Huawei représente un des exemples les plus remarquables de rattrapage réussi par les firmes chinoises. Ayant démarré ses activités en 1987, cette entreprise est maintenant classée deuxième équipementier de télécommunications dans le monde, derrière Ericsson. Dans cette recherche, les sources de compétitivité de Huawei sont étudiées à travers un cas longitudinal incluant tous les évènements majeurs de 1987 à 2011. Ces évènements sont analysés selon 3 unités principales : produit/marché et technologie, relations avec les autres firmes et routines. A cette fin, la littérature sur les ressources (RBV), les compétences dynamiques, les réseaux, et les routines, est mobilisée. La littérature sur le rattrapage technologique et économique est aussi utilisée. Quatre phases sont identifiées et analysées. Ensuite, une analyse longitudinale est réalisée, afin de mettre en valeur les trajectoires de Huawei selon les trois unités d'analyse. Enfin, le style stratégique de Huawei est analysé, afin d'identifier les principes généraux qui ont guidé ses décisions stratégiques au cours de son histoire. Les limitations, les contributions à la recherche à la pratique des entreprises, ainsi que des pistes de recherche sont étudiées. / Huawei is one of the most remarkable examples of sucessful catching-up among chinese companies. It started its activities nearly from scratch in 1987, and is now ranked second telecommunications equipment vendor in the world, after Ericsson. In this research the sources of competitiveness of Huawei are investigated using a longitudinal case study (of arond 100 pages) including all major events from 1987 to 2011. These events are analysed according to three main units: product/market and technology decisions, relationships with other firms, and routines. For this analysis, reference is made to several literature streams, namely the resource-based view, the dynamic capability approach, the network approach and the routines-related literature. The catching-up literature is also mobilised. Four different phases are identified and analysed. Then a longitudinal analysis is conducted for the three analysis untis in order to identify the strategic path of Huawei. Finally, an analysis of the strategic style of Huawei is conducted, in order to identify the general principles that have guided strategic decisions overt the company's history. Limitations, possible contributions to literature and practice are discussed, as well as research directions.

Introdução: Déficits de altura-para-idade (DAI) descrevem falhas no crescimento da criança e estão associados a condições de saúde e socioeconômicas. Evidências sugerem que intervenções durante os primeiros 1000 dias de vida são mais efetivas para reduzir a carga global de DAI. Entretanto, há evidências de recuperação do DAI após este período, fenômeno chamado de catch-up growth (CUG). O CUG descreve um rápido crescimento linear que permite o indivíduo acelerar para e, em condições favoráveis, voltar a sua curva de crescimento pré-doença. Contudo, não há uniformidade na definição operacional de CUG e existem divergências acerca do melhor mensurador do CUG, fator decisivo nas conclusões sobre o tema. Objetivos: Analisar evidências de crescimento acelerado entre crianças e adolescentes de populações multiétnicas utilizando distintas formas de mensuração e caracterizar aspectos epidemiológicos do CUG. Métodos: Utilizaram-se bases de dados de populações multiétnicas. Medidas de altura foram convertidas em escore-z a partir do padrão e referência OMS (2006/07). O CUG foi avaliado pelo escore-z altura-para-idade (HAZ) e pela diferença altura-para-idade (HAD), em centímetros, por meio da variação destes índices e pela canalização do crescimento, utilizando três valores de amplitude de canal (0,67, 0,75 e 0,86 desvio-padrão), assim como pela recuperação do DAI inicial. Os efeitos dos fatores associados ao crescimento sobre o CUG foram estimados em modelos de regressão de Poisson e análise multinível. Entre as variáveis independentes configuraram características socioeconômicas, maternas e da criança e variável contextual indicando o nível de desenvolvimento do país. Resultados: Nas coortes Young Lives e nas Filipinas o HAZ declinou nas idades iniciais e aumentou até o último seguimento. O HAD, contudo, indicou aumento do déficit de altura até o último acompanhamento. Em São Paulo e na Grã-Bretanha ambos índices apresentaram incremento entre os períodos inicial e final, indicando melhoria do estado nutricional. Houve desigualdade de ambos