Nyckelord: Charterbranschen, Lojalitet, Involvering, Interaktion, Relationsmarknadsföring, Kommunikation, Bakgrund: Kundernas förändrade efterfrågan har tillsammans med den ökade konkurrensen från Internetbaserade bolag gjort det allt svårare för traditionella charterbolag att överleva på marknaden.   Problemformulering: Vilka faktorer ger kunden incitament att förbli lojala gentemot charterbolagen Syfte: Syftet är att genom en kvalitativ ansats analysera och utvärdera charterbolagens förutsättningar för att skapa lojala kunder. Metod: Uppsatsen utgår från en abduktiv ansats. Författarna använder sig av en kvalitativ undersökningsmetod för att generera en djupare förståelse av det fenomen som undersöks. Teorier: Uppsatsen använder sig av; Tjänstemarknadsföringstriangeln, Mervärdesteorin, Involveringsteorin, Kundlojalitet, Kanomodellen, Lojalitetsnivåer, Kundnöjdhetsskapande Interaktion, Kundlojalitetsbelöningar. Empiri: Empirin består av primärdata inhämtad via djupintervjuer med konsumenter samt representant för företaget. Resulta/Analys: Företaget anser att de utgår från ett kundperspektiv då de skapar sina kunderbjudanden samtidigt som kunderna upplever att företagets erbjudanden inte är det som efterfrågas. Företaget menar dessutom att de utgår från ett relationsbyggande perspektiv trots att de i huvudsak arbetar med engångsförsäljning. Slutsats: Företaget måste erbjuda en större flexibilitet vid bokning av en semesterresa där varje kund erbjuds en skräddarsydd lösning utifrån sina unika önskemål. / Background: The customers change in demand, together with the increased competition from Internet based companies, had made it more difficult for the traditional charter companies to survive.   Problem definition: Which factors gives the customer incentive to remain loyal towards the charter companies Purpose: The purpose is to, through a qualitative approach, analyze and evaluate the charter companies’ conditions to create loyal customers.   Method: The essay is based on an abductive approach. The authors use a qualitative survey method to generate a deeper understanding of the investigated phenomena. Theories: The essay uses; The services marketing triangle, Value theory, Involvement theory, Customer loyalty, Kanomodel, Loyalty levels, Customer satisfaction theory, Customer loyalty awards.  Empiric: The empiric consists of raw data obtained through interviews with consumers and a company representative. Results/Analysis: The Company believes that they work from a customer oriented perspective as they create their customer offers, while the customers feel that the offers don’t correlates with their demands. Furthermore the company claims that they work with relationship marketing even though their main focus is one-time sell. Conclusion: The Company must offer a greater flexibility when booking a holiday trip in which every customer is offered a tailored solution based on their unique preferences.

<p>On 17 July 1998, a total of 120 States, including Malawi, voted for the adoption of the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court. The ermanent ICC became operational on 1 July 2002. The ICC has jurisdiction over the crime of genocide, crimes against humanity, and war crimes. These crimes are the most serious crimes of international concern. The&nbsp / ICC operates under the principle of complementarity, which entails that the ICC will only assume jurisdiction over these core crimes in the event that a State Party is unwilling and unable genuinely to carry out the investigation and prosecution. States Parties have, therefore, the primary responsibility to investigate and prosecute these crimes. The States&nbsp / Parties must therefore establish jurisdiction to conduct investigations and prosecution of these core crimes. It is from that background, coupled with the historical evolution and development of international criminal law, with regard to individual criminal responsibility, that this paper argues for the implementation of the Rome Statute in Malawi, through&nbsp / domestic legislation.The paper thus argues that only through domestic legislation can the purports of the Rome Statute be achieved and fulfilled by Malawi.</p>

