The history of silicon technology showed that controlled doping was a key step for the realization of e®ective, stable and reproducible devices. When the conduction type was no longer determined by impurities but could be controlled by doping, the breakthrough of classical microelectronics became possible. Unlike inorganic semiconductors, organic dyes are up to now usually prepared in a nominally undoped form. However, controlled and stable doping is desirable in many organic-based devices as well. If we succeed in shifting the Fermi level towards the transport states, this could reduce ohmic losses, ease carrier injection from contacts and increase the built-in potential of Schottky- or pn-junctions.

<p>This thesis describes strategies for and examples ofcellulose fiber modification.The ability of an engineered biocatalyst, acellulose-binding module fused to the<i>Candida antarctica</i>lipase B, to catalyze ring-openingpolymerization of e-caprolactone in close proximity tocellulose fiber surfaces was explored. The water content in thesystem was found to regulate the polymer molecular weight,whereas the temperature primarily influenced the reaction rate.The hydrophobicity of the cellulose sample increased as aresult of the presence of surface-deposited polyester.</p><p>A two-step enzymatic method was also investigated. Here,Candida antarctica lipase B catalyzed the acylation ofxyloglucan oligosaccharides.The modified carbohydrates werethen incorporated into longer xyloglucan molecules through theaction of a xyloglucan endotransglycosylase. The modifiedxyloglucan chains were finally deposited on a cellulosesubstrate.</p><p>The action of<i>Candida antarctica</i>lipase B was further investigated inthe copolymerization of e-caprolactone and D,L-lactide.Copolymerizations with different e-caprolactone-to-D,L-lactideratios were carried out. Initially, the polymerization wasslowed by the presence of D,L-lactide. During this stage,D,L-lactide was consumed more rapidly than ε-caprolactoneand the incorporation occurred dimer-wise with regard to thelactic acid units.</p><p>Morphological studies on wood fibers were conducted using asol-gel mineralization method. The replicas produced werestudied, without additional sample preparation, by electronmicroscopy and nitrogen adsorption. Information concerning thestructure and accessibility of the porous fiber wall wasobtained. Studies of never-dried kraft pulp casts revealedmicro-cavities and cellulose fibrils with mean widths of 4.7(±2) and 3.6 (±1) nm, respectively.</p><p>Finally, cationic catalysis by simple carboxylic acids wasstudied. L-Lactic acid was shown to catalyze the ring-openingpolymerization of ε-caprolactone in bulk at 120 °C.The reaction was initiated with methylß-D-glucopyranoside, sucrose or raffinose, which resultedin carbohydrate-functionalized polyesters. The regioselectivityof the acylation was well in agreement with the correspondinglipase-catalyzed reaction. The polymerization was alsoinitiated with a hexahydroxy-functional compound, whichresulted in a dendrimer-like star polymer. The L-lactic acidwas readily recycled, which made consecutive reactions usingthe same catalyst possible.</p><p><b>Keywords:</b><i>Candida antarctica</i>lipase B, cationic catalysis,cellulose-binding module, dendrimer, enzymatic polymerization,fiber modification, silica-cast replica, sol-gelmineralization, organocatalysis, xyloglucanendotransglycosylase</p>

In der vorliegenden Arbeit wird die kationische Polymerisation neuer Furanmonomere beschrieben, die zu anorganisch-organischen Nanokompositen führt. Die kationische Polymerisation des Tetrafurfuryloxysilans steht dabei im Vordergrund. Ausgehend von den synthetisierten Kompositen wird die Herstellung von anorganischen Oxiden durch thermische Oxidation und von Kohlenstoffmaterialien durch thermische Behandlung in Schutzgasatmosphäre beschrieben. Die Charakterisierung der Komposite, Oxide und Kohlenstoffmaterialien erfolgt mittels Festkörper-NMR-Spektroskopie, Röntgenbeugung und Elektronenmikroskopie. Das Prinzip der neu entdeckten Zwillingspolymerisation wird vorgestellt und anhand verschiedener Beispiele auf seine weitere Anwendbarkeit zur Synthese anorganisch-organischer Kompositmaterialien überprüft.

