I divided this new type of composition, multi-type composition of a certain topic, into five categories, and the composition themes were designed in person by me; I also put them into practice in my teaching procedure in the junior high school composition class. After finishing collecting student works, I spent very long time classifying and commenting on them, and finally found that students had quite excellent performing in two respects, one is confirming the main ideas of the composition themes and how students chose their composition materials is the other. In this thesis I shall present the result of my study completely, including my designed composition themes, the teaching procedures of every theme, student works and given comments of those works.

Plant breeding and the development of new or better varieties of plants are essential parts of modern agronomy, horticulture and forestry. The basis for such improvement is a knowledge of the factors and principles of genetics. A number of genetic studies have been made with barley in recent years. This is partly because of the many distinct heritable characters of barley plants. The cultivated species of barley offers the plant breeder and geneticist a wealth of material for genetic studies. Varieties differ in a great many readily distinguishable characters, species hybridize readily, and their small number of chromosomes make it good material for inheritance studies. The barley genetic work has been divided among the principal workers in the U.S., each being responsible for one linkage group. This station has been assigned group IV of which this study is a part. A study of the inheritance of other genes not located in linkage group IV, but appearing in the crosses used, has also been made. This investigation is a by-product of the cereal breeding and improvement program being carried on the Utah Agricultural Experiment Station.

La prise en compte des incertitudes en mécanique des structures constitue un challenge et mène à une importante activité de recherche. L’objectif est d’accroître la capacité prédictive des modèles numériques en couplant le calcul éléments finis et les incertitudes. Dans cette thèse, les incertitudes de type aléatoire sont considérées et les entrées incertaines sont définies par des lois statistiques. En sortie, les résultats sont des quantités statistiques : moyenne, écart-type et densité de probabilité des réponses de la structure. L’objectif de cette recherche est de développer une méthodologie basée sur la méthode des efforts généralisés certains (CGSM) pour l’analyse statique par éléments finis des plaques et coques avec variabilité. L’hypothèse de base est que les efforts généralisés ne dépendent pas des perturbations des paramètres d’entrée. La méthode CGSM est non intrusive et ne nécessite qu’une seule analyse par éléments finis avec un certain nombre de cas de charge pour calculer la variabilité des quantités d’intérêt. Les résultats statistiques sont obtenus par simulations de Monte Carlo, en utilisant une formule semi-analytique. Les paramètres d’entrée incertains sont les modules d’élasticité, les coefficients de Poisson et les épaisseurs. Des variables aléatoires uniformes ainsi que des champs aléatoires sont considérés. Les résultats observés sont les déplacements et les déformations. Plusieurs exemples de plaques en membrane, de plaques en flexion, de coques homogènes ou multicouches, ont été traités. Les résultats sont comparés avec des simulations de Monte Carlo directes. Des résultats très satisfaisants sont obtenus pour la moyenne, l’écart-type et la densité de probabilité des déplacements et des déformations. Les limitations de la méthodologie développée sont aussi mises en évidence, en particulier des écarts ont été observés lorsque des champs aléatoires avec de très petites longueurs de corrélation sont considérés. En résumé, la méthode CGSM présente plusieurs avantages. Elle permet un interfaçage facile avec un logiciel éléments finis standard, une diminution très importante des temps de calcul élevés qui caractérisent la plupart des approches existantes et elle fournit des résultats précis. Par conséquent, l’application de la méthode CGSM à des exemples industriels constitue une perspective prometteuse. / Taking into account uncertainties in structural mechanics is a real challenge and leads to intensive research activities. The aim is to increase the predictive capability of numerical models coupling computational mechanics and uncertainties. In this thesis, aleatory uncertainties are considered and uncertain inputs are defined by probabilistic laws. The outputs are statistical quantities: mean value, standard deviation and probability density functions of the structural responses. The objective of this research is to develop a methodology based on the Certain Generalized Stresses Method (CGSM), for the static finite element analysis of plates and shells with variability. The basic assumption is that the generalized stresses do not depend on input parameters perturbations. The CGSM is a non-intrusive method that requires only one finite element analysis with some load cases to calculate the variability of mechanical quantities of interest. The statistical results are obtained by Monte Carlo simulations, using a semi-analytical formula. The uncertain input parameters are elasticity moduli, Poisson’s ratios and thicknesses. Uniform random parameters as well as random fields have been considered. The output parameters retained for the study are displacements and strains. Several examples of membrane plates, bending plates, and homogeneous as well as multilayered shells, are treated. The results are compared with the direct Monte Carlo Simulation considered as a reference. Very satisfactory results are obtained for the mean value, standard deviation and probability densities of displacements and strains. The limitations of the methodology developed are also highlighted, in particular some discrepancies have been observed when random fields and very small correlation lengths are considered. In summary the CGSM has several advantages. It allows an easy interfacing with standard finite element software, a large reduction of the high computational costs that characterize most of the existing approaches, and leads to accurate results. Consequently, application of the CGSM to real industrial examples is a promising perspective.

