Since the United Nations adopted the 2030 Agenda and introduced its 17 Sustainable Development Goals in 2015, governments all over the world are working on implementing the framework into national, regional and local levels of administration to reach its targets. Climate-related challenges, including the reduction of CO2 emissions, are often met by using climate mitigation tools such as electric vehicles in sustainable transport matters. Due to this international endeavor, comparisons between partaking member states demonstrate achievements and failures of regulations and contribute to a better understanding and learning from other’s experience. In this thesis, the situation in Norway and Germany is analyzed by addressing the differences and similarities in both countries in establishing battery-driven cars on the markets. The political and socio-economic factors, including the associated variables political structure and policies, the energy and car market, the efforts in developing a sufficient infrastructure with charging stations, the consumers’ behavior and the share of renewable energy sources in the overall electricity production, are described. The framework of policy transfer as well as the comparative analysis assist to conceive the link between political structures and policies in both countries and the outcomes of their political decision-making processes. The analysis shows immense disparities in the implementation of electric vehicles due to the countries’ histories and developments of climate-related policies. Furthermore, the transition of transport not only depends on political stakeholders and advocacy groups but also on the willingness of the citizenry to adopt the new technology.

Autonomous vehicles are regularly predicted to be on the verge of broad integration into regular traffic. A crucial aspect of successful traffic interactions is one agent’s ability to adequately understand other agents’ capabilities and limitations. Within the current state of the art concerning self-driving cars, there is a discrepancy between what people tend to believe the capabilities of self-driving cars are, and what those capabilities actually are. The aim of this study was to investigate whether people attribute the capacity of object permanence to self-driving cars roughly in the same manner as they would to a human driver. The study was conducted with online participants (N = 105). The results showed that the participants did not attribute object permanence differently between a self-driven car and a human driver. This indicates that people attribute object permanence similarly to self-driving cars as they do toward human drivers. Furthermore, the results indicate no connection between participants’ tendency to anthropomorphize and whether they attributed object permanence or not. The findings provide evidence for the issues connected to the perceptual belief problem in human-robot interaction, where people attribute capabilities to autonomous vehicles that are not there. The results highlight the importance of understanding which mechanisms underlie these attributions as well as when they happen, in order to mitigate unrealistic expectations.

Purpose. In Sweden, private commuting accounts for two third of total transportation emissions and 21% of the country’s total. To become net-zero by 2045, Sweden plans to have 2 million electric cars on the roads by 2030. Whereas with current pace, there will be 1 million electric cars by the end of the decade. Cars registered before 2016 (referred to as old cars in the study) make up nearly half of the Swedish car fleet. Thus, replacing the old emission intensive cars with the modern lower or zero emission cars will catalyze the decarbonization of Swedish transport sector. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to probe if it is economical to keep using an old car in the future or to replace it with a new one. Methods. This study first compares the next 13-year Total Cost of Ownership (TCO) of old V70 (having current milage 200,000 km) with that of new replacement cars. The (selected) replacement are the most registered modern-day cars in Sweden by fuel type having same size as that of V70: V60 (ICE), V60 (PHEV) and Tesla Model 3 (BEV). Moreover, using TCO framework, the study also estimates if the replacement is more economical now or sometime in the future with either new replacement cars or their (4-year) used models. Results. The results show that for next 13-years in Sweden, it is more economical to replace the old V70 with any of the replacement cars. However, Tesla Model 3 is the cheapest option among the new cars and V60 (PHEV) among the used cars. Overall, it is more economical to replace with a used car. In addition, the replacement is most economical if done immediately (in 2022) and gets more expensive by each year of delay- because the owner will have to incur relatively higher V70 costs (vis-à-vis the replacement cars) for an additional year. Sensitivity analysis shows that with higher current salvage value, a V70 gets more expensive to own in next 13 years (due to higher depreciation) whereas the replacement becomes cheaper (utilizing higher salvage value to buy the replacement car). Discussion. The study can be expanded to suggest economical and emission efficient replacement options for other old cars to accelerate the decarbonization of Swedish private transport sector. Furthermore, this study was done in collaboration with Mekonomen Group to see the financial worth of old ICE car replacement by its customers. The study results reinforce the group’s diversification strategy from ICE cars-oriented business model to BEVs as the top focus. Finally, this study is based on the assumption that the total number of cars in Sweden will not increase in future- the old gets replaced by the new. Therefore, from a holistic perspective, the study discusses that a sustainable transportation model should move away from private ownership towards shared mobility to avoid the rebound effects of technological efficiency that increase the overall resource consumption.