indicadores entre os estratos socioeconômicos. Maiores prevalências de DAI ocorreram nos países menos desenvolvidos, em áreas rurais, em domicílios sem acesso a saneamento e em indivíduos com baixo peso ao nascer, episódios de diarreia na infância e cujas mães possuíam baixa estatura e menor escolaridade; houve relação dose-resposta com o quinto de renda. Houve substancial recuperação do DAI em todos países, com maiores taxas nos mais desenvolvidos. A incidência de CUG a cada cinco anos variou de 7,9% a 15,4% entre 1 e 12 anos de idade e foi 1% nas Filipinas entre 0 e 19 anos. Em todos os estudos, o grupo com DAI inicial obteve as maiores incidências. A maior parte dos indivíduos que se recuperaram do DAI inicial apresentaram crescimento acelerado considerando os três limites de canalização. O número de eventos de CUG durante a trajetória de crescimento foi o principal determinante da ocorrência de CUG final e recuperação do DAI, bem como o grau de DAI inicial e o estrato socioeconômico. Os efeitos randômicos sobre estes desfechos variaram em torno de 9%. Conclusões: Os resultados indicam potencial para o CUG e recuperação do DAI. O uso de distintos mensuradores levou a interpretações divergentes acerca da ocorrência de CUG. / Introduction: Height-for-age déficits (stunting) describe failures in child growth and are associated with health and socioeconomic conditions. Evidence suggests that interventions during the first 1000 days of life are more effective in reducing the overall burden of stunting. However, there is evidence of recovery of stunting after this period, a phenomenon called catch-up growth (CUG). CUG describes a rapid linear growth that allows the individual to accelerate to and, under favorable conditions, return to their pre-disease growth curve. However, there is no uniformity in the operational definition of CUG and there are disagreements about the best CUG measurer, a decisive factor in the conclusions about the subject. Objectives: To analyze evidence of accelerated growth among children and adolescents of multiethnic populations using different forms of measurement and to characterize the epidemiological aspects of CUG. Methods: Databases of multiethnic populations were used. Height measurements were converted to z-score from the WHO standard and reference (2006/07). The CUG was evaluated by height-for-age z-score (HAZ) and height-for-age difference (HAD), in centimeters, by variation of these indices and by canalisation of growth, using three values of amplitude (0.67, 0.75 and 0.86 standard deviation), as well as by recovery of the initial stunting. The effects of growth-related factors on CUG were estimated in Poisson regression models and multilevel analysis. Among the independent variables configured socioeconomic, maternal and child characteristics and a contextual variable indicating the level of development of the country. Results: In the Young Lives Cohorts and in the Philippines HAZ declined in the early ages and increased until the last follow-up. HAD, however, indicated an increase in height deficit until the last follow up. In São Paulo and Great Britain, both indexes showed an increase between the initial and final periods, indicating an improvement in nutritional status. There was inequality of both indicators among the socioeconomic strata. Higher prevalence of stunting occurred in less developed countries, in rural areas, in households without access to sanitation, and in individuals with low birth weight, episodes of childhood diarrhea and whose mothers had short stature and lower schooling; there was a dose-response relationship with the income. There was a substantial recovery of stunting in all countries, with higher rates in the most developed. The incidence of CUG every five years ranged from 7.9% to 15.4% between 1 and 12 years of age and was 1% in the Philippines between 0 and 19 years. In all studies, the group with initial stunting had the highest incidence. Most of the individuals who recovered from the initial stunting presented accelerated growth considering the three canalisation limits. The number of CUG events during the growth trajectory was the main determinant of the occurrence of final CUG and recovery of the stunting, as well as the degree of initial stunting and the socioeconomic stratum. The random effects on these outcomes varied around 9%. Conclusions: The results indicate potential for CUG and recovery of stunting. The use of different measurers led to divergent interpretations regarding the occurrence of CUG.

