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L’objectif principal de ce travail est de vérifier si le statut de la culture à la télévision nationale pourrait être un indicateur sur la mise en place d’un processus démocratique au Maroc. La réforme de l’audiovisuel constitue un prétexte pour observer la portée des discours réformistes, surtout quand ils sont annoncés par des régimes autoritaires. Comme nous voulons aborder un aspect spécifique d’une politique sectorielle, il serait utile de l’intégrer dans le climat global où elle évolue. En s’intéressant au passé colonial du pays, nous comprendrons les fondements du régime marocain ainsi que les relations qu’il entretient avec les différentes composantes du paysage politique.Les relations entre la monarchie et la religion, la politique et les médias, et le peuple marocain, contribueront à exposer la problématique du nouveau rôle que les réformes jouent dans la réaffirmation des régimes autoritaires. Les élections de 2011 ont permis l’accès des islamistes au gouvernement. L’élaboration des cahiers des charges de l’audiovisuel public par le ministère de tutelle provoquera un affrontement avec les vrais détenteurs de pouvoir sur ce domaine. Grâce aux conditions de la mise en application de ces textes, nous verrons comment les enjeux politiques influencent les décisions des différents acteurs, car nous souhaitons participer à poser un regard différent sur les démarches de modernisation d’un pays comme le Maroc. / This paper primarily seeks to verify whether the status of culture on Moroccan national television could be an indicator of the implementation of a democratic process in Morocco. Audiovisual reform is a pretext for observing the scope of reformist discourse, especially when such discourse is delivered by authoritarian regimes. As we intend to examine a specific aspect of policy in a given sector, it would be interesting to place it in the broader context in which it evolves. We shall take a close look at the country's colonial past to better understand the foundations of the Moroccan regime and the relations that it nurtures with the various stakeholders in the political landscape.We will use the relations between the monarchy and religion, politics and the media, and the Moroccan people to present the problematic of how authoritarian regimes now use reforms as a new way of reasserting their authority. The 2011 elections brought Islamists into the government. In the audiovisual sector, we can expect a confrontation between the true holders of power in this field and the ministry in charge of the sector when it comes to drafting the terms of reference for public radios and televisions. We shall examine how political stakes influence the decisions of the various professionals through the conditions for implementing these texts; for we wish to participate in viewing from a different angle, the modernization processes of a country such as Morocco.

Thèse numérisée par la Direction des bibliothèques de l'Université de Montréal.

The thesis is concerned with an issue of operation of lotteries from the perspec- tive of financial law in the Czech Republic. The aim is to provide an analysis of current legislation and to put forward adequate solutions de lege ferenda. Apart from an introductory chapter and a conclusion, the thesis consists of five chapters. The first one describes the term "betting games" and distinguishes it from the terms "games" (in general) and "lotteries and other like games". The first chapter is also devoted to "game law" meaning a comprehensive set of legal provisions related to the issue. The second chapter sets the betting games into the scope of private law. It focus- es on particular eras of the civil legislation in historical context of the current Czech Republic, from 1811 to 2013. That part of the thesis looks at the current civil legisla- tion, which is stated in the act No. 89/2012 Coll., the Civil Code, and which came into force as of January 1, 2014. Next chapter critically evaluates a legal regulation of operation of betting games, which is grounded in public law. That legislation provides regulatory bases of running objective business. The legislation is mainly made by the act No. 202/1990 Coll., on lotteries and other like games, as amended. The act infringes the European law. Nev-...

Le but de la thèse est de comprendre les mécanismes de localisation de particules (on parle de charges) dans des mélanges de polymères immiscibles. Ces travaux montrent que la localisation des charges de noir de carbone dans un mélange polypropylène (PP)/ poly-ε-caprolactone (PCL) est dominée par le rapport de viscosités et non par des paramètres thermodynamiques (liés au mouillage de la particule). La localisation des charges est expliquée par la compétition des forces de drainage visqueux s’exerçant sur les particules à l’interface. Le mécanisme de transfert des charges est mis en évidence par observation de la relaxation de gouttes de PCL chargées immergées dans une matrice PP. Le transfert se produit par un nouveau mécanisme, appelé « zip flow », qui consiste à l’érosion des gouttes au niveau des pointes. La maîtrise des différents paramètres étudiés permet de localiser les particules sélectivement à l’interface et d’obtenir des propriétés de conductivité à faible taux de charges. / The aim of this work is to understand mechanisms responsible for particles localisation in immiscible polymer blends. This study shows that carbon-black fillers localisation in polypropylene (PP)/ poly-ε-caprolactone (PCL) blends is strongly influenced by the viscosity ratio (rather than thermodynamic parameters through the wetting coefficient). The localisation of the fillers is explained by a competition of hydrodynamic forces applied on particles localised at the interface. The transfer of fillers is investigated at the droplet scale by observation of the relaxation of CB-filled PCL droplets suspended in PP matrix. CB particles are transferred from the PCL droplet to the PP matrix by a new mechanism, called “zip flow”, which involves the erosion of the droplet edges, leading to the extraction of particles localised there. The control of these parameters allows to localize fillers selectively at the interface and to reduce significantly the electrical percolation threshold.