Command and control (C2) environments are complex, dynamic and rich in information. Thus, measuring the performance of an agent in a C2-system, in this case a platoon commander, poses a challenging task for the researcher. To measure the performance of a platoon commander in this thesis, the OODA loop is used as a model for representing the four processes in which the platoon commander is engaged in during a military C2 mission. In accordance with these processes, performance measurements for the platoon commander are identified. The relevance of the performance measurements, to the C2 tasks and goals of the platoon commander, are tested through three studies conducted in a simulated warfare scenario, and two workshops, one with a platoon commander and one with two scientists. As a result of the studies and workshops, an assessment tool for measuring the C2 tasks and goals of the platoon commander, is developed. This assessment tool consists of modified versions of the Crew Awareness Rating Scale (CARS), the Situation Awareness Global Assessment Technique (SAGAT) and the NASA-Task Load Index (NASA-TLX), as well as generic performance measurements measuring fratricide, deaths and completion of overarching goal.

El trabajo de investigación presentado tiene como objetivo general poder brindar servicios automovilísticos especializados a domicilio , a personas que carezcan de tiempo u otros motivos para acudir a talleres, por lo que se les brindará servicios de autos por medio de un aplicativo denominado E-caniqo ,el cual se encuentra dirigido al mercado meta que son personas de Lima Metropolitana , entre los 20 y 50 años correspondientes al nivel socioeconómico NSE A y B,que posean autos de origen europeo, coreano o japonés. Por ello,para poder analizar la viabilidad del modelo de negocio se tomará en cuenta un enfoque de investigación el cual es mixto, a quienes se les entregará un diseño de investigación experimental . Para ello, se llevan a cabo varios experimentos para la validación de nuestro proyecto los cuales consisten en prototipos, entrevistas a expertos y usuarios, sitio web propio, publicidad para crecimiento en redes sociales y aumento de interacciones, esto se lleva a cabo con el objetivo de medir el nivel de aceptación y el grado de satisfacción de de nuestros destinatarios. Por otro lado, la factibilidad económica de nuestro proyecto se mide en base a proyecciones financieras que incluyen costos, gastos, ingresos e inversiones que nos permiten verificar la escalabilidad del negocio y su potencial futuro para hacerlo sustentable en el tiempo. Los resultados de nuestras validaciones indican que posibles clientes consideran válido el proyecto, teniendo una intención de compra obtenida con publicidad pagada,además teniendo en cuenta el retorno de la inversión ,de la misma manera la utilidad esperada ,en donde validaremos la sostenibilidad del negocio. / The research work presents as a general objective to be able to provide specialized car services at home, to people who lack time or other reasons to go to mechanical workshops, for which they will be provided car services through an application called E-caniqo, which is aimed at the target market that are people from Metropolitan Lima, between 20 and 50 years old corresponding to the socioeconomic level NSE A and B, who own cars of European, Korean or Japanese origin. Therefore, in order to analyze the viability of the business model, a research approach will be taken into account, which is mixed, to whom an experimental research design will be delivered. For this, several experiments are carried out for the validation of our project which consist of prototypes, interviews with experts and users, our own website, advertising for growth in social networks and increased interactions. This is carried out with the objective to measure the level of acceptance and the degree of satisfaction of our recipients. On the other hand, the economic feasibility of our project is measured based on financial projections that include costs, expenses, income and investments that allow us to verify the scalability of the business and its future potential to make it sustainable over time. The results of our validations indicate that potential clients consider the project valid, having a purchase intention obtained with paid advertising, also taking into account the return on investment, in the same way the expected profit, where we will validate the sustainability of the business. / Trabajo de investigación

