Cette thèse évalue l'efficacité de différentes formes de taxes, subventions et réglementations mises en place pour corriger les défaillances de marché qui s'opposent aux économies d'énergie. Elle mobilise plusieurs approches, selon un degré de complexité croissant. Dans un premier temps, un modèle microéconomique standard est développé pour comparer les performances statiques des différents instruments. Dans un deuxième temps, la représentation des comportements des consommateurs est approfondie dans un modèle de prospective de la consommation d'énergie pour le chauffage des ménages français, qui permet d'identifier les mécanismes dynamiques par lesquels les instruments peuvent corriger les principales défaillances de marché. Dans un troisième temps, une évaluation empirique des dispositifs de « certificats blancs » – obligations échangeables d'économies d'énergie imposées aux opérateurs énergétiques – est menée à partir d'une comparaison des expériences britannique, italienne et française, en intégrant les institutions dans l'analyse. Le croisement de ces différentes approches montre que : (i) les taxes sur l'énergie, qui encouragent à la fois l'investissement dans l'efficacité énergétique et la sobriété des comportements, sont particulièrement efficaces ; (ii) les réglementations sur l'efficacité énergétique ont un impact significatif sur la diffusion des technologies efficaces ; (iii) les subventions à l'efficacité énergétique génèrent un effet rebond important ; (iv) en fonction de l'environnement institutionnel dans lequel ils s'insèrent, les « certificats blancs » combinent les propriétés de ces instruments. Appliquée en France au secteur du bâtiment résidentiel, la combinaison la plus efficace de ces instruments ne permet pas d'atteindre les objectifs d'économies d'énergie définis dans le cadre du Grenelle de l'environnement / This thesis evaluates the effectiveness of various forms of taxes, subsidies and regulations implemented to correct for market failures that may prevent energy savings. It builds on various approaches, with gradual complexity. First, a standard microeconomic model is developed to compare the static performances of these instruments. Second, the representation of consumer behaviour is strengthened in a model of the residential energy demand for space heating in France, which allows to identify the dynamic mechanisms by which instruments can correct for the main market failures. Third, an empirical evaluation of « white certificate » schemes – tradable energy saving obligations imposed on energy operators – is made from the comparison between the British, Italian and French experiences, taking into account national institutions. The following conclusions can be drawn from these various approaches : (i) energy taxes, by encouraging both energy efficiency investment and sufficiency behaviour, are particularly effective ; (ii) energy efficiency regulations have a significant impact on the diffusion of efficient technologies ; (iii) subsidies to energy efficiency induce a large rebound effect ; (iv) depending on the institutional environment in which they operate, white certificate schemes combine different properties of these instruments. Applied to the French residential building sector, the most effective combination of these instruments does not allow to reach the energy saving target set by the Government

In the first chapter of my diploma thesis, I try to show some general patterns concerning the securities and I also deal with the classification of securities and with the question of emitting the securities. In the second chapter, I pay my attention to the theme of shares as basic participant securities and I also try to clarify some other terms such as joint-stock companies, negotiable papers or rights of minority shareholders. In the following part of my thesis, I deal with the theme of interim certificates and I also try to explain the process of their exchanging for shares. In the next chapter, I pay my attention to the theme of additional securities (stock warrants, time warrants). In the semi-final chapter of my thesis, I deal with the theme of bonds (priority bonds, exchangeable bonds, mortgage debenture bonds). In the last part of my thesis, I try to compare the current legal form (concerning the securities) to that which shall come into force by 1. 1. 2014.

