Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-28T19:33:45Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Maria Tereza Cattacini Blois.pdf: 2016172 bytes, checksum: c929b1f60890841b929f3bffdb3feae3 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-02-27 / This study aims to identify and analyze referencing as a strategy in building humor in editorial cartoons. The above mentioned objectives were motivated by the observation of political cartoons regarding the mensalão scandal, in which we found the recurrence of referencing in cartoons creation process, thus revealing the writer s communicative purpose and guiding the reader in the construction of meaning. To achieve our purpose, we built up the corpus of this study with eleven cartoons from the newspaper Folha de S. Paulo, selected between August and October 2012, about the judgment treated by the media as the biggest corruption case in the Brazilian political history, and we proceeded the analysis based on the referencing studies as those performed, today, in the field of texts studies in an interactional sociocognitive perspective as well as on humor studies. In this investigation, we found out that referencing builds the humorous speech through different modalities of language, allowing the construction of the subject in the cartoon review also influencing the meaning effects promoted by the written media. Moreover, we have observed the mensalão - which is the main topic of the cartoons - and we have found out through the present analysis that the subject is classified and reclassified in the discursive activity, in which the politician image is projected, thereby influencing the opinion of newspaper readers / Objetivamos, neste trabalho, identificar e analisar a referenciação como estratégia na construção do humor em charges jornalísticas. Tais objetivos foram motivados pela observação de charges políticas referentes ao mensalão, nas quais encontramos a recorrência da referenciação na produção da charge, revelando assim, o propósito comunicativo do escritor e orientando o leitor na construção de sentido. Para atingir nosso propósito, constituímos o corpus do trabalho com onze charges do jornal Folha de S. Paulo, selecionadas de agosto a outubro de 2012, acerca do julgamento que foi tratado pela mídia como o maior caso de corrupção da história política brasileira, e procedemos com a análise baseando-nos nos estudos de referenciação tal como realizados, hoje, no campo dos estudos do texto, em uma perspectiva sócio-cognitiva interacional bem como nos estudos do humor. Nesta investigação, verificamos que a referenciação constitui o discurso humorístico por meio de diferentes modalidades da linguagem possibilitando a construção do referente na crítica da charge, e influenciando os efeitos de sentidos promovidos pela mídia escrita. Além disso, observamos o mensalão - que é tema das charges e constatamos que, na análise realizada, o referente é categorizado e recategorizado na atividade discursiva, no qual é projetada a imagem do político, influenciando, assim, a opinião dos leitores do jornal

Em determinado período de sua história, o Charlie Hebdo passou a abordar o tema do fundamentalismo islâmico em suas charges. A figura sagrada para os muçulmanos foi, então, representada satiricamente em diversas edições, até que em 7 de janeiro de 2015, após uma série de conflitos entre o jornal e os extremistas islâmicos, a sede do semanário francês foi alvo de um ataque terrorista, com doze vítimas fatais. É para esse contexto que nossa pesquisa direciona a sua atenção. Analisaremos um conjunto de oito charges publicadas pelo Charlie Hebdo no período de 8 de fevereiro de 2006 a 6 de janeiro de 2016. O propósito, ao examinar semioticamente esse corpus, é descrever os mecanismos de construção do sentido das charges para compreender de que maneira o chargista, como um éthos ou um modo polemizador de presença, exacerbou satiricamente a doutrina islâmica e a figura religiosa emblemática para provocar o riso e criticar o fundamentalismo. Em nossa pesquisa, a noção de gênero será incorporada com o apoio teórico de Bakthin (2003; 2008; 2010; 2014; 2016), o que permitirá reconhecer as principais características da charge, conforme determinada temática, composição e estilo. Também a partir dos apontamentos bakhtinianos, definiremos mecanismos discursivos presentes nas charges: ironia, humor, sátira e polêmica. Dessa definição, surgirão os elementos que despontam as características do gênero e, consequentemente, o estilo Charlie Hebdo de satirizar. Com base nesse ponto, esperamos compreender