theory, which extends the dimension of ambivalence toward trust and distrust regarding smart technology. The second chapter presents the proposed privacy–common good trade-off model and three assumptions related to privacy trade- offs, privacy reduction, and anchoring effects in the sustainable smart-connected car context. This study also discusses the relationships between governments, companies, and consumers regarding the effects of the common good of sustainability and government subsidies. The third chapter evaluates the mediation effects between sustainability, trust, privacy concerns, disclosure intentions, and purchase intentions when purchasing sustainable smart-connected cars based on the proposed sustainability–trust–behavior model. Finally, the fourth chapter provides a practical solution to resolve privacy suspension issues using the design science research approach. This study proposes privacy information type characteristics to evaluate SCPs' tailored data collection capabilities, visualizing them through a spider diagram design method with nudges. / Doctor of Philosophy / This dissertation discusses the consumer privacy suspension phenomenon when adopting smart technology. The first chapter summarizes existing studies regarding privacy concerns, trust, distrust, and ambivalence in adopting technology. It also proposes new concepts of privacy concerns and outlines the unique relationship between consumer privacy concerns and ambivalence toward trust and distrust in smart-connected products, thus helping readers understand why consumers reduce privacy concerns when adopting smart technology. The second chapter presents an empirical study that examines how consumers trade their privacy for the common good of sustainability based on the proposed privacy–common good trade-off model and outlines three key assumptions in the sustainable smart-connected car context. The third chapter discusses the roles of sustainability and trust when consumers decide to disclose their personal information and purchase sustainable smart-connected cars based on the proposed sustainability–trust–behavior model. Last, the fourth chapter provides a practical solution to improve the current inefficient privacy notification systems that cannot apply to different smart-connected products due to various smart sensors collecting different types of personal information. Thus, this dissertation contributes to a deeper understanding of the consumer privacy suspension phenomenon and how sustainability benefits can mitigate the conflicting interests between governments, companies, and consumers when adopting smart technology. In addition, the suggested practical solution using the design science research approach can help consumers make better privacy decisions when purchasing smart-connected products.

The automotive market is one of the most highly sensitive spheres of business, which reacts sensitively to fluctuations in the external environment. Ekaterinburg presents all the leading leading automotive brands of Russian and foreign manufacturers, which leads to a high level of competition, both at the level of automobile brands and at the level of competition between dealer centers representing one brand, but belonging to different automobile holdings. The relevance of the research topic is conditioned by the possibility of diversifying the directions of the automobile enterprise, which allows to obtain a competitive advantage and, ultimately, to surpass similar companies on the market by opening a new specialized car showroom with mileage. Practical significance of the study Based on the results of a comprehensive marketing research of consumers' preferences and conducted sociological survey, the development trends of the Russian market of cars with mileage have been revealed and the necessity of opening a car dealership in Yekaterinburg has been proved. The method of forming the price of a car dealership for cars with a mileage is proposed, taking into account the cost of the following stages of preparing the car for sale: determining the input price, pre-sale preparation, determining the liquidity of the model / brand, having an extended warranty, carrying out transactions involving the programs of importers of authorized dealers. Structure of work The master's thesis consists of an introduction, three chapters, a conclusion and a list of sources used. The work contains 116 pages, 5 tables, 47 drawings and 1 appendix. The first chapter of the dissertation examines the main theoretical approaches to business planning, the proposed forms of business plans adopted for use in Russian and foreign practice, as well as examples of business planning in the automotive industry. In the second chapter, an analysis of the dynamics of the automotive market in Russia in 2014-2016, as well as an analysis of trends based on data on the sale of cars in 2017, presents the results of a marketing study of consumer preferences in the field of cars in Ekaterinburg. In the third chapter, the key characteristics for the organization of sales of cars with mileage are determined, the business plan of a new car showroom with mileage has been calculated, the analyst of the formation of prices for cars has been carried out, a method for the formation of prices for cars with a mileage for a motor show has been proposed. The structure of the work corresponds to the stated goal of the thesis. / Автомобильный рынок - одна из самых высокочувствительных сфер бизнеса, которая чутко реагирует на колебания внешней среды. В Екатеринбурге представлены все основные ведущие автомобильные бренды российских и зарубежных производителей, что ведет к высокому уровню конкуренции, как на уровне автомобильных брендов, так и на уровне конкуренции между дилерскими центрами, представляющими один бренд, но принадлежащими разным автомобильным холдингам. Актуальность темы исследования обусловлена возможностью диверсификации направлений автомобильного предприятия, которая позволяет получить конкурентное преимущество и, в конечном итоге, превзойти аналогичные компании на рынке при помощи открытия нового специализированного автосалона автомобилей с пробегом. Практическая значимость исследования По результатам комплексного маркетингового исследования предпочтений потребителей и проведенного социологического опроса, выявлены тенденции развития российского рынка автомобилей с пробегом и доказана необходимость открытия в Екатеринбурге автосалона автомобилей с пробегом. Предложен метод формирования цены автосалона на автомобили с пробегом, с учетом стоимости следующих этапов подготовки автомобиля к продаже: определение входной цены, проведение предпродажной подготовки, определение ликвидности модели/марки, наличие продленной гарантии, проведение сделки с участием программ импортеров официальных дилеров. Структура работы Магистерская диссертация состоит из введения, трёх глав, заключения и списка использованных источников. Работа содержит 116 страниц, 5 таблиц, 47 рисунков и 1 приложение. В первой главе диссертации рассматриваются основные теоретические подходы к бизнес-планированию, предлагаемые формы бизнес-планов, принятые к использованию в российской и зарубежной практике, а также рассмотрены примеры бизнес-планирования в предприятиях автомобильной отрасли. Во второй главе проведен анализ динамики автомобильного рынка России в 2014-2016 гг., а также представлен анализ тенденций на основе данных по реализации автомобилей в 2017 г., представлены результаты проведенного маркетингового исследования предпочтений потребителей в сфере легкового автотранспорта г. Екатеринбурга. В третьей главе определены ключевые характеристики для организации продаж автомобилей с пробегом, произведен расчет бизнес-плана нового автосалона автомобилей с пробегом, проведена аналитика формирования цен на автомобили пробегом, предложен метод формирования цены на автомобили с пробегом для автосалона. Структура работы соответствует заявленной цели диссертации.