My entire career in lecturing and research in the field of financial management in education, have led to me becoming more and more intrigued by questions related to the amounts of money being spent on education and the performance of learners in the Senior Certificate Examination in public secondary schools in South Africa. The South African education system has changed dramatically since 1994 and is aimed at restoring the injustices of the past by providing equitable quality education. Despite many reforms our system is not rendering acceptable results as is evident from our participation in international and national tests (TIMSS, PIRLS, SACMEQ and ANA)2. Internationally UNESCO is driving the Educational for All campaign in an attempt to address issues related to quality education. The purpose of this research was to investigate the relationship between the funding of education and the quality of education in selected diverse top performing secondary schools in the Gauteng province of South Africa. The results of the sample schools in the National Senior Certificate examination was used as indicator of the quality of education provided. Towards this end, I have done multiple case study research in six schools selected using purposive and convenience sampling techniques. Semistructured interviews and document analysis were used to collect data. I found that there is a definite link between funding and the quality of education provided. This manifests itself in allowing schools to reduce class size by appointing additional teaching staff, access to technology and staff development. However, all the schools in the sample indicated that the crucial factor determining their success was their teachers! In addition to the role of the teachers, I found that structures created for and the manner in which academic performance was managed and parental involvement also played determining roles. Contrary to what was expected, the use of technology as teaching aid, although convenient, was not playing a decisive role. The research led to a much better and deeper understanding of the intricate relationship between funding and the quality of education, but additional investigation is required in order to highlight this matter even further to allow for the informed improvement of efforts to raise the quality of education in South Africa and the world. / Thesis (PhD)--University of Pretoria, 2012. / Education Management and Policy Studies / unrestricted