Polyketides are natural products with complex chemical structures and immense pharmaceutical potential that are synthesized via secondary metabolic pathways. The in-vitro synthesis of these molecules requires high supply of building blocks such as acetyl Co-enzyme A, and cofactors (adenosine triphosphate (ATP). These precursor and cofactor are synthesized from respective soluble enzymes. Owing to the expensive nature of the enzymes, it is important to immobilize enzymes to improve the process economics by enabling multiple uses of catalyst and improving overall productivity and robustness. The polymer-based particles of nano and submicron size have become attractive material for their role in the life sciences. With the advances in synthetic protocols of the microgels and commercial availability of many of the monomers, it is feasible to tune the properties of the particles as per the process requirement. The core shell microgel with functional shell allows high loading of ligands onto the microgel particles due to increased availability of functional group on the outer surface. The aim of the thesis thus was to study biochemical reactions on the smart microgels support using single (acetyl CoA synthetase (Acs)) and dual (pyruvate kinase (Pk) and L-lactic dehydrogenase (Ldh)) enzyme/s systems. The study indicated that the enzyme immobilization significantly depends on the enzyme, conjugation strategy and the support. The covalent immobilization provides rigidity to the enzyme structure as in case of Acs immobilized on PNIPAm-AEMA microgels but at the same time leads to loss in enzyme activity. Whereas, in the case of covalent immobilization of Ldh on microgel showed improved in enzyme activity. On the other hand adsorption of the enzyme via ionic interaction provide better kinetic profile of enzymes hence the membrane reactor was prepared using PNIPAm-PEI conjugates for acetyl CoA synthesis. The better outcome of work with PNIPAm-PEI resulted in its further evaluation for dual enzyme system. This work is unique in the view that the immobilization strategies were well adapted to immobilize single and dual enzymes to achieve stable bioconjugates for their respective applications in precursor biosynthesis (Acetyl Co enzyme A) and co-factor dependent processes (ACoA and ATP). The positive end results of microgels as the support (particles in solution and as the thin film (membrane)) opens further prospective to explore these systems for other precursor biomolecule production.

Mannheimia haemolytica (M. haemolytica)-induced bovine respiratory disease causes millions of dollars in economic losses to Canadian cattle industry. Contemporary management strategies built around the use of antimicrobials are proving to be increasingly unavailing and lead to drug residues in meat which may contribute to the development of multi drug resistant bacteria. Many M. haemolytica vaccines are effective in stimulating antibody responses but studies of vaccina-tion in young calves and the cattle exposed to M. haemolytica (high-risk cattle) have shown poor vaccine efficacy. Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) may help in the management of respiratory disease caused by M. haemolytica while minimizing the risk of drug residues in animal-derived food products. AMPs are positively charged molecules that can kill bacteria primarily through the electrostatic interactions with the anionic bacterial lipid bilayer. Since the primary target of AMPs is the bac-terial surface charge, which is evolutionarily conserved, the development of resistance towards AMPs seems less likely. These peptides hold potential to replace or reduce the use of antibiotics. Human β-Defensin 3 (HBD3) and Microcin J25 (MccJ25) are cationic peptides that have shown good activity against many Gram-negative bacteria. Five peptides, namely native HBD3, three synthetic HBD3 analogues (28 amino acid, 20AA, and 10AA), and MccJ25 were selected for microbicidal activity against M. haemolytica. Three C-terminal analogues of HBD3 with all cysteines replaced with valines were manually synthesized using solid phase peptide synthesis (SPPS). In all the three analogue, replacement of cysteine with valine rendered them linear and increased their antibacterial activity. Minimum Bactericidal concentration (MBC) assays were performed with the final inoculum size of 1-5x105 cells/ml, with the exception of the 10AA analogue which was incubated with 104 cells/ml final inoculum size. The antimicrobial assay showed that M. haemolytica was intermediately sensitive to HBD3, 28AA and 20AA analogue with an MBC of 50 µg/ml. MccJ25 had limited effect with an MBC greater than 100 µg/ml. The MBC value of 6.3 µg/ml achieved with the 10AA analogue is likely a result of lower final inoculum size. AMPs have several immunomodulatory functions, and these peptides can act as chemoattractant, induce cytokine release that in turn leads to chemotaxis of monocytes and neutrophils. Since neutrophils play an important role in the pathogenesis of BRD, the chemotactic effect of HBD3, 20AA and 28AA peptides on bovine neutrophils was studied using Boyden chamber. Peripheral blood neutrophils isolated from normal healthy cattle showed chemotaxis towards HBD3 and 20AA peptides (P<0.05) but not towards 28AA analogue. Co-incubation of neutrophils with any of the peptides did not affect their chemotaxis towards N-formyl-L-methionyl-L-leucyl-phenylalanine (fMLP). Based on these data, it can be concluded that HBD3 and its analogues showed antimicrobial ef-fects against M. haemolytica but MccJ25 had limited microbicidal activity against M. haemolytica. While HBD3 and 20AA analogue were chemotactic for bovine peripheral blood neutrophils, none of the peptides inhibited fMLP-induced migration of neutrophils. These peptides hold potential for further in vivo testing to develop them for use to manage M. haemolytica-induced respiratory disease in cattle.

