The accumulation of adipose tissue increases the risk of several diseases. The fruits-intake, containing phytochemicals, is inversely correlated with their development. This study evaluated the effects of anthocyanin-rich tart cherries in diet-induced obese (DIO) rats. DIO rats were exposed to a high-fat diet with the supplementation of tart cherry seeds powder (DS) and seed powder plus juice (DJS). After 17 weeks, the DIO rats showed an increase of body weight, glycaemia, insulin, and systolic blood pressure. In the DS and DJS groups, there was a decrease of systolic blood pressure, glycaemia, triglycerides, and thiobarbituric reactive substances in the serum. In the DJS rats, computed tomography revealed a decrease in the spleen-to-liver attenuation ratio. Indeed, sections of the DIO rats presented hepatic injury characterized by steatosis, which was lower in the supplemented groups. In the liver of the DIO compared with rats fed with a standard diet (CHOW), a down-regulation of the GRP94 protein expression and a reduction of LC3- II/LC3-I ratio were found, indicating endoplasmic reticulum stress and impaired autophagy flux. Interestingly, tart cherry supplementation enhanced both unfolded protein response (UPR) and autophagy. This study suggests that tart cherry supplementation, although it did not reduce body weight in the DIO rats, prevented its related risk factors and liver steatosis.

京都大学 / 新制・論文博士 / 博士(農学) / 乙第13547号 / 論農博第2912号 / 新制||農||1101(附属図書館) / 学位論文||R5||N5428(農学部図書室) / 京都大学大学院農学研究科森林科学専攻 / (主査)教授 大村 和香子, 教授 井鷺 裕司, 教授 今井 友也 / 学位規則第4条第2項該当 / Doctor of Agricultural Science / Kyoto University / DGAM

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Ozone is known to be the most widespread phytotoxic air pollutant. Ozone causes visible injury, reductions in photosynthesis, growth, and yield. Plant response to ozone may vary with species, varieties, and physiological age. Comparison between sensitive and tolerant cultivars has a key role in assessing ozone damage, investigating the sites of cellular injury, and identifying ozone tolerance mechanism. The objectives of this study were to investigate the effects of high ozone concentration (200 ppb) as well as ambient ozone concentrations (under field conditions) on net CO2 assimilation and PSII function in plants with different sensitivities to ozone. Two species of plants, tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L.) and black cherry (Prunus serotina) were studied. Gas exchange analysis and chlorophyll fluorometry were utilized to characterize physiological function. Two tobacco cultivars, Bel-B and Bel-W3, tolerant and sensitive to ozone, respectively, were grown in a greenhouse supplied with charcoal filtered air and then exposed to 200 ppb ozone for 4hr. Effects on chlorophyll fluorescence, net photosynthesis, and stomatal conductance are described. Quantum yield was calculated from chlorophyll fluorescence and the initial slope of the assimilation-light curve measured by the gas exchange method. Only the sensitive cultivar, Bel-W3, developed visible injury symptoms involving up to 50% of the 5th leaf. The maximum net photosynthetic rate of ozone-treated plants of the tolerant cultivar was reduced 40% compared to control plants immediately after ozone fumigation; however, photosynthesis recovered by 24 hr post fumigation and remained at the same level as control plants. In the sensitive cultivar, on the other hand, ozone exposure reduced maximum net photosynthesis up to 50%, with no recovery, apparently causing permanent damage to the photosystem. Reductions in apparent quantum efficiency, calculated from the assimilation-light curve, differed between cultivars. Bel-B showed an immediate depression of 14% compared to controls, whereas Bel-W3 showed a 27% decline. Electron transport rate (ETR), at saturating light intensity, decreased 58% and 80% immediately after ozone treatment in Bel-B and Bel-W3, respectively. Quantum yield decreased 28% and 36% in Bel-B and Bel-W3, respectively. It can be concluded that ozone caused a greater relative decrease in linear electron transport than maximum net photosynthesis, suggesting greater damage to PSII than the carbon reduction cycle. Two different sensitivity classes of black cherry, tolerant and sensitive, growing under natural environmental conditions in Giles County, VA were assessed for physiological responses to ambient ozone concentrations. Additional measurements were made at two other sites near Blacksburg. Leaf gas exchange rates and visible foliar injury were determined monthly during the growing seasons of 2000, 2001, and 2002 to characterize the relationship of injury to altered photosynthetic function. Ambient ozone levels were sufficient to induce visible symptoms which were highly correlated with a reduction in PnMAX (maximum net photosynthetic rate under saturating light conditions) and à CO2 (quantum yield for carbon reduction) only in sensitive black cherry. Electron transport rate (ETR) and quantum yield of PSII (à PSII) were also reduced in sensitive black cherry. Maximum photochemical efficiency (Fv/Fm) in sensitive trees was severely damaged by ambient ozone. There were positive correlations between increasing cumulative ozone concentration and substantial reductions in PnMAX and in à CO2 of sensitive trees compared to tolerant trees. There was a negative correlation between chlorophyll content and percent leaf injury in sensitive black cherry / Ph. D.