O absenteísmo médico-odontológico é relatado como sendo responsável pela perda de dias e horas de trabalho, refletindo-se em prejuízos econômicos nos setores público e privado, não obstante a sua essência nos remeta a uma reflexão muito mais profunda, no que diz respeito à Saúde e aos seus agravos, enquanto fatores causais desta condição, muitas vezes impostos ao trabalhador pelo próprio ambiente de trabalho. O presente estudo teve por objetivo avaliar as características e o perfil do Absenteísmo na Administração Pública, o envolvimento e a atestação médico - odontológica relacionados ao afastamento do servidor do seu trabalho, além da relação entre Patologias Médicas e odontológicas, sob uma óptica baseada em evidências de uma pesquisa pautada na Incidência. Além disto, como objetivo secundário, foi conduzida uma atualização da revista da literatura com fulcro nos aspectos legais, éticos, normativos e científicos, no que tange às atestações de estados de saúde. A partir de um estudo preliminar do tipo exploratório retrospectivo, transversal, descritivo e analítico, realizado anteriormente com o propósito de se estabelecer a relação entre absenteísmo e doenças, tanto de origem médica, como odontológica; traçou-se assim um perfil do Absenteísmo na Administração Pública. Também assim, estabeleceu-se uma estratégia que envolveu uma amostra de 340 prontuários funcionais de servidores públicos municipais de uma cidade do interior do Estado de São Paulo, Brasil, do universo de 973 servidores ativos, que foi submetida a uma avaliação transversal retrospectiva de 11 anos e 5 meses, no período de 01 de janeiro de 2001 a 31 de maio de 2012, através da análise da História Médico-Odontológica Pregressa colhida dos atestados médicos e odontológicos juntados e justificantes de faltas ou afastamentos, documentos legais estes comprovantes do motivo do absenteísmo. Subsequentemente a este levantamento epidemiológico, com base na Prevalência, deu-se continuidade ao processo através de um estudo de coorte prospectivo de 1 ano e 6 meses, com os mesmos parâmetros e amostra, porém com uma perda de 11,37%, onde foram analisados ao final, 304 prontuários funcionais, no período pré-estabelecido de 01 de junho de 2012 a 30 de novembro de 2013, cujo intuito foi o de se vislumbrar um panorama inequívoco, em que pese a escassez de investigações acerca do tema, mormente com as peculiaridades atribuídas aos estudos de Incidência. Ademais, tal avaliação buscou também uma correlação entre a quantidade de atestações apresentadas e suas implicações, antes e depois da consolidação plena da implantação e padronização de um sistema de relógio-ponto digital de controle de frequência, por meio de biometria, obrigatória e ativa em todas as Secretarias da administração municipal, neste período de 18 meses proposto na pesquisa, quando comparada ao período anteriormente estudado, de 11 anos e 5 meses, onde outras formas de registro de frequência, tais como relógio-ponto, livro-ponto e folha de frequência, também eram utilizadas. Foram quantificados os afastamentos, dias de trabalho perdidos e afecções mais frequentes, dentre outras características avaliadas. Os dados foram analisados de forma descritiva por meio de frequências absoluta e relativa, e inferencial através de Estatística Analítica pertinente a cada situação, além da utilização de Índices e Razões validadas, tais como Índice de Gravidade, Índice de Frequência, Duração Média das Ausências e Risco Relativo. Os afastamentos médicos somaram 3.523 eventos e os odontológicos 337, com total de 34.685 e 425 dias perdidos de trabalho, respectivamente, no levantamento retrospectivo. Já no prospectivo, foram contabilizados 1.715 afastamentos médicos e 186 odontológicos, com um total de 10.284 e 279 dias perdidos de trabalho, respectivamente. As patologias de origem médica mais prevalentes foram as Doenças do Aparelho Respiratório (CID J11) e as mais incidentes foram os Fatores que Influenciam o Estado de Saúde e o Contato com os Serviços de Saúde (CID Z76.3); as de origem odontológica mais prevalentes foram os Dentes inclusos (CID K01.0); e a Necrose da polpa (CID K04.1) foram as mais incidentes. Os resultados obtidos e a sua interpretação buscam fornecer subsídios para discussão e conclusões, levantando questões a serem analisadas e posteriormente informadas à Administração municipal, como sugestão para melhoria da qualidade de vida e de Saúde do servidor dentro do ambiente de trabalho, contribuindo para a redução do absenteísmo e o aumento da produtividade, com o consequente acréscimo na qualidade da prestação do serviço público. Contudo, há fortes indícios de um maior agravo à Saúde do servidor no atual cenário avaliado. / Medical and dental absenteeism is reported to be responsible for the lost of days and hours of work, reflecting in economic losses in the public and private sectors, nevertheless its essence refers us to a much deeper reflection, with regard to Health and their grievances, as causal factors of this condition often imposed by the employee\'s own work environment. The present study aimed to evaluate the characteristics and profile of Absenteeism in Public Administration, the involvement and the medical - dental attestation related to the staf absence from work, besides the relationship between Medical and Dental Pathologies, under a view based on evidence from a survey based in the Incidence. Furthermore, as a secondary objective, we conducted a literature review of the update with the fulcrum in the legal, ethical, normative and scientific aspects, in relation of health states. From a preliminary study of the retrospective exploratory, cross-sectional, descriptive study was previously conducted with the purpose of establishing the relationship between absenteeism and illnesses, both medical and dental origin; thus drew up a profile of Absenteeism in Public Administration. Thus, it was established a strategy that involved a sample of 340 medical records of functional employees of a city in the state of São Paulo, Brazil, from the universe of 973 active servers, which was subjected to a retrospective cross-sectional assessment of 11 years and 5 months in the period from January 1, 2001 to May 31, 2012, by analyzing the History of Medical and Dental harvested from past medical and dental certificates and documents gathered in proof of absences these ones legal documents showing why the absenteeism. Subsequently to this epidemiological survey, based on the Prevalence, was continued the process through a prospective cohort study of 1 year and 6 months, with the same parameters and sample, but with a loss of 11.37%, which analyzed the end, 304 functional charts, pre-established period of June 1, 2012 to November 30, 2013, whose aim was to discern a clear picture, despite the lack of research on the topic, especially with the peculiarities assigned to the studies of Incidence. Furthermore, this evaluation also sought a correlation between the amount of affidavits presented and its implications, before and after the full implementation of the consolidation and standardization of a digital clock - point frequency control system, using biometrics, mandatory and active in all the Departments of municipal administration, in this period of 18 months proposed in the research, when compared to the previously studied period of 11 years and five months, where other forms of attendance records, such as watch-point, point-book and leaf frequency, were also used. Avoidances, lost workdays and more frequent disorders were quantified among of other characteristics evaluated. Data were analyzed descriptively using absolute and relative frequencies, and through inferential Analytics Statistics pertinent to each situation, besides the use of Indices and Reasons validated such as Severity Index, Frequency Index, Duration Average Absences and Relative Risk. Medical absence totaled 3523 events and dental 337, with a total of 34685 and 425 lost days of work, respectively, in a retrospective survey. In the prospective, 1715 medical and 186 dental leaves were recorded, with a total of 10284 and 279 lost days of work, respectively. The most prevalent medical origin diseases were the Respiratory Diseases (ICD J11) and the most incidents were the Factors Influencing Health Status and Contact with Health Services (ICD Z76.3); the diseases most prevalent dental origin diseases were the included teeth (ICD K01.0); and more incidents were the necrosis of the pulp (ICD K04.1). The results and their interpretation intend to provide input for the discussion and conclusions, raising issues to be analyzed and subsequently to be reported to the municipal Administration, as a suggestion for improving the quality of life and Health of the server within the work environment, helping to reduce the absenteeism and the increase productivity, with a consequent increase the quality of public service provision. However, there is strong evidence of a greater Health problem of the server in the current scenario evaluated.