No description available.

Diss. (sammanfattning) Stockholm : Karolinska institutet, 2006. / Härtill 4 uppsatser.

Made available in DSpace on 2015-07-22T20:50:49Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2010-01-27. Added 1 bitstream(s) on 2015-08-11T03:25:32Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 Publico-00399a.pdf: 1787027 bytes, checksum: 6cb684251c1894e3685b611ace5c9056 (MD5). Added 1 bitstream(s) on 2015-08-11T03:25:32Z : No. of bitstreams: 2 Publico-00399a.pdf: 1787027 bytes, checksum: 6cb684251c1894e3685b611ace5c9056 (MD5) Publico-00399b.pdf: 1285455 bytes, checksum: 52050426f68cebcd4b7e00081ce49a38 (MD5). Added 1 bitstream(s) on 2015-08-11T03:25:32Z : No. of bitstreams: 3 Publico-00399a.pdf: 1787027 bytes, checksum: 6cb684251c1894e3685b611ace5c9056 (MD5) Publico-00399b.pdf: 1285455 bytes, checksum: 52050426f68cebcd4b7e00081ce49a38 (MD5) Publico-00399c.pdf: 2029206 bytes, checksum: 480bbfb2deea834d9cc92a52def4805e (MD5) / A gomesina (Gm) é um potente peptídeo antimicrobiano catiônico. Este peptídeo e seu análogo linear [Ser2,6,11,15]-Gm, com menor atividade lítica, foram sintetizados pela metodologia da fase sólida, empregando-se a estratégia t-Boc. Neste estudo, investigamos a interação da Gm e da [Ser2,6,11,15]-Gm com vesículas unilamelares gigantes (GUVs), compostas por membranas lipídicas de POPC ou POPC/POPG, através de microscopias óticas de contraste de fase e fluorescência. As análises se dividiram em duas diferentes partes. Na primeira, observou-se o efeito da injeção de uma solução peptídica, com micropipeta, na vizinhança das GUVs. Como resultado da interação peptídeo/lipídio, as GUVs foram desestabilizadas e romperam-se rapidamente, sem observação de formação de poros estáveis durante todo o experimento. Nos estudos controles, em ausência de peptídeo, as GUVs não romperam de forma espontânea. Peptídeos marcados com a sonda fluorescente rodamina (Rh) foram injetados e mostram que a Gm primeiramente acumula-se na superfície da vesícula, na qual, então, pequenas partículas de alto-contraste são formadas e ocorre, eventualmente, a destruição das GUVs. Este fato leva-nos a especular que a Gm rompe as membranas via modo carpete. Na segunda parte, uma solução contendo GUVs foi misturada a crescentes concentrações peptídicas para quantificação da ação lítica destes peptídeos em vesículas de diferentes composições lipídicas. O efeito de atividade lítica observado foi maior que 90% em baixas concentrações tanto de Gm quanto de [Ser2,6,11,15]-Gm em GUVs compostas de POPC, lipídio eletricamente neutro, e de uma mistura de POPG, negativamente carregados, a POPC em diferentes proporções. Estudos conformacionais foram feitos por duas técnicas espectroscópicas distintas: dicroísmo circular (CD) e fluorescência. A Gm e seu análogo linear aparentemente interagiram com as cargas negativas de SDS nas concentrações acima e abaixo da CMC. Os espectros de CD da [Ser2,6,11,15]-Gm em água apresentaram uma banda fortemente negativa em 198 nm, indicando tratar-se de uma estrutura desordenada, como esperado para peptídeos livres em solução, e não de uma dobra beta como apresentada pela Gm. A partir dos resultados obtidos, foi possível concluir que ambos os peptídeos analisados interagem com vesículas compostas por fosfolipídios e induzem o vazamento de seu conteúdo interno dependentemente da carga de membrana destas, o que corrobora estudos prévios que sugerem que as interações eletrostáticas com a bicamada lipídica dos micro-organismos representam um importante papel no mecanismo de ação da Gm. / TEDE / BV UNIFESP: Teses e dissertações

Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-17T14:05:18Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 LourenaMF_TESE_Capa_ate_pag79.pdf: 4572586 bytes, checksum: 2630047160ff526cc964f166fb86ab33 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-03-14 / Coordena??o de Aperfei?oamento de Pessoal de N?vel Superior / Gene therapy is one of the major challenges of the post-genomic research and it is based on the transfer of genetic material into a cell, tissue or organ in order to cure or improve the patient s clinical status. In general, gene therapy consists in the insertion of functional genes aiming substitute, complement or inhibit defective genes. The achievement of a foreigner DNA expression into a population of cells requires its transfer to the target. Therefore, a key issue is to create systems, vectors, able to transfer and protect the DNA until it reaches the target. The disadvantages related to the use of viral vectors have encouraged efforts to develop emulsions as non-viral vectors. In fact, they are easy to produce, present suitable stability and enable transfection. The aim of this work was to evaluate two different non-viral vectors, cationic liposomes and nanoemulsions, and the possibility of their use in gene therapy. For the two systems, cationic lipids and helper lipids were used. Nanoemulsions were prepared using sonication method and were composed of Captex? 355; Tween? 80; Spam? 80; cationic lipid, Stearylamine (SA) or 1,2-dioleoyl-3-trimethylammoniumpropane (DOTAP) and water (Milli-Q?). These systems were characterized by average droplet size, Polidispersion Index (PI) and Zeta Potential. The stability of the systems; as well as the DNA compaction capacity; their cytotoxicity and the cytotoxicity of the isolated components; and their transfection capacity; were also evaluated. Liposomes were made by hydration film method and were composed of DOTAP; 1,2-dioleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine (DOPE), containing or not Rhodaminephosphatidylethanolamine (PE- Rhodamine) and the conjugate Hyaluronic Acid DOPE (HA-DOPE). These systems were also characterized as nanoemulsions. Stability of the systems and the influence of time, size of plasmid and presence or absence of endotoxin in the formation of lipoplexes were also analyzed. Besides, the ophthalmic biodistribution of PE-Rhodamine containing liposomes was studied after intravitreal injection. The obtained results show that these systems are promising non-viral vector for further utilization in gene therapy and that this field seems to be very important in the clinical practice in this century. However, from the possibility to the practice, there is still a long way / A terapia g?nica ? um dos maiores desafios propostos pela pesquisa p?s-gen?mica e se baseia na transfer?ncia de material gen?tico a uma c?lula, tecido ou ?rg?o com o intuito de curar ou melhorar o estado cl?nico do paciente. Em sua forma mais simples, a terapia g?nica consiste na inser??o de genes funcionais em c?lulas com genes defeituosos objetivando substituir, complementar ou inibir esses genes causadores de doen?as. Para que o DNA ex?geno seja expresso em uma popula??o celular faz-se necess?ria a sua transfer?ncia at? o local de a??o. Assim, ? necess?rio criar ve?culos, que transportem e protejam o DNA at? que este chegue a uma popula??o celular alvo. Os obst?culos encontrados com a utiliza??o de vetores virais t?m proporcionado o interesse no desenvolvimento de vetores n?o-virais, por serem f?ceis de produzir, apresentarem estabilidade control?vel e facilitarem a transfec??o g?nica. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar dois diferentes vetores n?o virais, lipossomas e nanoemuls?es cati?nicos, e sua poss?vel utiliza??o na terapia g?nica. Para isso, foram utilizados lip?deos cati?nicos e co-tensoativos na produ??o dos dois sistemas. As nanoemuls?es foram produzidas pelo m?todo de sonica??o e compostas por Captex? 