Repeated partial cutting in the Appalachian hardwood region has often favored the development of tolerant species like American beech (Fagus grandifolia Ehrh.) and stands with a high proportion of cull trees. Crop tree release is a widely recommended practice to improve species composition and growth rates in these unevenaged structured stands. Chemical control offers some distinct advantages from the standpoint of safety and residual stand damage, over mechanical methods. Control of American beech was the primary focus of this study. Beech is a low value timber tree, normally considered difficult to control. It is a major competitor to more valuable trees, especially on better sites in the Appalachians. Research plots were established in hardwood stands at three sites in central West Virginia to evaluate the effectiveness of glyphosate (Accord), imazapyr (Arsenal AC and Chopper), and triclopyr (Garlon 3A and Garlon 4) using the hack-and-squirt application method and low volume basal spray treatments. In the injection treatments .051 fl oz (1.5 ml) of solution was used per inch of diameter (dbh). The basal spray treatments used 0.101 fl oz (3 ml) of solution per inch of diameter. The following concentrations were used: Accord (65.2%), Arsenal AC (7.5%), Garlon 3A (50%), Garlon 4 (26.25%), and Chopper (6.25% ). These concentrations were determined by using the highest costing injection and basal treatment at the lowest recommended labeled rate as standards, Garlon 3A and Chopper respectively. Eighteen 0.1 acre plots were systematically located at each study site where crop trees were present and to maximize the number of American beech on each plot. Crop trees, mostly black cherry (Prunus serotina Ehrh.) were chosen on a 0.025 acre subplot established at each plot center. All beech two inches and larger on the 0.1 acre plots and competing trees touching crop trees were treated in June 1998. The treatments were evaluated in September of 1998 and again in June of 1999. A numerical rating system ranging from 1-7, (0-100% crown affected), which utilized visual symptoms, was used to evaluate the efficacy of each treatment. Trees receiving a rating of 5 (75 % crown control) or greater were considered controlled. The relationship between the kinds of herbicide, application method, and numerical rating were analyzed by means of one-way analysis of variance with an incomplete random factorial design. The most effective treatments for the three month evaluations were the Accord and Garlon 3A injection treatments. Average beech crown control ranged from 95-99% for Accord to 96-99% for Garlon 3A across all study sites. The basal spray treatments were not effective. Average crown control ranged from 1-22%, across all study sites. Accord, Garlon 3A, and Arsenal AC were the most effective treatments for the 12 month evaluations, with average beech crown control ranging from 99-100% across all study sites. The imazapyr treatments (Arsenal Ac and Chopper) had adverse effects on the crop trees and are not recommended for hardwood crop tree release. The cost effectiveness based on treatment costs and the amount of basal area (BA) controlled were averaged for all study sites. The average treatment costs based on the 12 month evaluations expressed in dollars/ft2 BA controlled were as follows: Accord ($0.91), Garlon 3A ($1.04), Arsenal AC ($0.84), Garlon 4 ($15.09), and Chopper ($7.74). NE-TWIGS was used to predict future composition and value of the projected stands. The stem injection treatments decreased the amount of beech and increased the amount of black cherry sawtimber thereby dramatically increasing the future value of the stands. Real rates of return were calculated for the stem injection (8.81%) and low-volume basal spray (-0.81%). / Master of Science