Esta tese compara as estratégias de catch-up aeronáutico de Brasil, Argentina, Indonésia, Japão, China e Rússia ao longo da segunda metade do século XX e começos dos anos 2000. Mais especificamente, examina os modos como esses países tentaram desenvolver empresas capazes de projetar, produzir e comercializar aviões civis para o mercado interno e externo. Partindo das noções de sistema tecnoprodutivo, distância da fronteira tecnológica e catch-up industrial, foi desenvolvido um modelo analítico dos fatores que explicam o sucesso ou o fracasso de cada um dos casos estudados. À reconstrução histórica segui-se a comparação formal dos casos por meio de um modelo de análise qualitativa comparada (QCA) composto por três dimensões: estratégia de aprendizagem tecnoprodutiva; fatores institucionais; fator empresarial. Os resultados da reconstrução histórica e do modelo de análise qualitativa comparada indicam que a estratégia de aprendizagem tecnoprodutiva e os fatores institucionais são aspectos altamente relevantes da explicação do sucesso ou fracasso das estratégias de catch-up aeronáutico. No entanto, apenas os sistemas tecnoprodutivos aeronáuticos que lograram desenvolver o fator empresarial, ou seja, formar uma empresa comercialmente orientada responsável pelo desenvolvimento, produção e comercialização de aviões, obtiveram pleno sucesso em suas tentativas de catch-up. A tese pretende, além de formalizar um modelo das estratégias de catch-up, contribuir para a reflexão mais ampla sobre as possibilidades de desenvolvimento industrial disponíveis aos países que atualmente se encontram a grande distância da fronteira tecnoprodutiva contemporânea. / This thesis compares aeronautical catch-up strategies in Brazil, Argentina, Indonesia, Japan, China and Russia during the second half of the 20th century and the beginning of the 2000s. In particular, it examines the ways in which these countries have tried to develop companies capable of designing, producing and selling civilian aircraft for domestic and foreign markets. Building on the notions of technoproductive system, distance to the technological frontier and industrial catch-up, we develop an analytical model of the factors that explain the success or failure of each of the cases examined. The historical reconstruction of the cases is followed by a formal comparison of cases by means of a model of qualitative comparative analysis (QCA) composed of three dimensions: technoproductive learning strategy; institutional factors; firm factor. The results of the historical reconstruction and of the comparative qualitative analysis indicate that technoproductive learning strategy and institutional factors are highly relevant aspects in explaining the success or failure of each aeronautical catch-up strategy. However, it is only the technoproductive aeronautical systems that succeed in developing the firm factor, ie, in forming a commercially oriented firm responsible for the development, production and commercialization of civil aircraft, that achieve full success in their attempts to catch-up. In addition to formalizing a model of catch-up strategies, this thesis contributes to a broader discussion on the possibilities of industrial development available to countries which are currently at a significant distance from the contemporary technoproductive frontier.