355; Tween? 80; Spam? 80; lip?deo cati?nico, Estearilamina (EA) ou N-[1-(2,3-Dioleoiloxi)propil]-N,N,Ntrimetilamonio metilsulfato (DOTAP); e ?gua ultra-pura (Milli-Q?). Estes sistemas foram caracterizados quanto ao tamanho m?dio de got?cula, ?ndice de polidispers?o (PI) e potencial zeta. Avaliou-se ainda a estabilidade dos sistemas e suas capacidades de compacta??o do material gen?tico. Os lipossomas foram preparados a partir do m?todo de hidrata??o do filme e compostos por DOTAP, Dioleilfosfatidiletanolamina (DOPE), na presen?a ou aus?ncia de Rodaminafosfatidiletanolamina (PE-Rodamina) e do conjugado ?cido Hialur?nico DOPE (HA-DOPE). Estes sistemas foram caracterizados da mesma forma que as nanoemuls?es e tamb?m foram avaliados estabilidade, influ?ncia do tempo, tamanho de material gen?tico e presen?a ou aus?ncia de endotoxinas na forma??o dos lipoplexos. Os resultados obtidos permitem afirmar que os sistemas s?o promissores para posterior utiliza??o na terapia g?nica e que esta ?rea promete ser uma ?rea f?rtil de pesquisa cient?fica e cl?nica por muitos anos, e provavelmente se tornar? uma pr?tica cl?nica importante neste s?culo. No entanto, da possibilidade ? pr?tica existe um longo caminho a percorrer

Submitted by JESSELEINE CRISTINE MONTEIRO DA SILVA null (jesse_cris@hotmail.com) on 2017-09-20T20:56:09Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação final Jesseleine.pdf: 1516064 bytes, checksum: 56e50bf83bbdb465716b33121512f13f (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Monique Sasaki (sayumi_sasaki@hotmail.com) on 2017-09-27T17:48:51Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 silva_jcm_me_araiq.pdf: 1516064 bytes, checksum: 56e50bf83bbdb465716b33121512f13f (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-09-27T17:48:51Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 silva_jcm_me_araiq.pdf: 1516064 bytes, checksum: 56e50bf83bbdb465716b33121512f13f (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-09-06 / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) / Devido ao crescente aumento de doenças transmitidas por alimentos, a segurança microbiológica se torna uma questão de saúde pública pelas suas características de endemicidade, alta morbidade e pela dificuldade da adoção de medidas de controle desses microrganismos. Diante deste fato, o objetivo deste trabalho foi sintetizar e caracterizar os análogos peptídicos LeuB e LeuC-1 derivados de bacteriocinas naturais denominadas Leucocinas. Os peptídeos foram sintetizados manualmente pelo método de síntese em fase sólida, submetidos à desproteção total e clivagem, com liberação dos peptídeos brutos. Foram realizadas as análises comparativas usando HPLC e ESI-MS, e com os respectivos peptídeos puros foram feitos os ensaios antimicrobiano, enzimático, permeabilização, antioxidante, hemolítico e de espectroscopia de dicroísmo circular. Com isso, observou-se que o método de síntese dos análogos foi adequado e o processo de purificação possibilitou a obtenção dos peptídeos com alto grau de pureza. O peso molecular teórico dos peptídeos foi confirmado por espectrometria de massas. O LeuB apresentou uma maior capacidade em inibir o crescimento de Escherichia coli O157:H7 e em Salmonella sorovar Typhimurium, enquanto que LeuC-1 apresentou efeito de inibição de crescimento de Listeria monocytogenes e também de S. sorovar Typhimurium. É importante destacar que todas essas bactérias são de interesse na área de alimentos, já que são as causadoras da maioria dos casos de infecção alimentar. O ensaio de inibição enzimática com DNA girase e Topoisomerase IV mostrou que apenas o peptídeo LeuB possui capacidade de inibição destas enzimas bacterianas, sugerindo um possível mecanismo de ação deste derivado de Leucocina. Este peptídeo