Les fruits et les sous-produits de l’industrie de transformation des fruits sont obtenus chaque année en quantités importantes partout dans le monde. Les cerises et les résidus de pommes sont parmi les sources végétales les plus riches en composés bioactifs qui sont reconnus pour leurs effets bénéfiques sur l’organisme humain. Des méthodes appropriées d’extraction (macération, extraction par solvant pressurisé, extraction assistée par ultrasons, extraction assistée par microondes), d’analyse (HPTLC, HPLC-UV-DEDL, HPLC-MS, SFC) et de fractionnement (CPC, HPLC semi-préparative, extraction liquide-liquide) ont été mises au point pour la récupération, l’identification et la purification des composés bioactifs de cerises (Prunus avium) et de résidus de différentes variétés de pommes (Royal Gala, Golden, Granny Smith, Pink Lady). Les résultats obtenus au cours des travaux de recherches indiquent le fait que ces sources végétales contiennent des composés phénoliques (cerises, résidus de pommes) et des composés triterpéniques (résidus de pommes) qui peuvent être valorisés par incorporation dans différentes formulations alimentaires, pharmaceutiques, cosmétiques etc. / Fruits and by-products of fruit processing industry are produced annually in large quantities worldwide. Cherries and apple pomace are among the richest plant sources in bioactive compounds that are recognized for their beneficial effects on the human body. Appropriated methods of extraction (maceration, pressurized solvent extraction, ultrasoundassisted extraction, microwave assisted extraction), analysis (HPTLC, HPLC-UV-ELSD, HPLC-MS, SFC) and fractionation (CPC, HPLC semipreparative, liquid-liquid extraction) have been developed in order to extract, to identify and to purify bioactive compounds of cherry (Prunus avium) and pomaces of different apple varieties (Royal Gala, Golden Delicious, Granny Smith, Pink Lady). The results obtained during the research work indicate that these plant sources contain phenolic compounds (cherry, apple pomace) and triterpenic compounds (apple pomace) that can be used as ingredients for various food, pharmaceutical, cosmetic formulations etc.

Phylogenetic trees capture the relationships between species and can be investigated by morphological and/or molecular data. When focusing on macroevolution, one considers the large-scale history of life with evolutionary changes affecting a single species of the entire clade leading to the enormous diversity of species obtained today. One major problem of biology is the explanation of this biodiversity. Therefore, one may ask which kind of macroevolutionary processes have given rise to observable tree shapes or patterns of species distribution which refers to the appearance of branching orders and time periods. Thus, with an increasing number of known species in the context of phylogenetic studies, testing hypotheses about evolution by analyzing the tree shape of the resulting phylogenetic trees became matter of particular interest. The attention of using those reconstructed phylogenies for studying evolutionary processes increased during the last decades. Many paleontologists (Raup et al., 1973; Gould et al., 1977; Gilinsky and Good, 1989; Nee, 2004) tried to describe such patterns of macroevolution by using models for growing trees. Those models describe stochastic processes to generate phylogenetic trees. Yule (1925) was the first who introduced such a model, the Equal Rate Markov (ERM) model, in the context of biological branching based on a continuous-time, uneven branching process. In the last decades, further dynamical models were proposed (Yule, 1925; Aldous, 1996; Nee, 2006; Rosen, 1978; Ford, 2005; Hernández-García et al., 2010) to address the investigation of tree shapes and hence, capture the rules of macroevolutionary forces. A common model, is the Aldous\\\'' Branching (AB) model, which is known for generating trees with a similar structure of \\\"real\\\" trees. To infer those macroevolutionary forces structures, estimated trees are analyzed and compared to simulated trees generated by models. There are a few drawbacks on recent models such as a missing biological motivation or the generated tree shape does not fit well to one observed in empirical trees. The central aim of this thesis is the development and study of new biologically motivated approaches which might help to better understand or even discover biological forces which lead to the huge diversity of organisms. The first approach, called age model, can be defined as a stochastic procedure which describes the growth of binary trees by an iterative stochastic attachment of leaves, similar to the ERM model. At difference with the latter, the branching rate at each clade is no longer constant, but decreasing in time, i.e., with the age. Thus, species involved in recent speciation events have a tendency to speciate again. The second introduced model, is a branching process