Artificiell intelligens är en form av teknik som blir vanligare inom samhället. I takt med att tekniken utvecklas blir även diskussionen inom området mer utvecklad vilket resulterat i att eventuella problem och möjligheter blivit mer tillgänglig information. Det finns en avsaknad av tankar och förväntningar från privatpersoners synvinkel inom ämnet vilket kan ses som negativt då de förväntas vara en majoritet av användarbasen för tekniken. Eftersom denna typ av teknik förutspås ta över ett större ansvar av mänskliga uppgifter är det viktigt att klarlägga olika typer av tillvägagångssätt samt utvecklingsperspektiv i syfte att skapa ett hälsosamt och välfungerande AI-system till respektive områden. Studien syftar till att belysa bidragande faktorer till attityder och åsikter relaterade specifikt till AI-styrda fordon ur privatpersoners perspektiv samt hur dessa kan påverka en eventuell implementering och använder sig av en kvalitativ metod. Den data som används inom arbetet har samlats in via semistrukturerade intervjuer med personer som anmält att de vill delta i studien. Analysen genomförs baserat på innovationsspridningsteorin (IDT) och relevant tidigare forskning för att undersöka vad som påverkar användare att adoptera tekniken eller inte. Faktorer som identifierades vara påverkande för adoptionsprocessen var oro över att tekniken inte skulle fungera på ett kompatibelt sätt med mänskliga värderingar, ett krav på utförlig testning samt möjligheten till att reducera olyckor eller klimatpåverkan relaterat till trafik. Utifrån dessa faktorer härleddes förslag till implementeringsprocesser vilket bestod av expanderande statligt kontrollerad testning inom kollektivtrafiken, tydligt klarlagda strukturella regler och avgränsningar samt ett främjande av de positiva faktorer som möjliggörs av AI-styrda fordon. Detta främjande kan genomföras med en effektiv kommunikation som drar nytta av vår bristfällliga rationella beslutsprocess och använder starka känslomässiga intryck. / Artificial intelligence is a form of technology that is becoming increasingly more common within society. As the technology evolves, the discussion within the subject is also increasing which has made information about eventual problems and possibilities more public. There is a shortage of thoughts and expectations from the private individual’s point of view regarding this topic which can be a negative thing due to this group being expected to make up the majority of the technology’s user base. Because this type of technology is predicted to take on a larger responsibility of human tasks it is important to clarify different approaches and development perspectives in order to create a healthy and well-functioning AI-system within respective areas. The study intends to highlight contributing factors to attitudes and opinions specifically related to AI-controlled vehicles from the public's view as well as how these can affect an eventual implementation and is carried out with a qualitative method. The data that is used is gathered through semi-structured interviews with people that expressed interest in participating in the study. The analysis is based on the diffusion of innovations theory (IDT) and relevant earlier research in order to examine what influences users to adopt the technology or not. The factors that were identified to be affecting this process were worry that the technology would not work in a compatible way with human values, a demand for extensive testing as well as the possibility to reduce accidents or the affect on climate related to traffic. Several suggestions for implementation were derived from these factors which consisted of continuous expanded testing within public transport regulated by the state, clear structural rules and limitations as well as a promotion of the positive factors made possible by AI-controlled vehicles. This promotion can be done through effective communication which takes advantage of our flawed rational decision making and uses strong emotional impressions.