Магистерская работа посвящена совершенствованию системы транспортных налогов Китая, с целью их экологизации. Пояснительная записка состоит из введения, 3 глав и заключения. В первой главе рассматриваются вопросы обложения транспортных средств в Российской Федерации и в Китае, а также исследуются виды воздействия транспорта на окружающую среду. Во второй главе анализируется развития автопарка в России и в Китае, делается вывод о его значительном влиянии на окружающую среду, исследуются объемы выбросов от транспортных средств в атмосферу, а также поступления по группе транспортных налогов и других обязательных платежей в бюджетную систему государств. В третьей главе предлагается изменение системы транспортных налогов Китая, связанных с эксплуатацией транспортных средств с целью придания им большего экологического характера. / The master's thesis is devoted to improving the system of transport taxes in China, with the goal of greening them. The explanatory note consists of introduction, 3 chapters and conclusion. The first chapter discusses the issues of vehicle taxation in the Russian Federation and China, and explores the types of environmental impacts of transport. The second chapter analyzes the development of the vehicle fleet in Russia and China, concludes that it has a significant impact on the environment, examines the volume of emissions from vehicles into the atmosphere, as well as revenues from the group of transport taxes and other obligatory payments to the state budget system. The third chapter proposes a change in the system of transport taxes in China associated with the operation of vehicles in order to give them a greater environmental character.

Background. This research centers on tackling the serious global problem of trafficaccidents. With more than a million deaths each year and numerous injuries, it’svital to predict and prevent these accidents. By combining satellite images and dataon accidents, this study uses a mix of advanced learning methods to build a modelthat can foresee accidents. This model aims to improve how accurately we predictaccidents and understand what causes them. Ultimately, this could lead to betterroad safety, smoother maintenance, and even benefits for self-driving cars and insurance. Objective.The objective of this thesis is to create a predictive model that improvesthe accuracy of traffic accident severity forecasts by integrating satellite imagery andhistorical accident data and comparing this model with stand-alone data models.Through this hybrid approach, the aim is to enhance prediction precision and gaindeeper insights into the underlying factors contributing to accidents, thereby potentially aiding in the reduction of accidents and their resulting impact. Method.The proposed method involves doing a literature review to find currentimage recognition models and then experimentation by training a Logistic Regression, Random Forest, SVM classifier, VGG19, and the hybrid model using the CNNand VGG19 and then comparing their performance using metrics mentioned in thethesis work. Results.The performance of the proposed method is evaluated using various metrics, including precision, recall, F1 score, and confusion matrix, on a large datasetof labeled images. The results indicate that a high accuracy of 81.7% is achieved indetecting traffic accident severity through our proposed approach where the modelbuilt on individual structural data and image data got an accuracy of 58.4% and72.5%. The potential utilization of our proposed method can detect safe and dangerous locations for accidents. Conclusion.The predictive modeling of Traffic accidents are performed using thethree different types of datasets which are structural data, satellite images, and acombination of both. The finalized architectures are an SVM classifier, VGG19, anda hybrid input model using CNN and VGG19. These models are compared in orderto find the best-performing approach. The results indicate that our hybrid modelhas the best accuracy with 81.7% indicating a strong performance by the model.