All states have different perspectives and various statutes within broader constitutional law. Perception of public dissatisfaction with public schools has led to choice schooling options for parents. One of the fastest growing choice options in schooling is charter schools; schools privately run by organizations through public funds. This study analyzes the governance of charter schools and how charters operate under legal guidelines and Florida statutes, with significant legislative events cited. This study answers the following questions as they relate to evolution and legal parameters surrounding the charter movement using exploratory case study method: 1) What is the evolution of the charter school movement in the United States and specifically in Florida, and the legal precedence that comes from this reform effort? 2) What are legal parameters regarding the charter school movement nationally? (e.g. constitutional law, statutory law, administrative law, common or court/case law, and contract law) and 3) What present legal structures and parameters affect Florida’s charter school movement? The significance of this study lies in the need to understand significant legal parameters surrounding the current charter school movement and how policies and law related to charter schools impact stakeholders. All of the findings together signify the important role legislators and the judicial powers execute in the ongoing realization of the charter school movement. The legal support of the charter school movement fosters an opportunity for the development of charter schools. With charter school implementation, several issues arise in the process of the charter school practice. The study shows the following themes impacting the charter school movement: regulations, accountability, Special Education, facility concerns, innovations, and employee and legislative issues. Charter schools provide a niche for certain parents desiring a different approach from the local public school. Charter schools provide a niche to parents seeking alternatives to traditional public school education. Charter schools will continue to exist and cater to parents desiring school choice options.

The following report is an investigation of growth strategies for charter management organizations. The report begins with an overview of the School Choice Movement and its introduction of market forces into the public education system. Drawing from the private, nonprofit and education sectors, the report introduces three existing frameworks for organizational growth and new market entry. The report evaluates the robustness of each of these frameworks as well as their applicability to charter school expansion through the lens of a case-study investigation of IDEA Public Schools’ expansion from the Rio Grande Valley to the Austin, Texas education market. The report concludes by introducing a new, cross-sector framework for charter expansion that brings together the strengths of existing models as well as the lessons learned from the IDEA case. The framework consists of four phases: pre-expansion, geographic market selection, growth mechanism selection and implementation. / text

This critical ethnography focuses on the practice of an Indigenous-serving charter school in Arizona and how it created space to practice culturally responsive schooling for Indigenous youth in an era of school accountability and standardizing educational reforms. Urban Native Middle School (pseudonym) opened for four years before being closed under tremendous state pressure from high-stakes testing accountability measurements. This study uses data spanning two periods of data collection: archived data collected at the time of the school's operation, and follow-up data tracking educators', parents' and students' experiences after the school's closure. Careful examination of student, educator, and parent narratives about the school during its years in operation illuminate how adults and youth co-authored a unique reterritorializing both/and discourse, building a school community of practice around connections to mainstream standardized knowledge and local Indigenous knowledges. The transformational potential of the schools both/and approach offered students access to strength-based both/and identities. The second phase of the study, which followed educators', parents', and students' into new school environments, illuminates practices of educational negotiation on the part of participants within geographies of limited educational opportunity for Native youth, both urban and rural. With four years of data collection, this study expands understanding of how Indigenous families choose among available educational environments in landscapes of limited school options and policy labels which fail to address the on-the-ground realities of schooling in Indigenous communities. For the Indigenous educators and families in this study, navigating school choice in an era of high-stakes testing reflects an enduring struggle of American Indian education with educational policy. This study's findings suggest that the transformative potential of both/and schooling has positive and wide reaching implications on the school experience of Native youth, and further illuminates the persevering practices of Indigenous educational survivance in seeking access to more equitable, culturally sustaining educational experiences. With implications for practice and policy, this anthropologic case study of an Indigenous-serving charter school considers the powerful impacts of human relationships on student learning and critiques the injustice perpetuated by snapshot accountability measurements which deny students' spaces for cultivating bridges to access imagined futures.