Cette étude porte sur l'influence des nano-charges conductrices de noir de carbone sur le comportement mécanique de matériaux composites, dans le but d'intégrer la fonction du blindage électromagnétique. Ces travaux ont traité, dans un premier temps, du problème pratique de la réalisation d'un tel composite et notamment, de la diffusion de la résine chargée lors de la mise en oeuvre par des procédés classiques par voie liquide (Infusion et RTM-Eco). La Première phase du travail est réalisé sur la résine chargée seule, dans le but de comprendre l'impact des nano-charges conductrices sur le comportement mécanique d'une résine thermodurcissable de type vinylester avant l'injection de cette résine dans la préforme. Finalement une partie est consacrée à la caractérisation de composite à résine nanochargée en termes d'efficacité de blindage électromagnétique dans une gamme de fréquence allant de 10 MHz à 6 GHz. / This work is devoted to analyze carbon black nano-conductive fillers influence en the mechanical behavior of composite materials, in order to integrate of electromagnetic shielding function. In the first step the practical problem of the realization of such a composite is carried and in particular, the diffusion of the resin filled during the manufacturing by classic processes methods using liquid way (infusion and RTM-Eco). The second step of the work is realized on the resin filled, in order to understand the impact of dispersion of nano-carbon black fillers in the resin on the mechanical behavior of a thermosetting resin (vinyl ester type), before realized infiltration process of the filled resin in the preform. The final step is devoted to the electromagnetic shielding effectiveness characterization of composite-nanofilled resin in a frequency range from 10 MHz to 6 Ghz.

Cette thèse traite des propriétés des glaces de spins artificielles de type kagomé. Il s'agit de réseaux de nano-aimants magnétiques que nous avons fabriqués par dépôt d'un film mince, lithographie électronique et gravure ionique. Les éléments de la maille appelés brins possèdent des tailles typiques que 500 nm de long, 100 nm de large et 10nm d'épaisseur. L'intérêt de ces brins mésoscopiques repose sur la possibilité d'en déterminer la configuration magnétique par imagerie. Les caractérisations réalisées après désaimantation nous ont permis de mettre en évidence l'impact des différents types de désaimantation et de faire apparaître pour la première fois un polycristal de charges. Pour approfondir notre compréhension de ce système, nous avons aussi réalisé une étude numérique. Nous avons montré que les brins ne se comportent pas comme des spins d'Ising. En effet, la configuration d'aimantation d'un brin peut s'apparenter à une configuration homogène avec un domaine de fermeture aux deux extrémités. Nous avons étudié l'impact de ces configurations de bout de brins dans le renversement de l'aimantation des réseaux. Nous montrons également expérimentalement que le renversement peut être très anisotrope. L'origine de cette anisotropie a été étudiée. Enfin, nous montrons numériquement que lorsqu'une configuration interdite est stabilisée, les domaines de fermeture ferment le flux laissant apparaître deux chiralités qui possèdent des champs de disparition différents lorsque le champ est appliqué hors axe de la nanostructure. D'un point de vue expérimental, nous avons tenté de mettre en évidence l'existence de cette chiralité des monopoles / The subject of this thesis is the study of artificial kagome spin ices which are frustrated networks of nanomagnets. These arrays are made using thin film deposition, electron beam lithography and ion beam etching. The typical sizes of each nanomagnet are a length of 500nm, a width of 100nm and a thickness of 10nm with a separation between nanomagnets of 50nm. The interest of these frustrated networks relies on the possibility to measure the magnetic configurations by imagery and extract the macrospin configurations. In this work we have especially compared different demagnetization procedures (field and thermal) that allowed us to highlight their impact on the configurations and we have shown for the first time an emergent polycristal of charges. To have a better understanding of our system, we have also conducted a numerical study using finite difference methods. We have shown that nanomagnets do not behave like Ising spin. Indeed, the magnetic configuration is shown to be homogeneous with domains at extremities. In the array, the domains close the flux at a vertex and the effects of those domains on the magnetization reversal of our networks have been studied. We have also shown experimentally that the reversal can be anisotropic. The origin of this anisotropy has been studied. Finally, we have numerically shown that, when a forbidden configuration is stabilized, the closure of the flux at the vertex leads to chiralities of the forbidden state. These chiralities possess different annihilation fields when the fields are applied out of the nanostructure axis. From an experimental point of view, we tried to show the existence of this monopole chirality using adapted field histories