o que teria força argumentativa para provocar a ira dos fundamentalistas. Em nosso estudo, buscaremos expor, sobretudo, os princípios relativos à semiótica greimasiana. Consideraremos, portanto, para nossa investigação as bases da semiótica narrativa e discursiva (GREIMAS; COURTÉS, 2016). Mas teremos o respaldo ainda da semiótica visual (FLOCH, 1985; 1986a; 1986b; 2013), com o intuito de entender como a forma do plano da expressão e do plano do conteúdo, conforme postulada por Hjelmslev (2003), vai ao encontro da substância da expressão e do conteúdo nesses textos verbo-visuais. Ao tomar corpo, nossa pesquisa encontrará apoio teórico e metodológico também na semiótica tensiva (ZILBERBERG, 2011). Nesse ponto, mostraremos os segmentos das charges que fazem crescer a intensidade da voz satírica e o seu potencial para causar atritos com o sujeito fundamentalista. Os resultados demonstrarão que a voz satírica do Charlie Hebdo é construída essencialmente por meio da presença exacerbada do outro, cujos valores julgados negativos são intensamente expostos. O alvo da crítica, o fundamentalismo islâmico, é assim desmoralizado por suas próprias atitudes. Essa forma de fazer sátira remete ao modelo de construção do gênero charge; entretanto, o que parece diferenciar o conteúdo das charges analisadas é a instalação da relação dialógica (BAKHTIN, 2016) entre sujeitos extremamente antagônicos, com intensa probabilidade de conflito nos (des)encontros das enunciações interdiscursivas. / At some point in its history, Charlie Hebdo began to address the theme of Islamic fundamentalism in its cartoons. Since then, the holy image for Muslims was satirically represented in several editions. It had happened up to January 7, 2015, when, after a series of misunderstandings between the newspaper and Islamic extremists, the headquarters of the French weekly newspaper was the target of a terrorist attack, having as consequence, twelve fatal victims. It is in this context that our research is directed. We will analyze a set of eight cartoons published by Charlie Hebdo in the period from February 8, 2006 to January 6, 2016. The purpose in examining semiotically this corpus, is to describe the mechanisms of construction of the meaning of the cartoons to understand how the cartoonist, as an ethos or a polemizing mode of presence, satirically exaggerated Islamic doctrine and the emblematic religious image to provoke laughter and criticize fundamentalism. In our research, the notion of genres will be incorporated with the theoretical support of Bakthin (2003; 2008; 2010; 2014; 2016), which will allow us to recognize the main characteristics of the cartoon, according to a specific theme, composition and style. Also from the Bakhtinian notes, we will define discursive mechanisms present in the cartoons: irony, humor, satire and polemic. From this definition, the elements that emerge the characteristics of the genre and, consequently, the Charlie Hebdo style of satirizing will appear. Based on this, we aim to understand what could have an argumentative force to provoke the wrath of fundamentalists. In our study, we will try to expose, above all, the principles related to greimasian semiotics. We will therefore consider for our investigation the bases of narrative and discursive semiotics (GREIMAS and COURTÉS, 2016). But we will still have the support of visual semiotics (FLOCH 1985, 1986a, 1986b, 2013), in order to understand how the form of the plane of expression and the content plane, as postulated by Hjelmslev (2003), meets the substance of expression and content in these verbal-visual texts. Whereas the development of these points brings consistence to our research, we will also find theoretical and methodological support in the tensive semiotics (ZILBERBERG, 2011). At this point, we will show the segments of the cartoons that increase the intensity of the satirical voice and its potential to cause friction with the fundamentalist subject. The results will demonstrate that Charlie Hebdo\'s satirical voice is essentially built through the exacerbated presence of the other, whose negatively judged values are intensely exposed. The target of criticism, Islamic fundamentalism, is thus demoralized by its own attitudes. This way of doing satire refers to the construction model of the genre \"cartoon\"; However, what seems to distinguish the content of the analyzed cartoons is the establishment of the dialogical relationship (BAKHTIN, 2016) between extremely antagonistic subjects, with an intense probability of conflict in the (dis) encounters of interdiscursive enunciation.