Esta tese compara as estratégias de catch-up aeronáutico de Brasil, Argentina, Indonésia, Japão, China e Rússia ao longo da segunda metade do século XX e começos dos anos 2000. Mais especificamente, examina os modos como esses países tentaram desenvolver empresas capazes de projetar, produzir e comercializar aviões civis para o mercado interno e externo. Partindo das noções de sistema tecnoprodutivo, distância da fronteira tecnológica e catch-up industrial, foi desenvolvido um modelo analítico dos fatores que explicam o sucesso ou o fracasso de cada um dos casos estudados. À reconstrução histórica segui-se a comparação formal dos casos por meio de um modelo de análise qualitativa comparada (QCA) composto por três dimensões: estratégia de aprendizagem tecnoprodutiva; fatores institucionais; fator empresarial. Os resultados da reconstrução histórica e do modelo de análise qualitativa comparada indicam que a estratégia de aprendizagem tecnoprodutiva e os fatores institucionais são aspectos altamente relevantes da explicação do sucesso ou fracasso das estratégias de catch-up aeronáutico. No entanto, apenas os sistemas tecnoprodutivos aeronáuticos que lograram desenvolver o fator empresarial, ou seja, formar uma empresa comercialmente orientada responsável pelo desenvolvimento, produção e comercialização de aviões, obtiveram pleno sucesso em suas tentativas de catch-up. A tese pretende, além de formalizar um modelo das estratégias de catch-up, contribuir para a reflexão mais ampla sobre as possibilidades de desenvolvimento industrial disponíveis aos países que atualmente se encontram a grande distância da fronteira tecnoprodutiva contemporânea. / This thesis compares aeronautical catch-up strategies in Brazil, Argentina, Indonesia, Japan, China and Russia during the second half of the 20th century and the beginning of the 2000s. In particular, it examines the ways in which these countries have tried to develop companies capable of designing, producing and selling civilian aircraft for domestic and foreign markets. Building on the notions of technoproductive system, distance to the technological frontier and industrial catch-up, we develop an analytical model of the factors that explain the success or failure of each of the cases examined. The historical reconstruction of the cases is followed by a formal comparison of cases by means of a model of qualitative comparative analysis (QCA) composed of three dimensions: technoproductive learning strategy; institutional factors; firm factor. The results of the historical reconstruction and of the comparative qualitative analysis indicate that technoproductive learning strategy and institutional factors are highly relevant aspects in explaining the success or failure of each aeronautical catch-up strategy. However, it is only the technoproductive aeronautical systems that succeed in developing the firm factor, ie, in forming a commercially oriented firm responsible for the development, production and commercialization of civil aircraft, that achieve full success in their attempts to catch-up. In addition to formalizing a model of catch-up strategies, this thesis contributes to a broader discussion on the possibilities of industrial development available to countries which are currently at a significant distance from the contemporary technoproductive frontier.

Introdução: Déficits de altura-para-idade (DAI) descrevem falhas no crescimento da criança e estão associados a condições de saúde e socioeconômicas. Evidências sugerem que intervenções durante os primeiros 1000 dias de vida são mais efetivas para reduzir a carga global de DAI. Entretanto, há evidências de recuperação do DAI após este período, fenômeno chamado de catch-up growth (CUG). O CUG descreve um rápido crescimento linear que permite o indivíduo acelerar para e, em condições favoráveis, voltar a sua curva de crescimento pré-doença. Contudo, não há uniformidade na definição operacional de CUG e existem divergências acerca do melhor mensurador do CUG, fator decisivo nas conclusões sobre o tema. Objetivos: Analisar evidências de crescimento acelerado entre crianças e adolescentes de populações multiétnicas utilizando distintas formas de mensuração e caracterizar aspectos epidemiológicos do CUG. Métodos: Utilizaram-se bases de dados de populações multiétnicas. Medidas de altura foram convertidas em escore-z a partir do padrão e referência OMS (2006/07). O CUG foi avaliado pelo escore-z altura-para-idade (HAZ) e pela diferença altura-para-idade (HAD), em centímetros, por meio da variação destes índices e pela canalização do crescimento, utilizando três valores de amplitude de canal (0,67, 0,75 e 0,86 desvio-padrão), assim como pela recuperação do DAI inicial. Os efeitos dos fatores associados ao crescimento sobre o CUG foram estimados em modelos de regressão de Poisson e análise multinível. Entre as variáveis independentes configuraram características socioeconômicas, maternas e da criança e variável