também apresentou a capacidade de permeabilizar miméticos de membrana bacteriana composto de POPC/POPG (75/25). Por sua vez, o peptídeo LeuC-1 não apresentou capacidade significativa de inibição da atividade das enzimas DNA girase e Topoisomerase IV e também não apresentou capacidade de permeabilização de miméticos de membrana. Porém, LeuC-1 apresentou uma boa atividade antioxidante, obtida pelo método de ABTS. Ambos os peptídeos apresentaram baixa toxicidade em eritrócitos, comprovadas pelos ensaios hemolíticos. Estruturalmente, os peptídeos LeuB e LeuC-1 tendem a se estruturar em α-hélice. Assim sendo, este trabalho possibilitou a obtenção de dois peptídeos com potencial de aplicação como conservantes alimentares a partir de mecanismos distintos de ação sem apresentar citotoxicidade para células vermelhas do sangue. LeuB possui uma suposta atuação como inibidor de topoisomerases bacterianas e capacidade de permeabilização de miméticos de membrana. LeuC-1 possivelmente atua em diferentes vias metabólicas da bactéria, porém ainda não foi possível elucidar o mecanismo alvo deste mimético peptídico. / Due to the increase of foodborne diseases, microbiological safety becomes a public health issue due to its characteristics of endemicity, high morbidity and the difficulty of adopting control measures of these microorganisms. In view of this fact, the objective of this work was to synthesize and characterize LeuB and LeuC-1 peptidics analogues derived from natural bacteriocins called Leucocins. The peptides were synthesized manually by the solid phase synthesis method, subjected to total deprotection and cleavage, with release of the crude peptides. Comparative analyzes were performed using HPLC and ESI-MS, and with the respective pure peptides the antimicrobial, enzymatic, permeabilization, antioxidant, hemolytic and circular dichroism spectroscopy. With this, it was observed that the method of synthesis of the analogs was adequate and the purification process allowed to obtain the peptides with high purity. The theoretical molecular weight of the peptides was confirmed by mass spectrometry. LeuB showed a greater capacity to inhibit the growth of Escherichia coli O157: H7 and Salmonella serovar Typhimurium, whereas LeuC-1 presented inhibition effect of growth of Listeria monocytogenes and also of S. serovar Typhimurium. It is important to highlight that all these bacteria are interesting in the area of food, since they are the cause of most cases of food infection. The enzyme inhibition assay with DNA gyrase and Topoisomerase IV showed that only the LeuB peptide has the ability to inhibit these bacterial enzymes, suggesting a possible mechanism of action of this Leucocin derivative. This peptide also showed the ability to permeabilize bacterial membrane mimetics composed of POPC/POPG (75/25). On the other hand, the LeuC- 1 peptide did not present significant capacity to inhibit the activity of the enzymes DNA gyrase and Topoisomerase IV and also did not present permeabilization capacity of membrane mimetics. However, LeuC-1 presented a good antioxidant activity, obtained by the ABTS method. Both peptides had low erythrocyte toxicity, as demonstrated by hemolytic assays. Structurally, the LeuB and LeuC-1 peptides tend to be α-helix structured. Therefore, this work enabled two peptides with application potential as food preservatives to be obtained from distinct mechanisms of action without presenting red blood cell cytotoxicity. LeuB has a supposed action as inhibitor of bacterial topoisomerases and permeabilization capacity of membrane mimetics. LeuC-1 possibly acts on different metabolic pathways of the bacterium, but it has not yet been possible to elucidate the target mechanism of this peptidic mimetic. / CNPq: 150928/2015-7