Shek Ming Hon. / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2002. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 50-54). / Abstracts in English and Chinese. / Chapter 1 --- Introduction --- p.1 / Chapter 2 --- Literature Review --- p.4 / Chapter 2.1 --- Income Level and Environmental policy --- p.4 / Chapter 2.2 --- International Trade and Environmental policy --- p.5 / Chapter 2.3 --- Other taxes and Environmental taxation --- p.7 / Chapter 2.4 --- Unemployment --- p.8 / Chapter 2.5 --- Tax and Tax Credits --- p.9 / Chapter 2.6 --- Foreigrt Investment and Environmental policy --- p.9 / Chapter 2.7 --- Pollution and Unemployment --- p.11 / Chapter 3 --- The Fr amework --- p.13 / Chapter 3.1 --- Resource allocation --- p.21 / Chapter 3.2 --- National Welfare --- p.22 / Chapter 3.2.1 --- Optimal Capital Taxes --- p.23 / Chapter 3.2.2 --- Optimal Environmental Taxes --- p.26 / Chapter 3.2.3 --- Jointly Optimal Policies --- p.29 / Chapter 3.3 --- Tariff Liberalization and Taxes --- p.33 / Chapter 4 --- Trade and pollution Policies under Investment Tax Credits --- p.35 / Chapter 4.1 --- Welfare Analysis on Capital Tax --- p.38 / Chapter 4.2 --- Welfare analysis on Capital Subsidy --- p.40 / Chapter 4.3 --- Policy in Simultaneous Change --- p.41 / Chapter 4.3.1 --- Capital Tax --- p.41 / Chapter 4.3.2 --- Capital subsidy --- p.45 / Chapter 5 --- Concluding Remarks --- p.48 / Chapter 6 --- Appendix --- p.55 / Chapter 6.1 --- Resource allocation --- p.55 / Chapter 6.2 --- Unemployment effect --- p.57 / Chapter 6.3 --- Cost and benefit of production of good X --- p.58 / Chapter 6.4 --- The 7 ° and s° schedules --- p.58

Transmission charges are levied against generators and suppliers for their use of transmission networks. The majority of existing transmission charging methods were designed for a system dominated by conventional and controllable generation. The resultant transmission charges reflect network users’ contribution to the system peak. The integration of renewable generation brings fundamental challenges in transmission planning and charging. Main criteria of transmission planning have changed from meeting system peak demand to the trade-offs between operational and investment costs. Transmission charging is required to effectively reflect these trade-offs. This research work aims to develop novel transmission charging methods for low carbon power systems, reflecting the contribution to transmission investments from different generation technologies, different locations, and critically different times. It firstly identifies the key drivers and key conditions of transmission investments under the economic criteria. In the second step, the key drivers and conditions are reflected in the developing of T-LRIC method, ToU-LRIC method and ToU-ICRP method. Major innovations of the proposed methods include 1. reflecting the trade-offs between operational and investments costs by employing investment time horizons to reflect the impacts of system operation on transmission investments (T-LRIC method and ToU-LRIC method). 2. differentiating various generation technologies by firstly quantifying their impacts on the time horizons of network investments, then translating these impacts to transmission charges (T-LRIC method and ToU-LRIC method). 3. providing time-specific transmission charges, in which Time-of-Use periods are identified by clustering time-series congestion costs or transmission charges, thus reflecting the typical conditions of system congestions and the required transmission investments (ToU-LRIC method and ToU-ICRP method). The main benefits from introducing these innovations are i) to guide the short-run behaviours of network users, thus mitigating transmission congestions and promoting efficient utilization of existing networks; ii) to incentivize appropriate generation expansion, thus reducing or deferring costly future transmission investments.