contextual indicando o nível de desenvolvimento do país. Resultados: Nas coortes Young Lives e nas Filipinas o HAZ declinou nas idades iniciais e aumentou até o último seguimento. O HAD, contudo, indicou aumento do déficit de altura até o último acompanhamento. Em São Paulo e na Grã-Bretanha ambos índices apresentaram incremento entre os períodos inicial e final, indicando melhoria do estado nutricional. Houve desigualdade de ambos indicadores entre os estratos socioeconômicos. Maiores prevalências de DAI ocorreram nos países menos desenvolvidos, em áreas rurais, em domicílios sem acesso a saneamento e em indivíduos com baixo peso ao nascer, episódios de diarreia na infância e cujas mães possuíam baixa estatura e menor escolaridade; houve relação dose-resposta com o quinto de renda. Houve substancial recuperação do DAI em todos países, com maiores taxas nos mais desenvolvidos. A incidência de CUG a cada cinco anos variou de 7,9% a 15,4% entre 1 e 12 anos de idade e foi 1% nas Filipinas entre 0 e 19 anos. Em todos os estudos, o grupo com DAI inicial obteve as maiores incidências. A maior parte dos indivíduos que se recuperaram do DAI inicial apresentaram crescimento acelerado considerando os três limites de canalização. O número de eventos de CUG durante a trajetória de crescimento foi o principal determinante da ocorrência de CUG final e recuperação do DAI, bem como o grau de DAI inicial e o estrato socioeconômico. Os efeitos randômicos sobre estes desfechos variaram em torno de 9%. Conclusões: Os resultados indicam potencial para o CUG e recuperação do DAI. O uso de distintos mensuradores levou a interpretações divergentes acerca da ocorrência de CUG. / Introduction: Height-for-age déficits (stunting) describe failures in child growth and are associated with health and socioeconomic conditions. Evidence suggests that interventions during the first 1000 days of life are more effective in reducing the overall burden of stunting. However, there is evidence of recovery of stunting after this period, a phenomenon called catch-up growth (CUG). CUG describes a rapid linear growth that allows the individual to accelerate to and, under favorable conditions, return to their pre-disease growth curve. However, there is no uniformity in the operational definition of CUG and there are disagreements about the best CUG measurer, a decisive factor in the conclusions about the subject. Objectives: To analyze evidence of accelerated growth among children and adolescents of multiethnic populations using different forms of measurement and to characterize the epidemiological aspects of CUG. Methods: Databases of multiethnic populations were used. Height measurements were converted to z-score from the WHO standard and reference (2006/07). The CUG was evaluated by height-for-age z-score (HAZ) and height-for-age difference (HAD), in centimeters, by variation of these indices and by canalisation of growth, using three values of amplitude (0.67, 0.75 and 0.86 standard deviation), as well as by recovery of the initial stunting. The effects of growth-related factors on CUG were estimated in Poisson regression models and multilevel analysis. Among the independent variables configured socioeconomic, maternal and child characteristics and a contextual variable indicating the level of development of the country. Results: In the Young Lives Cohorts and in the Philippines HAZ declined in the early ages and increased until the last follow-up. HAD, however, indicated an increase in height deficit until the last follow up. In São Paulo and Great Britain, both indexes showed an increase between the initial and final periods, indicating an improvement in nutritional status. There was inequality of both indicators among the socioeconomic strata. Higher prevalence of stunting occurred in less developed countries, in rural areas, in households without access to sanitation, and in individuals with low birth weight, episodes of childhood diarrhea and whose mothers had short stature and lower schooling; there was a dose-response relationship with the income. There was a substantial recovery of stunting in all countries, with higher rates in the most developed. The incidence of CUG every five years ranged from 7.9% to 15.4% between 1 and 12 years of age and was 1% in the Philippines between 0 and 19 years. In all studies, the group with initial stunting had the highest incidence. Most of the individuals who recovered from the initial stunting presented accelerated growth considering the three canalisation limits. The number of CUG events during the growth trajectory was the main determinant of the occurrence of final CUG and recovery of the stunting, as well as the degree of initial stunting and the socioeconomic stratum. The random effects on these outcomes varied around 9%. Conclusions: The results indicate potential for CUG and recovery of stunting. The use of different measurers led to divergent interpretations regarding the occurrence of CUG.