This study focuses on the role that land reform policies have played and are continuing to play in promoting women’s sustainable development in South Africa. The Land Reform Policy and its related Programmes which aim to provide equitable access to land have gathered strength after 1994 and intend to promote participation and involvement of women, youth and people with disabilities. To this effect the study has investigated the effectiveness of the Land Reform Policy and the Programmes with specific reference to women beneficiaries. The topic of the thesis refers to the Land Reform Policies as opposed to only one Land Reform Policy (The White Paper on South African Land Policy of 1997) which was introduced with the aim of integrating the then three existing policies which were later renamed programmes; Redistribution, Tenure Reform and Restitution. The Land Redistribution Programme is based on the Provision of Certain Land Rights for Settlement Act, 1993 (Act 126 of 1993) and Section 25 (b) (5) of the Constitution, 1996. The programme provides for the description of land for settlement purposes and financial assistance to people acquiring land for agricultural purposes. The Land Tenure Reform Programme is based on the Upgrading of Land Tenure Rights Act, 1993 (Act 112 of 1993) and Section 25 (b) (6) of the Constitution, 1996. This programme is aimed at availing and providing security of tenure in different ways to its beneficiaries. The Land Restitution Programme has its basis on the Restitution of Land Rights Act, 1994 (Act 22 of 1994) and Section 25 (b) (7) of the Constitution, 1996. The Restitution of Land Rights Act, 1994 (Act 22 of 1994) provides for the restitution of rights in land to those dispossessed of land in terms of racially based policies of the past. This thesis will therefore make reference to the main Land Reform Policy (WPSALP, 1997) and the Redistribution Programme and its sub-programmes. The role of government has been quite critical in the establishment and implementation of the Land Reform Policies. This is fundamental especially because land reform is a national mandate. There is proven necessity that each government sphere must play its role and support each other towards achieving this call. There is potential to achieve beyond what has been achieved to date if all spheres of government and the relevant stakeholders put enough effort into this and land reform is placed centrally in all government spheres. Formal agreements are necessary between the three spheres of government on ensuring that land reform is implemented successfully and benefits its targets beneficiaries. The study revealed that previous policies and legislations purposefully neglected and isolated women as beneficiaries of any developmental initiatives. The study proved that women are still regarded as the main provider of support to their families and yet have little say in land matters. The way in which the inferiority of women was inculcated was evident in the manner in which women were complacent with their lifestyles and ability to still take care of their families irrespective of the lack of resources. The study mainly discusses the White Paper on South African Land Policy of 1997 in isolation of the other policies even though there is strong mentioning of the Constitution, 1996, the land related legislation which the programmes are based on and the RDP document as some of the policies supporting land reform. The other beneficiary categories as mentioned are equally important but the focus herein is on women. The study applied the qualitative research method towards addressing the study focus challenges. A qualitative study is defined as an inquiry process of understanding based on distinct methodological traditions of analysis that explore a social or human problem. The ability of women to own and utilise land is the focus of the study particularly in terms of promoting sustainable development for women. The desired result out of this study is an enquiry on how has the land reform empowered women towards their sustainable development, as well as what has been the process of ensuring that women have equal access to land. The qualitative research types that have been applied are a combination of case studies, literature review and unstructured interviews. An analysis of the relationship between Public Administration and land reform is undertaken by the study. Within the analysis of the relationship between Public Administration and land reform, focus is on the origin of Public Administration and sustainable development’s perspective to Public Administration. The need to maintain a balance between economic development and environmental protection to ensure generational equity is highlighted as critical for sustained livelihoods. The use of natural resources such as land in an environmentally friendly manner will ensure that future generations can utilise land for their livelihoods as well. The enquiry has revealed that there is a lot of literature on the subject of land reform. Further on, through the unstructured interviews and cases used within the study, women have made a success of the land they received even though support to utilise land was not timeously provided by the relevant Department of Agriculture. The level of education, presence of women on farms, the ability to make decisions and knowledge of business concepts contributed to the women’s success. The study revealed that previous policies and legislations purposefully neglected and isolated women as beneficiaries of any developmental initiatives. The study has proven that women were and still are regarded as the main support for their families and yet do not have any say in what happens on land matters. The way in which the inferiority of women was inculcated was evident in the manner in which women were complacent and satisfied with their lifestyles and ability to still take care of their families irrespective of the lack of resources. The study further emphasises the important role of government in the establishment and implementation of the Land Reform Policies. There is proven necessity that each government sphere must play its role and support each other towards achieving this call. There is potential to achieve beyond what has been achieved to date if all spheres of government put enough effort into this and land reform is placed centrally in all government spheres. Cooperation between the three spheres of government and the beneficiaries of land is necessary towards ensuring that land reform is implemented successfully. The thesis proposes that women should not be regarded as recipients of land only but also as contributors towards the government’s land reform. The lack of support that has been observed in the early years of land transfers to women has only delayed success of women but it did not hamper their continuous production on land. Implementation of these Land Reform Policies has supported women towards their sustainable development and improved livelihoods. The study has also revealed that some of the international countries still face challenges towards the inclusiveness of women in land related initiatives and can exchange success cases and learning with the South African models. The systems model that has been proposed by the study is based on the contribution of all the affected stakeholders and not government alone. The Land Reform Programmes have made a difference in people’s lives but there is work that is still necessary in terms of ensuring cooperation, coordination and strategies that indicate the extent to which government can support women. / Thesis (PhD)--University of Pretoria, 2011. / School of Public Management and Administration (SPMA) / unrestricted