Cette thèse propose que les entreprises puissent être maîtres de leur politique de connexion, en se basant sur des objectifs métier et en utilisant la connaissance interne qu’elles ont de leurs usagers et de tâches, et qu’elles les transmettent vers les opérateurs réseau. L’eCAPS (enterprise Context Aware Policy System) proposé permet aux organisations de différencier les activités professionnelles et non-professionnelles engendrées par les usagers BYOD (Bring Your Own Device) et ainsi de mettre en œuvre des politiques de décision pour les ressources, les niveaux de priorité et même le choix du réseau d’accès. En étendant un moteur context‐aware pour évaluer le contexte de risque lié aux requêtes de connectivité, l’entreprise doit pouvoir déterminer les actions relatives aux requêtes de services à haut risque tout en prenant en compte l’impact métier. La solution proposée utilise des extensions des standards 3GPP pour permettre à l’entreprise d’agir comme un MVNO (Mobile Virtual Network Operator) ou un Sponsor de service data. Ainsi, la proposition de la fonctionnalité ‘Defer‐Back’ facilite le transfert d’utilisations personnelles vers l’opérateur de réseau, et ce, en accord avec les souhaits des utilisateurs. Les profils de contexte sont évalués suivant un modèle Business et Risque. Ce modèle calcule les valeurs des attributs de Crédibilité des sources, qui sont estimées en fonction de leur caractéristiques comme la confiance (fiabilité, stabilité des données) , la précision (gestion des erreurs) et la précision (résolution et proximité). Les politiques enterprise sont appliquées via un système de priorité multi‐niveau adaptable, combinant ainsi observations et préférences. Un nouvel algorithme (Cedar: Corroborative Evidential Diminishing Aggregation Rating) est proposé pour définir et agréger une ‘évidence’. Il augmente proportionnellement les attributs concordants et diminue les attributs non‐concordants. Cedar satisfait un grand de besoins et surperforme les méthodes traditionnelles, en particulier en ce qui concerne sa prise en compte de l’incertitude et des conflits. La solution multi‐facette proposée eCAPS donne lieu à un grand nombre d’applications, dont quatre sont décrites dans la thèse. De plus, l’étude de cas présentée ‘MNVO Automotive’ donne un plus de détail sur un cas particulier nécessitant la fusion de politiques parmi plusieurs parties‐prenantes. L’approche proposée, l’Arbre de Crédibilité Cedar’, qui intègre agrégation corroborative et mesure de la crédibilité, devrait avoir un impact significatif dans le domaine, en particulier sur le contexte comportemental et sur le diagnostique / This thesis suggests that the enterprise should determine its own connectivity policies and convey them to the network carrier. This allows selecting service delivery options based on business goals, using corporate internal knowledge of users and tasks. The proposed eCAPS (enterprise Context Aware Policy System) allows organizations to distinguish between business and personal requests that are generated by BYOD (Bring Your Own Device) users. This enables enterprises to make policy decisions about resourcing, priority levels, automatic funding and even choice of access networks. By extending the model to evaluated risks, the enterprise could determine mitigating actions for high risk service requests, moderated by business priorities. The network solution utilizes extended 3GPP interfaces, to enable the enterprise to act as a Mobile Virtual Network Operator (MVNO) or as a Sponsor of data services. The proposed ‘Defer‐Back’ feature facilitates deferring personal usage back to the carrier, to be treated as a personal service. The solution contains a Business and Risk model that determines the profile of each service request. This model computes attributes’ inherent values from the Credibility of their sources, which is estimated by their digital characteristics, such as confidence (reliability, data stability), accuracy (error‐management) and precision (resolution and proximity). Corporate policy is injected via multi‐level customizable prioritization, thus combining observations with preferences. To aggregate the evidential information, a new algorithm (Cedar: Corroborative Evidential Diminishing Aggregation Rating) is proposed, which proportionally augments concordant attributes and decrements discordant ones. Cedar satisfies a challenging range of requirements and outperforms popular methods, especially due to its robustness and logical handling of uncertainty and conflict. The proposed multi‐facet eCAPS solution has many applications, of which four are included. Additionally, a case study of an MVNO Automotive is described, which necessitates joining multistakeholders’ policy. The ‘Cedar Credibility Tree’ approach, with corroborative aggregation and measured Credibility, has far reaching utility, especially in behavioral context and diagnosis

This dissertation is a response to the negative trends in urban mobility, which led many authors to conclude on the need for a new approach to personal transport in the cities. The work has creative character, but in the conceptual level, it is taking into account the specific needs of sustainable urban mobility and build on the existing innovative transport solutions. The result of dissertation is a vehicle vision, understood as an element of urban mobility that respects the character of the zones of free movement of persons, but it is also suitable for transport over longer distances.

In the context of designing and implementing ethical Artificial Intelligence (AI), varying perspectives exist regarding developing trustworthy AI for autonomous cars. This study sheds light on the differences in perspectives and provides recommendations to minimize such divergences. By exploring the diverse viewpoints, we identify key factors contributing to the differences and propose strategies to bridge the gaps. This study goes beyond the trolley problem to visualize the complex challenges of trustworthy and ethical AI. Three pillars of trustworthy AI have been defined: transparency, reliability, and safety. This research contributes to the field of trustworthy AI for autonomous cars, providing practical recommendations to enhance the development of AI systems that prioritize both technological advancement and ethical principles.

This study examines the potential of electrification in reducing greenhouse gas emissions and air pollution from passenger cars in a short- to mid-term time perspective. Using Stockholm County as a case study, this has been done in a three-step process by modeling the relative change in emissions between 2019 and 2030. Firstly, four scenarios have been created for 2030, each of which state the number of gasoline cars, diesel cars, PHEVs and EVs in use on a municipality-level. Secondly, for each scenario, the movement of traffic has been modeled on a car-by-car basis using the Scaper/MATSim transportation model at KTH. Thirdly, using emission factors from HBEFA, an emission model for 17 pollutants has been created for the modeling of hot emissions, cold start emissions, evaporation losses and non-exhaust emissions. Compared to 2019 emission levels, with EVs and PHEVs accounting for 64.5 % of the car fleet, the optimistic scenarios suggest that emissions of CO2, NMHC and NOx could decrease by up to 43.6, 63.5 and 84.7 %, respectively, by 2030. Besides electrification, for NMHC and NOx, these emission reductions are largely a result of technological improvements of combustion vehicles. Conversely, emissions of particulate matter (PM10 and PM2.5) are projected to increase by up to 45.6 % in the optimistic scenarios. Roughly corresponding to the increase in the total driving distance, this increase can be attributed to the lower cost of driving of electric cars and the projected population increase of 15.5 %.