<p>The EU25 Member States’ GDP per capita levels converged in 1994-2005. Convergence occurred at an average speed of approximately 1.5 percent per year. In the first part of this paper unconditional convergence is analyzed by looking at both β- and σ-convergence and the performances of the catch-up economies are compared, discussed and related to the convergence definition. In a second stage, the catch-up performances are analyzed in relation to theory of economic integration. Substantial increases in labor productivity explain a great deal of the catch-up for poorer economies such as the Baltic states, while increases in employment have been relatively more important for the less poorer economies such as Spain, Portugal and Slovenia. Labor productivity is further elaborated and it is found that both FDIs and internal savings have been consistently higher for the catch-up economies than the non-catching-up economies. FDIs are also assumed to have indirect effects such as promoting incorporation of technology.</p>

A link between early malnutrition and development of components of the metabolic syndrome later in life has been shown in epidemiological and animal data. Moreover, studies now tend to demonstrate that not only fetal environment is important for developmental programming but postnatal milieu could also participate to this process. The “predictive adaptive response” hypothesis stipulates that not only a suboptimal environment during fetal life will lead to development of metabolic disorders later in life but more likely is a mismatch between the early environment and that one really encountered later on that increases the risk of developing later disease. Based on this hypothesis, we examined the effect of an early mismatched environment produced by fetal protein restriction and postnatal catch-up growth on the development of obesity and cardiovascular disease in male mice. We focussed our study on the analysis of adipose tissue with in vitro examination of differentiation, proliferation of preadipocytes. We also investigated in vivo the development of overweight in adult mice and we measured the expression of specific adipose tissue molecules with microarray. Finally, we investigated the development of hypertension and atherosclerosis in parallel to obesity. Our results indicated that postnatal catch-up growth after fetal protein restriction favours the development of obesiy in adult male mice. Early mismatched nutrition also influenced the capacity of proliferation of preadipocyte as well as the expression of adipose tissue specific molecules involved mainly in lipid biosynthesis. Finally, early nutrition also induced hypertension in adult male mice while no influence of fetal protein restriction and postnatal catch-up growth was observed on atherosclerosis development.

The EU25 Member States’ GDP per capita levels converged in 1994-2005. Convergence occurred at an average speed of approximately 1.5 percent per year. In the first part of this paper unconditional convergence is analyzed by looking at both β- and σ-convergence and the performances of the catch-up economies are compared, discussed and related to the convergence definition. In a second stage, the catch-up performances are analyzed in relation to theory of economic integration. Substantial increases in labor productivity explain a great deal of the catch-up for poorer economies such as the Baltic states, while increases in employment have been relatively more important for the less poorer economies such as Spain, Portugal and Slovenia. Labor productivity is further elaborated and it is found that both FDIs and internal savings have been consistently higher for the catch-up economies than the non-catching-up economies. FDIs are also assumed to have indirect effects such as promoting incorporation of technology.