In the organization and management of poultry farming many problems arise which call for a solution. Among such problems are the following: The amount of floor space per hen which will prove the most economical, the value of electric lights in poultry houses, amount of labor which can be profitably invested in a poultry flock, and the amount of feed which can be economically fed to poultry. There are many influences which determine poultry profits that cannot be controlled directly, but the factors mentioned here are largely within the control of the poultryman. He should, therefore, direct them as far as possible so as to increase his net returns. Each hen should be provided with floor space necessary for most efficient production. The poultryman, however, does not know the amount of space that will bring the greatest returns. If the net income from each hen is just as high with two square feet of floor space per hen as where each hen has six square feet, then it is not economical to have six square feet of floor space per hen. If this is the case, it would be advisable for the poultryman to increase the size of his flock so as to obtain the fullest returns from his investment in poultry houses and equipment. A poultry farmer should know if there are any advantages derived from the use of electric lights. If it is an advantage to use lights, the poultryman desires to know how many hours they should be used each day. If, through the use of lights, production is increased to such an extent that gross returns more than pay for wiring, cost of electricity, and other incidental expenses, lights will prove a profitable investment. A poultryman must give time and labor to his flock in feeding, cleaning coops and gathering eggs. When this work has been efficiently done, extra time and labor is not likely to increase profits. The poultry farmer wants to know the point where increased labor fails to increase profits. This same principle applies to the amount of feed given to poultry. Up to a certain point production may be increased as the amount of feed is increased, but before this point is reached, the extra eggs may not pay for the additional feed costs. The poultry farmer should know the limits of poultry feeding which will prove profitable. whether or not the poultryman solves these problems determines to a considerable degree his success or failure. This study is an attempt to point out the relationship existing between several of these factors which pertain to the organization, management, and profitableness of poultry farm.

