The EU has set out a goal to become climate neutral by 2050. The IPCC has recognized carbon dioxide removal (CDR) as being an essential technology in order to achieve net zero CO2 emissions. Since CDR can account for emissions from sectors that are hard to mitigate, the European Commission has proposed a regulation that will be the first EU-wide voluntary certification framework for high-quality carbon removals. During 1 December 2023 - 23 March 2023, the proposal received feedback from different actors in order to develop methodologies that will enable stakeholders to implement this certification framework. Therefore, since relevant actors' participation in designing the framework is important, the aim of this study is to analyse the feedback and identify potential strengths, weaknesses, areas of agreement, and conflicts of interest in the proposal. Out of the 210 submitted feedback documents that the EU Commission received, 165 documents were analysed in this study. From the feedback, the results of this study show that many actors from different sectors welcome the proposal and believe that it could bring further transparency and trustworthiness to CDR activities which could increase investments in carbon removal solutions. However, a common weakness among the respondents was the lack of clarity in the framework regarding the terminology and the alignment to other regulations and policies. Some conflicts of interest were also identified, surrounding the level of permanence in the included CDR activities, co-benefits, and the representation of actors within the expert groups. / EU har satt ett mål att bli klimatneutralt 2050. IPCC har erkänt koldioxidinfångning som en nödvändig teknik för att uppnå netto noll CO2 utsläpp. Detta eftersom koldioxidinfångning kan kompensera för utsläpp från sektorer som är svåra att minska. Den Europeiska kommissionen har därav föreslagit en ny förordning som kommer att bli det förstaEU-omfattande frivilliga ramverket för certifiering av koldioxidinfångning av hög kvalitet. Den 1 december 2023 - 23 mars 2023 fick förslaget feedback från olika aktörer i syfte att utveckla metoder som gör det möjligt för aktörer att implementera certifieringsramverket. Eftersom att relevanta aktörers deltagande i utformningen av ramverket är av betydelse, är syftet med denna studie att analysera responsen som certifieringsramverket har fått för att sedan kunna identifiera potentiella styrkor, svagheter, punkter av överensstämmelse och intressekonflikter inom förslaget. Av de 210 dokumenten med respons som inkom tillEU-kommissionen, analyserades 165 dokument i denna studie. Efter att responsen analyserats framkom det att många aktörer från olika sektorer välkomnar förslaget då de, bland annat, anser att förslaget skulle kunna tillföra ytterligare transparens och trovärdighet gällande koldioxidinfångning. Detta skulle i sin tur kunna öka andelen investeringar i olika tekniker för koldioxidinfångning. En svaghet som framkom bland respondenterna var att terminologin i ramverket ansågs vara otydlig. Respondenterna ansåg även att det var otydligt hur ramverket skulle anpassas till befintliga och kommande policys och lagar. Vissa intressekonflikter kunde också identifieras. Både kring koldioxidlagringens varaktighet och ramverkets samfördelar samt representationen av aktörer inom expertgupperna.

For years now, students have been learning from two different types of teachers: Teachers who received certification from a traditional training program at a university and teachers who became certified through alternative certification routes. Does the educational preparation of an art teacher matter? Is alternative certification as effectual as traditional teacher preparation programs? Darling- Hammond (2006) says, "Evidence indicates that teachers who have had more preparation for teaching are more confident and successful with students than those who have had little or none." This thesis will examine and analyze alternative teacher certification in art education for the state of Florida, in a selected county in central Florida, and the traditional teacher certification program via a university path. I am choosing to base this study on my own program of study. I am on the path receive a Bachelor's degree through a traditional art education preparation program. This topic will be discussed by conducting a review of literature. Articles from scholars will be cited in order to provide evidence to support the conclusion that art teachers who are traditionally certified are better prepared for the art classroom than art teachers who attained certification via an alternative route. In order to carry out this investigation, an autoethnography will be included, which will include personal experiences, such as going through a traditional art teacher certification program, which is a four year Bachelor's degree in art education and observing art teachers who have completed different types of certification, leading me to the conclusion that traditionally certified art teachers are more prepared.

The Academic Pathway to Teaching (APT) licensure was introduced in 2016 to expand the supply of teachers in Utah. Since then, there has been no formal evaluation of the licensure or the teachers teaching with an APT license. The goals of this study were to explore the effects of the APT licensure on teacher turnover in Utah and to analyze how mentoring experience and teacher self-efficacy were related to the attrition of this population of teachers. This mixed-methods study used data from the Utah State Board of Education to calculate rates of teacher turnover of APT candidates (N=456) for each cohort and school year from 2016-17 to 2017-18. In addition, a survey was sent to current and previous APT candidates with questions on mentoring, self- efficacy, and opinions of the licensure. By their second year of teaching, 41% of the 2016-17 cohort had left teaching in Utah or moved schools. The 2017-18 cohort had a teacher turnover rate of 16%. Although analyses of variance of survey items found no relationship between self- efficacy and attrition, they did find that APT candidates who were still teaching had significantly more frequent and impactful mentoring experiences. Furthermore, data from the open-ended survey responses supported these findings and identified another variable related to the success of APT candidates: previous teaching experience. Although this study is limited by a small survey respondent group of APT candidates who had left teaching (N=13), the implications of this research can shape inform policy decisions regarding alternative certification in Utah.

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京都大学 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(人間健康科学) / 甲第24096号 / 人健博第103号 / 新制||人健||7(附属図書館) / 京都大学大学院医学研究科人間健康科学系専攻 / (主査)教授 青山 朋樹, 教授 恒藤 暁, 教授 今中 雄一 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Human Health Sciences / Kyoto University / DFAM