In recent times, the Supreme Court of Canada has utilized the ancillary powers doctrine as a means of expanding police powers at common law. Less apparent is the fact that the proliferation of these coercive powers has been achieved solely on the basis of the Court’s unorthodox—and, indeed radical—use of precedent. Put shortly, it is my thesis that the ancillary powers doctrine has precipitated the undemocratic expansion of both state and judicial power. The actual powers created by the Court are, in themselves, fraught with deficiencies and incapable of delivering on the twin promises of providing fairness and predictability in the law. This is due to the fact that any ad hoc judge-made power will be created retrospectively and shown to lack comprehensiveness. Correspondingly, the constitutional protections available to Canadians have waned in strength, leaving them more susceptible to governmental intrusion. In constructing this thesis, I have reviewed both the historic and contemporary case law that has forged the ancillary powers doctrine in Canada. Significantly, the emergence of this doctrine could not have occurred without Parliamentary acceptance and condonation of the Court’s actions. However, it is on the basis of the Court’s perception that Parliament has failed to close off supposed “gaps” in police powers that the Court has been willing to enter the lawmaking fray. Moreover, the Court’s actions have effectively obviated the need for government to legislate and prospectively stipulate the powers possessed by its agents. Therefore, I have situated this institutional interplay within the “theory of gaps” devised by Hans Kelsen. This model is offered as a plausible explanation for how Waterfield/Dedman became conceived in Canada and, why, it has been permitted to take root. Importantly, the Kelsenian analysis that I advance is explanatory only. It does not present a defence or justify for the proliferation of common law powers in favour of the police or judiciary. The lawmaking paradigm, as described above, has had a pernicious effect upon constitutionalism in Canada. It is for this reason, I argue that the ancillary powers doctrine holds an illegitimate place in Canadian law, and should be reversed.

The introduction of the Charter of Rights and Freedoms has affected many elements of the constitutional system in Canada. This dissertation explores the Charter's relationship with liberal constitutionalism and Canadian federalism, and considers whether judicial review on Charter grounds has seen a progression, or a regression, from parliamentary to constitutional to judicial supremacy. Further, this dissertation considers whether Charter review has reduced provincial autonomy by imposing national values in provincial areas of jurisdiction when Charter review nullifies provincial statutes. Through a complex process referred to as the rebalancing of liberal constitutionalism, this study argues that a changed Charter jurisprudence by the Supreme Court of Canada and a changed policy process within the administrative state at the federal level have reduced the negative implications of Charter review for liberal constitutionalism and Canadian federalism. To advance this argument, the concept of Charter activism is introduced to demonstrate that the rebalancing of liberal constitutionalism is the product of the shifting equilibrium within two distinct elements that comprise Charter activism---judicial activism and bureaucratic activism. This study pursues three themes to demonstrate that the decline of judicial activism and the emergence of bureaucratic activism now converge at a point within Charter politics that facilitate the rebalancing of liberal constitutionalism and ensure that Charter review advances constitutional and not judicial supremacy. The first theme investigates the Supreme Court of Canada as a policy actor during Charter review, and analyzes Charter decisions between 1982 and 1997. The second theme considers the impact of Charter review on Canadian federalism and whether the Charter has centralized Canadian federalism and reduced provincial autonomy. The final theme investigates bureaucratic activism and the changes within the policy process at the fe

<p>On 17 July 1998, a total of 120 States, including Malawi, voted for the adoption of the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court. The ermanent ICC became operational on 1 July 2002. The ICC has jurisdiction over the crime of genocide, crimes against humanity, and war crimes. These crimes are the most serious crimes of international concern. The&nbsp / ICC operates under the principle of complementarity, which entails that the ICC will only assume jurisdiction over these core crimes in the event that a State Party is unwilling and unable genuinely to carry out the investigation and prosecution. States Parties have, therefore, the primary responsibility to investigate and prosecute these crimes. The States&nbsp / Parties must therefore establish jurisdiction to conduct investigations and prosecution of these core crimes. It is from that background, coupled with the historical evolution and development of international criminal law, with regard to individual criminal responsibility, that this paper argues for the implementation of the Rome Statute in Malawi, through&nbsp / domestic legislation.The paper thus argues that only through domestic legislation can the purports of the Rome Statute be achieved and fulfilled by Malawi.</p>