Tout dommage que suscite la vie en société ne donne pas lieu à réparation . La formule illustre plus désormais un souhait qu’une réalité alors que l’histoire des conditions posées pour restreindre le champ de la réparation est depuis longtemps celle d’un lent et profond déclin. En principe, un dommage pour être indemnisé doit être personnel, certain et direct. La jurisprudence y ajoute une exigence de légitimité. L’examen du droit positif permet cependant de constater un contrôle de moins en moins poussé de ces différentes conditions. La reconnaissance récente du préjudice écologique pur confirme ce mouvement de recul alors que l’indemnisation de ce dommage collectif au sens strict repose sur l’abandon de l’exigence d’un préjudice personnel. Le phénomène est aujourd’hui acté. Il conduit à faire de presque n’importe quelle atteinte la source d’une indemnisation. Il invite surtout à réfléchir à une réhabilitation de certains caractères généraux du préjudice et même à la redécouverte d’autres caractères plus spéciaux comme la prévisibilité ou l’anormalité pour mieux circonscrire le droit de la réparation. Face à ce phénomène de relâchement, deux attitudes sont en effet possibles : soit y céder et abandonner tout espoir de contrôler par des moyens effectifs le champ de l’indemnisation, soit y résister et tenter de redonner au droit de la réparation une dimension à la fois cohérente et restreinte. C’est cette démarche que nous avons tenté d’entreprendre pour permettre au préjudice de jouer enfin un rôle structurant dans le droit contemporain de la responsabilité. / Not all prejudice emanating from society gives rights to redress. This expression illustrates more of a wish than a reality as the history of conditions to restrict the range of redress is one of long duration and of slow and profound decline. In principle, for prejudice to be compensated it must exist, be personnel, and direct. Jurisprudence adds the demands of legitimacy. An examination of current law however, shows that these conditions have less and less of an impact. For example, recent recognition of ecological prejudice confirms this while the compensation of collective damage in the strict sense rests on the relinquishment of the requirement of personal damage. The phenomenon is today acted upon, and results in the making of almost any infringement a source of compensation. As well, it encourages a reflection on the rehabilitation of certain general characteristics of the damage and even about the rediscovery of other more special characteristics. A reaction to the prejudice or an abnormality, to confine better the right are examples. To confront this, two attitudes are possible: either abandon any hope to control the field of the compensation effectively or to resist the phenomenon and restore in the right of redress incorporating a coherent and restricted dimension. It is this latter approach that this dissertation argues to enable prejudice to finally play a structuring role in contemporary law of responsibility.

En person som har insatser enligt LSS (Lagen om stöd och service till vissa funktionshindrade) kan möta många olika aktörer i sin vardag. Studien avsåg att undersöka hur samverkan fungerar mellan aktörerna inom LSS. Frågeställningar behandlade två frågor som handlade om främjande faktorer och hämmande faktorer för samverkan. Urvalet begränsades till personer som arbetar nära brukare och mer eller mindre på daglig basis ser dennes behov av stöd. Verksamhetschef, boendestödjare och platsansvarigchef är de aktörer som har en övergripande bild av samverkan. Utifrån semistrukturerade intervjuer och en tematisk analys genererades 7 teman. Främjande faktorer var gemensam värdegrund, tydlighet och strukturerade rutiner, verksamhetsmål, ömsesidigt samförstånd och förtroende. Hämmande faktorer var lagar och förordningar, brist på kommunikation samt brist på kunskap. Resultatet av undersökningen visar att för en välfungerande samverkan, behövs det samsyn kring aktörernas olikheter. Goda relationer och respekt för varandras uppdrag och regelverk är central i samverkan.