O objetivo principal da tese é buscar critérios que orientem e justifiquem a definição de estruturas tarifárias para o transporte público urbano, diferenciando valores relativos de tarifa segundo o tipo de uso do sistema de transporte e as características do usuário. Após uma análise dos objetivos do transporte público urbano, foram considerados relevantes os critérios de eficiência econômica e equidade para a elaboração e avaliação de estruturas tarifárias, por sua relação direta com o bem-estar social. Para satisfazer critérios de eficiência, os preços devem ser determinados segundo o custo social marginal de curto prazo, considerando, porém, falhas do mercado de transporte público que levam a preços ótimos que desviam de forma sistemática dos custos marginais. Os critérios de equidade, por vezes restritos a consideração de aspectos de distribuição de renda, devem ser complementados pelo critério de necessidade de transporte, indicada pela categoria sócio-econômica do indivíduo e sua família. Um modelo conceitual para elaboração e avaliação de estruturas tarifárias é proposto, cujo objetivo é maximizar uma função de equidade, sujeito a restrições que contém informações sobre estruturas tarifárias que refletem critérios de eficiência ou outros que os condicionem. / The major objective of the thesis is the search for criteria for guiding and justifying the definition of public transport fare structures. The latter should be interpreted as the processo f differentiating relative prices according to the type of use one makes of the system and the characteristics of the user. An analysis of the objectives of urban public transport led to the choice of economic efficiency and equity as relevant criteria for the design and evaluation off are structures: this is based upon the fact that these criteria have direct impacto n social welfare. The adopted approach recognizes that public transport is a multiproduct economic activity offering several services - trips between many origins and destinations, at different times and on various types of days - with different costs. Users make different uses of the service, consuming distinct products. The demand for the many products offered by a transportation system oughr to face proces that satisfy the criteria for economic efficiency, if social welfare is to be maximized. On the other hand, one must acknowledge the existence of differences between the consumers of trnasportation services - income, auto availability, sex, age and family structure - which define their constribution capabilities and their transport needs. Equity criteria are required if one is to account for the differences in userscharacteristics. Efficiency criteria ask for short run marginal cost princing. However, there are some important failures in the public transport market: consequently, optimal prices should deviate systematically from marginal costs. The structure of marginal costs, concerning the many different products, and the nature of the optimal deviations provide important information for fare structure design. Equity criteria are sometime interpreted as concerning income distribution issues alone. A wider view of the equity concept indicates that, for the purpose off are design and evaluation, transport needs related criteria, as reflected by the sócio-economic category of the individual and his family, should be considered in addition to income distributional aspects. A conceptual model for design and evaluation off are structures is proposed. The objective is to maximize an equity function, subject to constraints that convey information about efficient fare structures and other informal criteria. As an important feature, the model considers that the application of equity criteria to public transport fare structures requires that family characteristics be taken into account besides the individual.