Submitted by Igor Matos (igoryure.rm@gmail.com) on 2017-02-02T12:59:38Z No. of bitstreams: 1 DISS_2015_Gisele do Couto Oliveira.pdf: 3804725 bytes, checksum: 45e896c07dc1435809923cc413a2e8ac (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Igor Matos (igoryure.rm@gmail.com) on 2017-02-03T12:04:51Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 DISS_2015_Gisele do Couto Oliveira.pdf: 3804725 bytes, checksum: 45e896c07dc1435809923cc413a2e8ac (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-02-03T12:04:51Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 DISS_2015_Gisele do Couto Oliveira.pdf: 3804725 bytes, checksum: 45e896c07dc1435809923cc413a2e8ac (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-08-14 / Introdução – O nascimento prematuro está associado a riscos de prejuízos a curto e longo prazo no crescimento, desenvolvimento, capacidade produtiva e qualidade de vida. Estudos sobre o crescimento de prematuros ainda são escassos e inconclusivos. Objetivo – Analisar o catch-up de crescimento de uma coorte de recém-nascidos prematuros atendidos no ambulatório de seguimento do Hospital Geral Universitário, Cuiabá – MT no período de 01/01/2005 a 31/12/2011. Método – Estudo observacional de coorte retrospectiva de pacientes prematuros acompanhados no ambulatório de seguimento de um hospital universitário no período de 01/01/2005 a 31/12/2011. Os dados do estudo foram obtidos a partir de revisão de arquivos e prontuários médicos. Curvas de crescimento foram construídas e analisadas conforme as curvas-padrão de Fenton e Organização Mundial de Saúde (OMS) a partir das medidas de peso, altura, perímetro cefálico e índice de massa corpórea (IMC) registradas em cada consulta. As medidas antropométricas foram avaliadas ao nascimento e às idades corrigidas de 40 semanas e 1 ano. O desfecho foi catch-up de crescimento. Associações entre grupos foram investigadas por análise univariada. Resultados: Foram estudados 276 prematuros, a média de peso ao nascimento foi 1.960g ± 540g e a média de idade gestacional foi 33,7 ± 2,1 semanas, 52,17% eram do sexo masculino, 64,59% eram de raça negra e 83,70% eram prematuros moderados a tardios. Cerca de 64% tinham baixo peso ao nascer, 17,03% eram pequemos para a idade gestacional (PIG), 8,70% tiveram crescimento intrauterino restrito (CIUR) e 54,05% evoluíram com restrição do crescimento extrauterino na alta hospitalar ou à idade corrigida de 40 semanas. Entre os PIG e CIUR, 75% eram prematuros moderados a tardios. A maioria realizou pré-natal (89,35%) em serviço público com média de consultas de 5,8 ± 2,06; nasceu por via cirúrgica (68%); recebeu alta em aleitamento materno exclusivo (76,72%) e permanecia amamentando aos 6 meses de idade corrigida (64,13%), com ou sem complementação com fórmula. As características maternas foram: mediana de idade de 24 anos, 59,31% com escolaridade acima de 8 anos, 69,88% tinham um companheiro e 40,12% tinham renda familiar per capita abaixo de 0,5 salário mínimo. A maioria das crianças apresentou catch-up de crescimento no primeiro ano de vida, com mediana de idade em dias para peso = 49 (23,0 – 126,0), altura = 121,5 (48,8 – 197,5), perímetro cefálico = 65 (27,5 – 122,5) e IMC = 60 (39,0 – 142,0). Não houve diferenças significativas entre sexos e subgrupos de idade gestacional, exceto para os prematuros menores de 28 semanas. As medidas das crianças à idade corrigida de 1 ano foram dentro do padrão da OMS, porém abaixo da média para peso, altura e perímetro cefálico e acima da média para o IMC. Conclusão: O perfil de crescimento dos prematuros acompanhados neste serviço foi semelhante ao relatado na literatura, exceto para o perímetro cefálico que apresentou catch-up mais tardio que o peso. Houve predomínio de prematuros moderados a tardios com elevada taxa de restrição de crescimento extrauterino, mas a maioria alcançou o catch-up no primeiro ano de vida, principalmente nos primeiros seis meses, mostrando que ambulatórios de seguimento são fundamentais para o crescimento adequado dos prematuros egressos de Unidade de Terapia Intensiva neonatal / Background - Premature birth is associated with risks of short and long-term damage on growth, development, production capacity and quality of life. Studies about the premature growth are still scarce and inconclusive. Objective - Analyze the catch-up growth of a cohort of premature infants seen at follow-up clinic of the Hospital Geral Universitário, Cuiabá - MT during the period from 01/01/2005 to 31/12/2011. Method - Retrospective cohort study of premature infants followed in a university hospital from 2005/01/01 to 2011/12/31. The data were obtained from a review of files and medical records. Growth curves were constructed and analyzed according to the standard curves of Fenton and WHO as of weight, height, head circumference and body mass index (BMI) recorded at each visit. The anthropometric measurements were assessed at birth and corrected ages of 40 weeks