Made available in DSpace on 2015-03-05T19:35:30Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 26 / Nenhuma / O tema honorário na prática clínica é parte constituinte da relação psicoterapêutica e revela-se um importante aspecto para o andamento da psicoterapia. Entretanto, este tema é pouco mencionado na literatura nacional e internacional. Esta dissertação aborda a percepção dos honorários na prática clínica por psicoterapeutas e compreende quatro seções, sendo um relatório de pesquisa, um artigo teórico, um artigo empírico e a conclusão. A investigação visou o entendimento do tema honorários nas linhas teóricas da Abordagem Centrada na Pessoa, da Psicoterapia de Orientação Psicanalítica e da Terapia Cognitiva Comportamental. O método utilizado foi o do delineamento exploratório, de caráter qualitativo. Foram entrevistados 12 psicólogas e um psicólogo atuando em psicologia clínica e para a apreciação das entrevistas empregou-se a análise de conteúdo. Objetivou-se analisar a compreensão do processo da cobrança de honorários, o significado do pagamento pelo cliente na prática clínica de psicoterapeutas e averigua / The fees theme in the clinical practice is part of the psychotherapeutic relation and reveals itself an important aspect for the psychotherapy course. However, this theme is little investigated in national and international literature. This dissertation focuses on the fees perception in the clinical practice by psychotherapists and comprehends a research report, a theoretical article and an empiric article. The aim of this investigation was the understanding of the fee’ theme in the following theoretical lines: Approach Centered in the Person, Psychotherapy of Analytic Orientation and Behavioral Cognitive Therapy. The research method was exploratory and qualitative. Twelve female and one male clinical psychologists were interviewed. Data were analyzed by content analysis. The aims were to analyze the comprehension of fees’ charge process, the meaning of payment by the client in the clinical practice of psychotherapists and to investigate how the professionals apprehend, in their clinical formation, the lea

Submitted by Filipe dos Santos (fsantos@pucsp.br) on 2016-09-19T18:16:20Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Edilaine Gonçalves Ferreira de Toledo.pdf: 5153088 bytes, checksum: 01d21210638b918cecbc7015802140fc (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-09-19T18:16:20Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Edilaine Gonçalves Ferreira de Toledo.pdf: 5153088 bytes, checksum: 01d21210638b918cecbc7015802140fc (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-05-11 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / This study aims to investigate the charge as a tool to mediate and reflect on citizenship in a cultural and communicational perspective, through the development of a reading pact between producers and receivers. Based on its form and content – just like its significant presence in traditional media, in high schools textbooks of basic education, institutional tests for universities entry and in the social networks, through the interaction which they build between production and reception of their discourse - , the charge currently occupy an important position in relation to critical enunciations and argumentations about the reality that they depict, of which citizens take part and who behave as social actors, seeking their insertion and recognition in society. So, this investigation proposes to analyze, through the interaction between charge and young students of a federal public high school (Centro Federal de Educação Tecnológica de Minas Gerais – CEFET-MG, Varginha unit) in the social network – Facebook – the form through which a discursive practice of citizenship emerges from these appropriations, as a cultural action of consumption, in the perspective of the analysis between production-product-reception. The theoretical foundation of this study is based on the analysis of the discourses of the young, in reception studies, based on the communication / education areas and the resultant pacts to be anchored in: Baccega (1995; 2002; 2007; 2009; 2010 e 2011); Borelli, Resende e Lopes (2002); Martín Barbero (2001; 2002; 2006; 2008 e 2012) and Garcia Canclini (2005; 2010 e 2013). The methodology is based on an articulation between communication and culture by means of digital media – facebook – in which dialogue, interaction and discursive mode manifest themselves in shared repertoires built by subjects socially situated in instances of production and reception. Thus, the results denote that the charge, from production to reception, provide between authors and readers, appropriations which are present as practices of citizenship / Esta pesquisa propõe uma investigação à charge como instrumento de mediação e reflexão sobre cidadania, numa perspectiva cultural