The study of music has long been seen as élitist in South African education, a ‘talent’ subject rather than an academic one. The country’s political history has played a significant role in this perception. Under the apartheid government, education in the arts was considered appropriate only for gifted, mostly white, students and a grossly inequitable distribution of resources placed the study of music beyond the reach of most students. The ANC government has declared educational reform a priority, but faces enormous challenges in redressing inequities of the past. This study examines the relevance and academic rigour of music curricula past and present, in the light of political influences; and the challenges that face schools and education departments in sustaining growth and development of music as an academic subject, accessible to all at senior secondary school level. / Music / M. Mus.

The main aim of the thesis is a detailed economic evaluation of the energy saving measure, which was compared with the original state before the reconstruction. The economic evaluation is based on the physical calculation performed in DEKSoft. The effectiveness of the solution was determined by calculating the discounted payback period based on the estimated energy cost savings in each year of operation and initial investment costs. The work includes the use of a mortgage loan and grant programs as financial resources.

This diploma thesis deals with comparison of predicted and actual energy consumption in buildings. The predicted consumption is determined by calculating the energy performance certificate of the selected building and the actual consumption is monitored in the building on the Open Garden premises of the Partnership Foundation in Brno. The theoretical part deals both with the energy consumption in buildings and with the methodology of energy performance calculation.

The diploma thesis titled "Civil building" consists of three main parts. The theoretical, project and calculation sections are created. The common theme of these parts is the assessment of the energy performance of the proposed building. The object is designed as a two-storey office building that meets the current requirements for new construction under the energy certificate. The goal of the work is the design of the optimisation of the building in the form of individual options for energy certificates and their mutual comparison.

Growing number of SME restaurant and unsustainable food consumption creates a paradoxicaltension in the society from “Environmental sustainability” perspective. This paradoxicaltension requires every organizations to reduce their ecological footprint through minimizingits environmental effects. In Sweden, KRAV, a non-profit organization that sets organicagriculture standards, oversees certification for a variety of industry members, includingrestaurants. Previous research has focused on only CSR issues and only large multinationalfood chains rather than SMEs. While SME restaurants are less powerful on their own but theircollective impact on the environment and society is tremendous. Guided by qualitative data inthe form of semi-structured interviews were collected from SME sushi restaurant owners inUmea, Sweden. Firstly author has identified the motives of owners toward “environmentalsustainability” such as packaging, waste management, procurement, and environmentalcertification. Environmental certification has further classified into two motives one is basedon morality and another one is based on profitability & morality. Secondly, author furtherdiscussed the environmental certification that is based on both morality & profitability into twodimension such as “profitability” & “Legitimacy”. Thirdly, author represent the role of greenmarketing to achieve these two dimensions along with its benefits and challenges. Benefits andchallenges were discussed based on both “environmental certification (KRAV) and “Greenmarketing” perspective. Benefits such as “New customer segment”, “Brand loyalty”,“Competitive advantage” and “higher profitability” in the long run have been identified.Moreover, “Lack of awareness”, “attitude- behavior gap”, “inadequate use of technology”,“costly”, “SME restaurant type”, “unavailability”, “strict rules and restriction” and“insufficient financial investment” have been found as a major barriers or challenges to achieveKRAV certificate (environmental certification) and overall “Environmental sustainability”.With the help of a comprehensive literature review, the motivations and challenges of theseparticipants were identified and explored using a conceptual framework based on“Environmental sustainability” and “Green marketing”.

The goal of the thesis is to analyse the issue of e-government in the Czech republic and its impact on private sector. It both describes the current situation and searches for new opportunities to enhance and modify the system. Based on the performed analyses the thesis designs a suitable way to benefit from e-goverment utilization within the company.