No / The adventus Saxonum is a crucial event in English protohistory. Scholars from a range of disciplines dispute the scale and demographic profile of the purported colonizing population. The 5th-7th century burial ground at West Heslerton, North Yorkshire, is one of the few Anglian cemeteries where an associated settlement site has been identified and subjected to extensive multidisciplinary postexcavation study. Skeletal and grave good evidence has been used to indicate the presence of Scandinavian settlers. A small, preliminary study using lead and strontium isotope analysis of tooth enamel, mineralized in early childhood, from Neolithic/Early Bronze Age (n = 8), Iron Age (n = 2), and Early Anglo-Saxon (n = 32) skeletons, was carried out to directly investigate this hypothesis. Results suggest that lead provides dissimilar types of information in different time periods. In post-Roman England, it appears to reflect the level of exposure to circulated anthropogenic rather than natural geological lead, thus being a cultural rather than geographical marker. Consequently, only strontium provides mobility evidence among the Anglian population, whereas both isotope systems do so in pre-Roman periods. Strontium data imply the presence of two groups: one of local and one of nonlocal origin, but more work is required to define the limits of local variation and identify immigrants with confidence. Correlations with traditional archaeological evidence are inconclusive. While the majority of juveniles and prehistoric individuals fall within the local group, both groups contain juveniles, and adults of both sexes. There is thus no clear support for the exclusively male, military-elite invasion model at this site.

This study argues that there are temporally and socially observable trends present in a sample of Protestant cemeteries from St. Croix’s Danish Colonial Period, as evidenced by the analysis of gravestone characteristics including iconography, morphology, and epitaph. Specifically, gravestones within the sample became noticeably more simplistic in the mid-19th century, which directly reflects St. Croix’s economic decline following emancipation. Although the iconographic and morphological characteristics of the gravestones for men and women and children and adults are largely identical, the epitaphic inscriptions for these groups exhibit a great deal of differentiation. Through analysis of these epitaphs, we discover that society on St. Croix was extremely similar to that of Europe and North America, in which men inhabit the public sphere, women the private sphere, and children are recognized for their cultural importance and biological vulnerability. However, I posit that women, while limited in public autonomy, did possess a degree of authority over familial structure.

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The Greenwood Cemetery established in the 1880's, and is one of the largest cemeteries both owned and operated by the City of Orlando. Occupying approximately eighty acres of land and holding 80,000 known interment record cards, it is the oldest cemetery still in use for the City of Orlando. Research on the Greenwood Cemetery's headstone iconography is important because this type of information has not been previously documented or studied. A few studies have been conducted by the Genealogy Society to document ancestry, as well as documenting the history of prominent people buried within the cemetery; however, very little mention is given to the iconography. Although some headstones are illegible due to a number of factors such as erosion, natural disasters and vandalism, the Greenwood Cemetery is ideal for research because most of the headstones are inscribed with a written record, often giving names and dates. The purpose of this study is to (1) document the fraternal organization symbols that are found on the Greenwood Cemetery's headstones; and (2) interpret the cultural meanings of each fraternal symbol. The focus of this study is limited to fraternal organization iconography; however, there are various other symbols (religious, occupation, etc) found throughout the Greenwood Cemetery. The data collected from the headstones have revealed the following fraternal iconography: Academic Fraternal Groups (AFG), American Legion (AL), Ancient Arabic Order of Nobles of the Mystic Shrine (AAONMS), Benevolent and Protective Order of Elks (BPOE). Benevolent and Patriotic Order of DOES (BPOD), Boy Scouts of America (BSA), Brotherhood of Locomotive Engineers (BLE), Daughters of lsabella (DOI), Daughters of Rebekahs (DOR), Daughters of the American Revolution (DAR), Daughters of the Nile (DON), Free and Accepted Masons (F&AM), Independent Order of Odd Fellows (IOOF), International Alliance of Theatrical State Employees (IATSE), International Brotherhood of Electrical Workers (BEW), Kiwanis International (Kl), Knights of Columbus (KC), Knights of Pythias (KOP), Ladies Auxiliary of Veterans of Foreign Wars (LAVFW), LIONS International (LI}, Loyal Order of the Moose (LOOM), Mosaic Templars of America (MTA), National Rifle Association (NRA), Order of the Easter Star (OES), Rainbow Girls (RG), Rotary International (RI), Sisters of Pythias (SOP), Strates Memorial Club (SMC), United Daughters of the Confederacy (UDC) and the Woodmen of the World (WOW). This thesis will cover each of the fraternal organization's symbols, provide a historical background on what each symbol represents within the organization, and explain why the fraternal organization headstone iconography in Greenwood Cemetery is important to the heritage of the City of Orlando.

Headstones manifest an abundance of historic information and embody society's cultural and socioeconomic statuses over time. Cemetery research has been conducted throughout various regions in the United States, but very little has been focused on headstone analysis in the state of Florida. The purpose of this comparative research is to use a typology established by Meyers and Schultz to compare headstone attributes of Orange County, FL and establish a temporal correlation (2012). The analysis of this study has the ability to highlight societal perceptions and ideals surrounding death and mortuary practices while providing a historical context specific to the state of Florida. Data was collected from two cemeteries in Orange County, representing the headstones of 853 individuals. The methodology of this study entailed visiting the cemeteries, photographing headstones, and noting headstone attributes. Following the model set forth in Meyers and Schultz, attributes taken into consideration for this project were stone type, shape, time period, and sex of the individual (2012). In addition to assessing headstone typology for historic cemeteries, the development of best practices for photogrammetry of headstones will be examined. The questions addressed in this research will hopefully illuminate mortuary trends in Central Florida and encourage future research and literature to shift its focus to include southern regions of the United States in terms of historical Cemetery context. Additionally, practices developed in photogrammetry can aid public archaeology conservation and restoration efforts of historic cemeteries that are endangered of being lost due to external circumstances.

Grave markers represent a significant amount of highly important information related to the cultural patterns of a society, as well as how these patterns have changed over time. Although, cemetery studies are popular in other regions of the United States, few studies regarding grave marker attributes have been conducted in Florida. The purpose of this research was to analyze and interpret temporal and demographic changes in grave marker attributes in Greenwood Cemetery in Orlando, Florida. Another aspect of this research focused on the possible correlation between the age and inferred sex of the deceased individual in relation to the type of epitaph and iconography chosen to represent them in their mortuary context. Data was collected from 925 headstones within Greenwood Cemetery; these headstones further represent 1,102 individuals. Attributes analyzed include marker material, marker type, iconographic images, epitaph, memorial photographs, footstones and curbs. These attributes will be analyzed and compared to trends noted within a similar study conducted by Meyers and Schultz (2016), to allow for better interpretation of trends in grave marker attributes across a range of Florida cemeteries. Results indicate multiple trends. The popularity of marble headstones decreased greatly from 51% in Pre-1900 to only 8% from 2000 to 2017. Furthermore, the prevalence of epitaph and iconography categories vary greatly on both a temporal and demographic basis. Male infants are more likely than any other demographic group to be represented by a genealogical epitaph, at 41% representation. Ultimately, these trends illustrate important aspects of cultural changes related to mortuary practice and individual mortuary contexts within Orlando, Florida.

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