e comunicacional, por meio da construção de pacto de leitura entre produtores e receptores. Baseado em sua forma e conteúdo – bem como de sua presença significativa nas mídias tradicionais, nos livros didáticos de escolas de nível médio da educação básica, provas institucionais de acesso às universidades e nas redes sociais, e também pela interação que constrói entre os polos da produção e recepção de seu discurso –, a charge ocupa, atualmente, lugar de importância no que se refere à enunciação de contestações e argumentações sobre a realidade que retrata, e na qual os cidadãos estão inseridos; estes que se movimentam enquanto atores sociais, em busca de sua inserção e reconhecimento em sociedade. Assim, essa investigação propõe-se a analisar, por meio de interação entre charges e jovens alunos de uma escola pública federal de nível médio (Centro Federal de Educação Tecnológica de Minas Gerais – CEFET-MG, unidade Varginha), na rede social – Facebook –, a forma por meio da qual uma prática discursiva de cidadania emerge dessas apropriações, enquanto ação cultural de consumo, na perspectiva de análise entre produção-produto-recepção. A sustentação teórica fundamenta-se na análise dos discursos dos jovens, nos estudos de recepção, com base no campo da comunicação/ educação, e nos pactos daí resultantes, ao ancorar-se em: Baccega (1995; 2002; 2007; 2009; 2010 e 2011); Lopes, Borelli e Resende (2002); Martín Barbero (2001; 2002; 2006; 2008 e 2012) e Garcia Canclini (2005; 2010 e 2013). A metodologia fundamenta-se numa articulação entre comunicação e cultura, por meio de mídia digital – facebook – em que dialogia, interação e mobilidade discursiva manifestam-se em repertórios compartilhados, construídos pelos sujeitos socialmente situados (Bakhtin, 2003 e 2009). E, com isso, os resultados denotam que a charge, desde sua produção até sua recepção, realiza entre seus autores e leitores, apropriações que se apresentam como práticas de cidadania

Ce travail de thèse porte sur la synthèse et la caractérisation physico-chimique de métallopolymères conjugués des éléments f en but d’utiliser ces matériaux comme composants actifs de diodes électroluminescentes. En effet, les ions lanthanides possèdent des propriétés d’émission intéressantes dans le cadre de nos applications. La chaine polymère permet quant à elle l’introduction de groupements transporteurs de charges. Ces matériaux devraient donc réunir les caractéristiques requises (transport des charges et émission) pour être utilisés dans des PLEDs (Polymer Light-Emitting Diodes), lesquelles emploient pour leur fabrication des techniques de dépôts en solution. Les PLEDs présentent l’intérêt d’avoir une structure simplifiée par rapport aux OLEDs (Organic Light-Emitting Diodes) qui sont construites par juxtaposition de couches successives de petites molécules évaporées sous vide.La synthèse de trois séries de polymères conjugués a été réalisée. La réaction de polymérisation utilisée s’effectue selon un couplage de Suzuki-Miyaura entre des motifs fluorènes et des monomères porteurs de groupements carbazoles et/ou benzimidazoles permettant de coordiner l’ion lanthanide. Plusieurs métallopolymères ont également été isolés. Les composés synthétisés ont été caractérisés par analyse élémentaire, RMN et chromatographie par exclusion stérique. Des études de photoluminescence sur ces composés en présence ou non d’ions lanthanides luminescents ont été effectuées. Enfin, les polymères et métallopolymères ont été utilisés dans la conception de diodes électroluminescentes. / This work deals with the synthesis and physico-chemical characterization of lanthanide-containing metallopolymers to use them as active components in electroluminescent diodes. The emission properties of trivalent lanthanides are particularly interesting in the case of our application. The conjugated chain polymer built up with charge-transport groups. These materials should provide all the properties (conduction and emission) to be used as active layer in PLEDs (Polymer Light-Emitting Diodes) which are devices made by solution deposition techniques. The PLEDs offer the advantage to have a simplified structure in comparison with OLEDs (Organic Light-Emitting Diodes) which are built by juxtaposition of layers constituted by small organic molecules.The syntheses of three series of conjugated polymers have been achieved. The polymerization reaction has been carried out by a Pd-catalyzed Suzuki-Miyaura coupling between fluorenes moieties and monomers bearing carbazole and/or benzimidazole groups acting as a coordinating site for the lanthanide ion. Several metallopolymers were also synthesized. The isolated compounds were characterized by NMR, elemental analyses, and GPC. Photophysical studies have been performed on all the polymers and metallopolymers. Finally, these compounds have been used for the design of electroluminescent devices.