Dans les décisions où entre en jeu la Charte canadienne des droits et libertés, les juges construisent leurs raisonnements à partir des droits et libertés énumérés dans son libellé, mais également à partir de valeurs. Parmi ces valeurs afférentes à la Charte se retrouvent notamment la protection des groupes vulnérables, la protection de la vie privée et de la réputation de la personne, le respect de la dignité inhérente de l'être humain, la promotion de la justice et de l'égalité sociale de même que l'encouragement à l'épanouissement personnel. Contrairement aux droits et libertés, lesquels furent directement inscrits par le constituant dans le libellé de la Charte, les valeurs représentent une création de l'appareil judiciaire. Malgré la composante subjective que l'on attribue généralement aux valeurs, nous constatons que la sécurité du droit ne se trouve pas fragilisée par l'incorporation d'une dimension axiologique dans le raisonnement judiciaire en matière de Charte. Au contraire, le recours aux valeurs favorise la constance et la prévisibilité dans l'application et l'interprétation de cet instrument de protection des droits et libertés. D'une part, les valeurs afférentes à la Charte sont utilisées de façon rigoureuse dans le contrôle judiciaire de la constitutionnalité des lois, dans l'adaptation des règles de common law et dans l'interprétation des lois. Les juges invoquent fréquemment les mêmes valeurs, à quelques variantes près, assurant ainsi une certaine stabilité dans le traitement des composantes axiologiques de la Charte. D'autre part, les juges sont largement capables de dissocier de leurs convictions personnelles les valeurs qu'ils invoquent dans leurs décisions. Les valeurs tirées des comportements sociaux actuels, du droit international et du droit comparé, de même que des ouvrages des philosophes politiques et des théoriciens du droit, sont des valeurs qui ont peu à voir avec les sentiments, les opinions ou les intérêts personnels des juges. / In cases involving the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms, judges include in their reasoning not only rights and freedoms, but also values. Among these Charter values we find protection of vulnerable groups, respect for the inherent dignity of human beings, cultivation oUndividual self-fulfillment and human flourishing, commitment to social justice and protection of privacy rights and reputation. Contrary to rights and freedoms, which are specifically enumerated in the Charter, values represent a creation of the judicial apparatus. Notwithstanding their inherent subjective component, values do not weaken the law's predictability nor do they endanger judicial reasoning concerning the Charter. On the contrary, applying values brings constancy and certainty in the interpretation of the Charter. On the one hand, Charter values are used in rigorous ways in the judicial review of constitutionality, in the adaptation of common law mIes and in the interpretation of laws and by-Iaws. Judges have recourse to more or less the same values, thus bringing stability in the Charter's analysis. On the other hand, judges are able to dissociate their personal beliefs from the values they caU upon in their judgments. Values drawn from contemporary social behaviors, international law and comparative law, as weU as political and legal philosophers' works, are values quite distant from judges' feelings, opinions and personal interests. / Mémoire numérisé par la Division de la gestion de documents et des archives de l'Université de Montréal

This work considers the legal impediments to farming in an urban environment with a particular focus on the municipal bylaws that prohibit the keeping of hens in Saskatoon. The jurisdictional competency of Saskatoon to prohibit the keeping of urban hens is challenged under both municipal law and constitutional law, and more broadly, under the general premise that liberty interests should often prevail where a bylaw is arbitrary, misinformed, and restricts the pursuit of truth and human flourishing. Saskatoon’s urban hen prohibition is argued to be premised more on a form of moral reasoning that unnecessarily distinguishes between rural and urban environments, and less, if at all, on empirical evidence. Urban agriculture is often undertaken to address the environmental and social shortfalls of the global food system, such as the system’s connection with climate change, animal welfare issues, and challenges associated with the distribution of food. Moreover, urban agriculture is a means of protecting the rights of producers and consumers, as articulated by the food sovereignty movement. In this work, a claimant’s desire to advance food rights (including food sovereignty) through the keeping of urban hens is argued to engage the guarantee to freedom of expression and freedom of conscience under Canada’s Charter of Rights and Freedoms. This work explores the possibility of protecting the manifestation of social and environmental action through the guarantee to freedom of conscience. This work develops a cursory test for determining where a claimant’s guarantee to freedom of conscience is violated, drawing on the well established protection of freedom of expression and freedom of religion.