Co-authored by Charles Dickens and Wilkie Collins, The Perils of Certain English Prisoners is a tale of linguistic subversion in colonial spaces. Christian George King-a native "Sambo" that betrays the English colonists on Silver Store to a marauding band of pirates-demonstrates a linguistic phenomenon that scholars call interlanguage, or a quasi-language that partially resembles both English and his native language. Because of its status as a language between languages, King's interlanguage disrupts the linguistic hierarchy of the tale by opening possibilities for miscommunication. To combat this underlying tension, the colonists must rely on translation-specifically, on the mistaken belief that all non-English languages, including an interlanguage, can be translated perfectly into English. Perfect translation grants colonial spaces a much-needed façade of unity and cohesion against what would otherwise be linguistic chaos. Yet the very notion that meaning can be perfectly translated is shattered by interlanguage's ability to cultivate both intimacy and resistance in the translator-intimacy, because the colonizers see enough of their own language in the learner to lull themselves into thinking that meaning is transparent; and resistance, because the foreign parts of the learner's speech that remain serve as a continual reminder of the unconquered tongue. While interlanguage is most apparent in King's speech, it is also present, in a unique way, in the construction and co-authorship of The Perils itself. Indeed, interlanguage proves a useful concept for thinking about any textual moment in which individual voices combine into a hybrid voice that cultivates the illusion of unity and cohesion.

The aim of the study is to examine the possibilities and limits that the employees working in sheltered workshops perceive as they work with individual clients. Thus, in order to get a better understanding of which strategies are achieving the goal of insertion in the labor market. From a qualitative approach, the study was conducted through six interviews with representatives currently working in sheltered workshops in a community situated in the south of Sweden. The results of the study relates to the process known as ”role exit” theory of Ebaugh, new institutional theory of Johansson and Svensson, Johnsson and Laanemets. Further, accounts theory of Scott and Lyman and Knutagård were used to analyze our data. The study shows that the employees plays an important role in the process which individuals with disabilities go through in order to be established in the labor market. Additional, the study shows that there are limits related to both the capability of the individual and the lack of resources. In conclusion, the study shows that there are no explicit strategies to reach from the sheltered workshop to the labor market.

Os institutos jurídicos têm estreita relação com sua base econômica. Nos contratos de seguro essa afirmação é de fundamental importância, sendo o contrato a face jurídica de uma complexa operação econômica. O desenvolvimento do instituto levou ao reconhecimento da essencialidade da empresarialidade do seguro. Há acentuada controvérsia na doutrina acerca da natureza comutativa ou aleatória do contrato de seguro. O ponto central desta dissertação é no sentido de que o Código Civil de 2002 adotou a garantia como a prestação principal do segurador, o que importa no reconhecimento de sua natureza comutativa. O mesmo Código reconheceu a empresarialidade como elemento essencial do contrato. A comutatividade permite o exame das obrigações e deveres a cargo das partes num contexto de equilíbrio. O trabalho finalmente propõe que a interpretação e aplicação do contrato de seguro observem o caráter comutativo e a base técnica do negócio. / Legal institutions have a close relationship with their economic fundaments. In the insurance contract, this statement is of great importance as it is the legal face of a complex economic operation. The development of the institution has led to the acknowledgment of the entrepreneurial side of the insurance as an essential attribute of the contract. There is a strong dispute on the nature of the contract, if it is an aleatory contract or a certain contract. The main point of this essay is in the sense that the Civil Code of 2002 has adopted the guarantee as the main obligation of the insurer, which represents the acknowledgement of its nature of a certain contract. This nature of the contract permits the examination of the obligations and duties of the parties in a context of equilibrium. The essay finally proposes that the interpretation and construction of the insurance contract observe both the character of a certain contract and its technical fundaments.