Une des propriétés fondamentales des diélectriques est d'accumuler des charges sous l'effet d'un champ électrique. Si cet effet est exploité dans certaines applications telles que les mémoires il est la plupart du temps la cause de défaillance dans de nombreux systèmes tels que les câbles haute tension ou les microsystèmes. De nombreuses études ont démontré que l'interface entre le diélectrique et l'électrode jouait un rôle prédominant dans le fonctionnement du système complet et en particulier influençait le phénomène d'injection de charge à l'origine des défaillances. Au cours des dernières années le phénomène d'injection de charges à l'interface électrode/diélectrique a largement été étudié. Pour expliquer la différence entre les résultats expérimentaux et les modèles, l'hypothèse la plus plausible est la présence d'états d'interfaces entre l'électrode (métal ou semiconducteur) et le diélectrique. Cette hypothèse permet en particulier d'expliquer l'indépendance de la quantité de charge injectée vis-à-vis du métal servant d'électrode. Toutefois, les propriétés des interfaces restent mal connues en particulier car ces phénomènes nanométriques sont caractérisés à partir de mesures microscopique. L'objectif de cette thèse est de caractériser les propriétés chimiques et électriques de l'interface grâce à un contrôle rigoureux de son procédé de fabrication. L'apport majeur de ces travaux est lié à l'utilisation de la microscopie à force atomique pour déterminer les propriétés de l'interface à l'échelle nanométrique. Nous avons en particulier caractérisé morphologiquement (mesure de propriétés mécaniques par PFQNM - Peak Force Quantitative NanoMechanical) et électriquement (mesure de potentiel de surface par KPFM - Kelvin Probe Force Microscopy). Nous avons ainsi pu montrer que le procédé de fabrication influençait les propriétés chimiques (oxydation de surface...) de l'interface sans que cela ait de conséquences notables sur les propriétés électriques. En effet, la quantité de charges injectées reste du même ordre de grandeur quel que soit le procédé de fabrication. Les mesures AFM ont montré que l'interface morphologique était abrupte alors que l'interface électrique était progressive (plusieurs microns). Grâce à un modèle nous avons pu extraire des mesures de potentiel de surface KPFM la densité de charge d'interface. / One of the fundamental properties of dielectrics is to accumulate charges under an electric field. Even if this phenomena is exploited in some applications such as memories, it is the main cause of failure in a large amount of applications such as high voltage cables or microsystems. Numerous studies have demonstrated that dielectric/electrode interface has strong impact on complete system and particularly on charge injection phenomenon which induce failures. During the past decades, charge injection phenomena electrode / dielectric interface has been extensively studied. To explain the difference between experimental and modelling, the most plausible hypothesis is the presence of interface states between the electrode (metal or semiconductor) and the dielectric. This hypothesis explain the independence of injected charge density respect to the electrode meta (work function). However, interfaces properties remain poorly understood mainly because all nanometric phenomena accuring at its localization are characterized thanks to microscopic measurements. The aim of this PhD thesis is to characterize chemical and electrical properties of the interface through a rigorous control of its manufacturing process. The major contribution of this work is related to the use of Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM) to determine interface properties at nanoscale. In particular, interfaces are characterized morphologically (mechanical properties measurements by PFQNM - Peak Quantitative Quantum NanoMechanical) and electrically (surface potential measurements by KPFM - Kelvin Probe Force Microscopy). Thus, results demonstrate that the manufacturing process influenced the chemical properties (surface oxidation ...) of the interface without having any significant influence on the electrical properties. Indeed, the amount of injected charges remains quite the same regardless of the manufacturing process. AFM measurements showed that the morphological interface was abrupt whereas the electrical interface was progressive (several microns). A Matlab model permits us to extract interface charge density to KPFM surface potential measurements.