and 1 year. The outcome was catch-up growth. Associations between groups were investigated by univariate analysis. Results: 276 premature infants were analyzed, the mean birth weight was 1960 ± 540g and the mean gestational age was 33.7 ± 2.1 weeks, 52.17% were male, 64.59% were black and 83.70% were moderate/late premature. Approximately 64% were preterm low birth weight infants, 17.03% were small for gestational age (SGA), 8.70% had intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) and 54.05% evolved with extrauterine growth restriction at discharge or at the corrected age of 40 weeks. Between SGA and IUGR, 75% were moderate/late premature. Most performed prenatal care (89.35%) in public service averaging 5.8 ± 2.06 consultations; born by surgery (68%); was discharged on exclusive breastfeeding (76.72%) and remained breastfeeding at 6 months of corrected age (64.13%), with or without supplementation with formula. Maternal characteristics were: median age of 24 years, 59.31% with education above 8 years, 69.88% had a companion and 40.12% had family income below 0.5 minimum wage. Most children reached growth catch-up in the first year of life with a median age in days for weight = 49 (23.0 to 126.0), height = 121.5 (48.8 to 197.5) head circumference = 65 (27.5 to 122.5) and BMI = 60 (39.0 to 142.0). There were no significant differences between sexes and gestational age subgroups, except for extremely preterm infants. The measures of children at the corrected age of 1 year were within the WHO standard, but below the average for weight, height and head circumference and above average for BMI. Conclusion: the growth pattern of premature followed in this hospital was similar to that reported in the literature, except for the head circumference that showed catch-up later that weight. There was a predominance of moderate to late preterm with high extrauterine growth restriction rate, but most achieved catch-up in the first year of life, especially in the first half, showing that follow-up clinics are essential for the proper growth of premature infants who were discharged from Neonatal Intensive Care Unit

According to conventional wisdom, the petroleum industry is classified as a ‘resource based’ and ‘mature’ industry. It is subject to the ‘resource curse’ thesis, exhausted of ‘technological opportunities’ with limited capacity for knowledge based economic growth. This study questions the adequacy of this line of reasoning. Exploring the technological complexity of the sector, a complementary argument is presented. We show that the sector has recently experienced a surge in ‘technological opportunities’. However the ‘systemic complexity of the knowledge base’ has constrained many oil producing countries’ enjoyment of these opportunities. This view highlights the role of dynamics of knowledge base complexity as an important ‘cognitive’ barrier for building innovation capabilities in endowed countries. This study is based on the extension of a ‘Sectoral Innovation Systems’ approach, highlighting the role of technological regimes in catch-up possibilities and strategies. Knowledge base complexity is explored as an under-researched element of technological regimes. The research contributes in three ways. First, it introduces a dynamic and three-dimensional view of knowledge base complexity at the conceptual level, and hypothesizes its implication for patterns of innovation and catch-up processes. Second, a quantitative methodology is developed to examine the proposed hypotheses. Third, the conceptual and methodological suggestions are empirically examined in the context of upstream petroleum industry. The findings propose that the sector has gone through phases of transformation and reconfiguration. The sector’s technological regime over the most recent period experienced high opportunities combined with rising systemic complexity of the knowledge base. We show that this trend in technological regimes is associated with shift of the sector from Schumpeter Mark I to II and with the emergence of major Integrated Service Companies as new system integrators coping with rising systemic complexity. We also observe that rising systemic complexity is associated with slow down and halt of geographical dispersion of innovation. The sector-wide cumulativeness stemming from systemic complexity creates high cognitive barriers to entry for latecomers. The very scarce examples of catch-up in a few advanced oil producing countries suggest that high innovation opportunities in complex industries are open mostly to countries with both advanced national innovation systems and accumulated production experience. For latecomer countries to benefit, their industrial policy needs to cope with increasing systemic complexity, mitigating its coordination costs and facilitating the integration of distributed catch-up processes. This highlights the key role of ‘late comer systems integrators’ for successful catch-up.