Dans ce travail de thèse, nous abordons les problèmes de commande posés en co-manipulation robotique pour des tâches de manutention à travers un point de vue dont nous pensons qu’il n’est pas suffisamment exploité, bien qu’il a recourt à des outils classiques en robotique. Le problème de commande en co-manipulation robotique est souvent abordé par le biais des méthodes de contrôle d’impédance, où l’objectif est d’établir une relation mathématique entre la vitesse linéaire du point d’interaction homme-robot et la force d’interaction appliquée par l’opérateur humain au même point. Cette thèse aborde le problème de co-manipulation robotique pour des tâches de manutention comme un problème de commande optimale sous contrainte. Le point de vue proposé se base sur la mise en œuvre d’un Générateur de Trajectoire Temps-Réel spécifique, combiné à une boucle d’asservissement cinématique. Le générateur de trajectoire est conçu de manière à traduire les intentions de l’opérateur humain en trajectoires idéales que le robot doit suivre ? Il fonctionne comme un automate à deux états dont les transitions sont contrôlées par évènement, en comparant l’amplitude de la force d’interaction à un seuil de force ajustable, afin de permettre à l’opérateur humain de garder l’autorité sur les états de mouvement du robot. Pour assurer une interaction fluide, nous proposons de générer un profil de vitesse colinéaire à la force appliquée au point d’interaction. La boucle d’asservissement est alors utilisée afin de satisfaire les exigences de stabilité et de qualité du suivi de trajectoire tout en garantissant l’assistance une interaction homme-robot sûre. Plusieurs méthodes de synthèse sont appliquées pour concevoir des correcteurs efficaces qui assurent un bon suivi des trajectoires générées. L’ensemble est illustré à travers deux modèles de robot. Le premier est le penducobot, qui correspond à un robot sous-actionné à deux degrés de liberté et évoluant dans le plan. Le deuxième est un robot à deux bras complètement actionné. / In this thesis, we address the co-manipulation control problems for the handling tasks through a viewpoint that we do not think sufficiently explored, even it employs classical tools of robotics. The problem of robotic co-manipulation is often addressed using impedance control based methods where we seek to establish a mathematical relation between the velocity of the human-robot interaction point and the force applied by the human operator at this point. This thesis addresses the problem of co-manipulation for handling tasks seen as a constrained optimal control problem. The proposed point of view relies on the implementation of a specific online trajectory generator (OTG) associated to a kinematic feedback loop. This OTG is designed so as to translate the human operator intentions to ideal trajectories that the robot must follow. It works as an automaton with two states of motion whose transitions are controlled by comparing the magnitude of the force to an adjustable threshold, in order to enable the operator to keep authority over the robot’s states of motion. To ensure the smoothness of the interaction, we propose to generate a velocity profile collinear to the force applied at the interaction point. The feedback control loop is then used to satisfy the requirements of stability and of trajectory tracking to guarantee assistance and operator security. Several methods are used to design efficient controllers that ensure the tracking of the generated trajectory. The overall strategy is illustrated through two mechanical systems. The first is the penducobot which is an underactuated robot. The second is the planar robot with two degrees of freedom fully actuated.

Neste trabalho, propõe-se um estudo do processo de urbanização observado na cidade de São Paulo nos anos 1900-1914, por meio da análise de charges presentes nos jornais e revistas em circulação no período. As transformações aceleradas ocorridas no espaço urbano, e vividas intensamente por seus habitantes, foram resultado direto do grande projeto encampado para a cidade na virada dos séculos XIX-XX: o \"progresso\" de São Paulo. Palavra recorrente nos argumentos para a transformação do espaço urbano, tornou-se verdadeira bandeira e marca de identidade desejável para a cidade, sua população, seu passado e mesmo seu futuro. Porém, esse discurso modernizador, embora fortíssimo, possuía sérias falhas e fissuras, observadas e apontadas argutamente por desenhistas e cronistas por meio da poderosa e impertinente linguagem do humor visual. Componentes importantes do regime visual da época, as imagens de humor revelam facetas pouco exploradas da apreensão que os cidadãos faziam do espaço urbano e das transformações em andamento na cidade, bem como ângulos imprevistos para antigos problemas sociais paulistanos. / This work is a study about the process of urbanization in São Paulo city in the years 1900-1914, through the analysis of cartoons reproduced in the journals and magazines of the mentioned period. The accelerated transformations occurred in the urban space, intensily experienced by their inhabitants, was a direct result of a project designed to the city at the turn of XIX-XX centuries: the \"progress\" of São Paulo. A persistent word related to the arguments about the transformations of the urban space, \"progress\" become the truly sign of a desirable identity to be produced for the city, its population, its past and even its future. However, this discourse of modernization, even though very strong, has many and serious imperfections, noticed and revealed ingeniously by the cartoon artists and chroniclers through the powerful and \"petulant\" humour\"s language. Important pieces of the \"visual regime\" of the period, the humour drawnings reveal unexpected angles of the citizen\"s sight of the urban space, it\"s progressive transfiguration and old (and well-knowed) commom problems to the people of São Paulo.