Leung, Kwan Fong. / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2011. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 63-66). / Abstracts in English and Chinese. / Chapter 1 --- Introduction --- p.10 / Chapter 1.1 --- Motivation and Overview --- p.10 / Chapter 1.2 --- Thesis Outline --- p.13 / Chapter 2 --- Problem Formulation --- p.15 / Chapter 2.1 --- Basic Wireless Market Model --- p.15 / Chapter 2.2 --- "User's Utility, Payment, Payoff, and Demand" --- p.17 / Chapter 2.3 --- Network Costs --- p.18 / Chapter 2.4 --- Access Price --- p.20 / Chapter 3 --- Fixed Coverage Two Base Stations Model --- p.21 / Chapter 3.1 --- Social Optimal User Pricing --- p.21 / Chapter 3.2 --- Social Optimal Access Pricing --- p.24 / Chapter 3.2.1 --- "Networks' Profit-Maximizing User Pricing Given Fixed Access Prices:TT1* (α1 α2) and TT2* (α1, α2)" --- p.24 / Chapter 3.2.2 --- Social Optimal Access Pricing: αS1 and αS2 --- p.27 / Chapter 3.3 --- Deregulated User Pricing and Access Pricing --- p.30 / Chapter 3.3.1 --- User's Optimal Data Rate Demand in Stage III --- p.30 / Chapter 3.3.2 --- Operators' User Pricing in Stage II --- p.30 / Chapter 3.3.3 --- Operators' Access Pricing in Stage I --- p.31 / Chapter 4 --- Full Coverage Two Base Stations Model --- p.34 / Chapter 4.1 --- Full Coverage Wireless Market Model --- p.34 / Chapter 4.2 --- Users' choice of service providers --- p.35 / Chapter 4.3 --- Social Optimal User Pricing --- p.36 / Chapter 4.3.1 --- Numerical study --- p.38 / Chapter 4.4 --- Deregulated case - Profit-maximizing access price and user price --- p.41 / Chapter 4.4.1 --- Numerical Study --- p.45 / Chapter 5 --- Full Coverage Three Base Stations Model --- p.46 / Chapter 5.1 --- Three base-stations Full Coverage Market Model --- p.46 / Chapter 5.2 --- Social Optimal User Prices --- p.48 / Chapter 5.2.1 --- Numerical Study --- p.50 / Chapter 5.3 --- Deregulated scenario --- p.53 / Chapter 5.3.1 --- Numerical Study --- p.57 / Chapter 6 --- Conclusions and Future Work --- p.60 / Bibliography --- p.63

La perspective d'une société utilisant l'énergie de la lumière du soleil pour séparer la molécule d'eau en dihydrogène et en dioxygène, ces deux gaz servant de moyens de stockage et de vecteurs d'énergie, nécessite de nombreux développements. En particulier, il est nécessaire de choisir un matériau pouvant absorber la lumière et transférer son énergie aux charges électriques afin de générer un courant électrique. Parmi toutes les possibilités, ce mémoire étudie l'applicabilité des bâtonnets semiconducteurs de tailles nanométriques constitués d'un cœur de séléniure de cadmium et d'une coquille de sulfure de cadmium. Profitant des méthodes décrites ces dernières années et d'une méthodologie de fonctionnalisation, les objets obtenus présentent une grande monodispersité et peuvent être dispersés en milieu aqueux. Les propriétés photoélectrochimiques des nanobâtonnets sont explorées par microscopie électrochimique. Cette méthode permet de déterminer s'il y a un transfert de charge entre des molécules en solution et un substrat constitué des bâtonnets, et le cas échéant son sens. Ainsi les nanoparticules, soumises à une excitation lumineuse, transfèrent des électrons vers les molécules dans l'ensemble des cas explorés, révélant ainsi un caractère plus réducteur que la para-benzoquinone. Ce transfert est réalisé d'autant plus rapidement que le rapport entre la longueur et le diamètre des bâtonnets augmente, jusqu'à un optimum, mais aussi que la taille de la couche organique isolante les recouvrant diminue, comme l'ont révélé des suivis de réduction d'une sonde rédox moléculaire colorée, la résazurine. Ces charges ont été mises à profit pour fonctionnaliser les nanoparticules, au travers de la réduction d'un pont disulfure ou d'un sel d'or. Enfin des stratégies ont été explorées pour permettre aux particules de réaliser la réduction photosensibilisée de l'eau, au travers de la synthèse d'une cobaloxime, un catalyseur moléculaire, ou de la réduction de sels métalliques à propriété catalytique tels que le cobalt et le nickel. / The development of a society based on solar energy requires a way to store it. One possibility consists in water splitting that needs a material to collect and transform the energy contained in light beam in an electric charges movement. Among all possibility, we hereby explore the applicability of nanometers-sized semiconductor rods composed of a cadmium selenide core and a cadmium sulfide shell. Based on methods already developed and a new functionalization methodology, the obtained particles exhibit a high monodispersity and can be dispersed in water, a useful property for the final purpose. Their photo-electrochemical properties have been explored by electrochemical microscopy that allowed to determine whether there is charge transfer between mediators in solution and quantum rods deposited as substrate and its direction. It reveals that under light irradiation and in all cases herein experimented, they transfer electrons to the mediators, making them more reductive than para-benzoquinone. This transfer is fastened when the ratio between the length and the diameter of the rods increased until an optimum, but also when the width of the organic isolating shell decreases, as revealed by time-resolved reduction of resazurin, a colored rédox molecular probe. These charge transfer have been used to functionalize particles by reduction of a disulfide bridge or a gold salt. Finally, strategies have been explored to make these quantum rods able to photosensibilized water reduction through synthesis of a cobaloxime, a molecular catalyst, or metal salt reduction as cobalt and nickel known to exhibit catalytic activity.