which mimics the evolution of species driven by innovations. The process involves a separation of time scales. Rare innovation events trigger rapid cascades of diversification where a feature combines with previously existing features. The model is called innovation model. Three data sets of estimated phylogenetic trees are used to analyze and compare the produced tree shape of the new growth models. A tree shape statistic considering a variety of imbalance measurements is performed. Results show that simulated trees of both growth models fit well to the tree shape observed in real trees. In a further study, a likelihood analysis is performed in order to rank models with respect to their ability to explain observed tree shapes. Results show that the likelihoods of the age model and the AB model are clearly correlated under the trees in the databases when considering small and medium-sized trees with up to 19 leaves. For a data set, representing of phylogenetic trees of protein families, the age model outperforms the AB model. But for another data set, representing phylogenetic trees of species, the AB model performs slightly better. To support this observation a further analysis using larger trees is necessary. But an exact computation of likelihoods for large trees implies a huge computational effort. Therefore, an efficient method for likelihood estimation is proposed and compared to the estimation using a naive sampling strategy. Nevertheless, both models describe the tree generation process in a way which is easy to interpret biologically. Another interesting field of research in biology is the coevolution between species. This is the interaction of species across groups such that the evolution of a species from one group can be triggered by a species from another group. Most prominent examples are systems of host species and their associated parasites. One problem is the reconciliation of the common history of both groups of species and to predict the associations between ancestral hosts and their parasites. To solve this problem some algorithmic methods have been developed in recent years. But only a few host parasite systems have been analyzed in sufficient detail which makes an evaluation of these methods complex. Within the scope of coevolution, the proposed age model is applied to the generation of cophylogenies to evaluate such host parasite reconciliation methods. The presented age model as well as the innovation model produce tree shapes which are similar to obtained tree structures of estimated trees. Both models describe an evolutionary dynamics and might provide a further opportunity to infer macroevolutionary processes which lead to the biodiversity which can be obtained today. Furthermore with the application of the age model in the context of coevolution by generating a useful benchmark set of cophylogenies is a first step towards systematic studies on evaluating reconciliation methods.

A estabilidade à oxidação é uma das propriedades mais importantes do biodiesel pois afeta a sua estabilidade durante o período de estocagem influenciando no desempenho do motor. As pesquisas atuais tendem a desenvolver aditivos antioxidantes para melhorar sua estabilidade. Algumas plantas exibem propriedades antioxidantes devido à sua composição química e que podem auxiliar nessa estabilização. O objetivo deste trabalho foi estudar a estabilidade termo oxidativa do biodiesel de soja e do sebo bovino puro e aditivado com folhas e extrato das folhas de acerola, graviola, manga e pitanga frente à luz, a 60º C e a baixas temperaturas por 0, 168, 504, 1176 e 1848 h de estocagem de forma a avaliar o seu enquadramento dentro das normas ANP, ASTM, EN. As folhas usadas como aditivo antioxidante foram moídas num moinho de facas a 10 mesh e os extratos das folhas foram obtidos pelo processo Soxhlet. O biodiesel de soja foi obtido pela rota etílica e o de sebo bovino pela metílica. A estabilidade termo oxidativa foi monitorada determinando-se o índice de acidez, a viscosidade cinemática, a densidade, por espectroscopia no infravermelho com Transformada de Fourier e por termogravimetria. Os resultados mostraram que o biodiesel de soja e do sebo bovino é estável frente à luz após 1848 h. O efeito antioxidante das folhas sobre o biodiesel de soja após 168 h de estocagem a 60º C segue a seguinte ordem: folhas de graviola > folhas de pitanga > folhas de manga > folhas de acerola, enquanto para o extrato das folhas tem-se: extrato das folhas de acerola> extrato das folhas de graviola>extrato das folhas de manga>extrato das folhas de pitanga, após 504h. Para o biodiesel de sebo bovino as folhas apresentaram a ordem: folhas de pitanga>folhas de acerola >folhas de manga>folhas de graviola, e para os extratos a ordem: extratos da folha de manga > extratos da folha de graviola >extratos da folha de pitanga>extratos da folha de acerola. O butil hidroxitolueno (BHT), antioxidante sintético, apresentou maior efeito antioxidante sobre o biodiesel de soja em relação às aditivações com folhas e seus extratos após 1176h. No biodiesel de sebo bovino, a atividade do BHT foi semelhante aos extratos das folhas de acerola, graviola e pitanga após 504h e o de manga após 1176h. A ordem da estabilidade do biodiesel de soja aditivado frente a baixas temperaturas foi: extrato de pitanga > extrato de manga > extrato de acerola > extrato de graviola. Os resultados dos testes em baixa temperatura indicam que o biodiesel de soja aditivado ou não pode ser usado em qualquer região do país para todas as estações do ano. O efeito dos extratos das folhas na estabilidade do biodiesel frente a baixas temperaturas foi: extratos das folhas de manga>extratos de acerola>extratos de graviola>extratos de pitanga. O biodiesel de sebo bovino puro apresenta menor estabilidade frente a baixas temperaturas em relação ao biodiesel de soja. Os resultados obtidos do IA, viscosidade cinemática, densidade, FTIR e TGA indicam que as folhas e extratos das folhas das frutas estudadas podem atuar como aditivos antioxidantes na estabilidade oxidativa do biodiesel. / Oxidation stability is one of the most important properties of biodiesel because it affects their stability during the storage period influence on engine performance. Current research tend to develop antioxidant additives to improve their stability. Some plants have antioxidant properties due to their chemical composition and may assist in this stabilization. The aim of this study was to oxidative term stability of soybean biodiesel and pure beef tallow and spiked with leaves and extracts of the leaves of cherry, soursop, mango and cherry front light, 60 ° C and low temperatures for 0, 168, 504, 1176 and 1848 h of storage in order to evaluate its framework within the ANP, ASTM, EN. The leaves used as an antioxidant additive were ground in a knife mill to 10 mesh and extracts of leaves were obtained by Soxhlet process. Soybean biodiesel was obtained by the ethyl route and beef tallow by methyl. The term oxidative stability was monitored by determining the acid number, kinematic viscosity, density, by infrared spectroscopy with Fourier Transform and thermogravimetry. The results showed that the biodiesel soya and tallow is stable against the light for 1848 h. The antioxidant effect of leaves on soybean biodiesel after 168 h of storage at 60 ° C follows the following order: leaves of soursop> sheets of cherry> mango leaves> acerola leaves while for the leaves of the statement we have: extract leaves acerola> extract of the leaves of soursop> extract of mango leaves> extract of cherry leaves after 504h. For the leaves beef tallow biodiesel showed the order: leaves of cherry> leaves acerola> mango leaves> soursop leaves and extracts the order: Mango leaf extracts> soursop leaf extracts> leaf extracts of cherry> acerola leaf extracts. The butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT), synthetic antioxidant, showed higher antioxidant effect on soybean biodiesel in relation to additivations with leaves and their extracts after 1176h. In beef tallow biodiesel BHT activity was similar to the extracts of the leaves of cherry, soursop and cherry after 504h and the sleeve after 1176h. The order of stability of soy biodiesel additive against low temperatures was: cherry extract> mango extract> acerola extract> soursop extract. The results of the tests indicate that low temperature soybean biodiesel additive or may not be used in any region of the country for all seasons. The effect of the extracts of leaves in front biodiesel stability at low temperatures was: extracts of mango leaves> acerola extracts> soursop extracts> cherry extracts. Biodiesel pure beef tallow has lower stability in low temperatures to soy biodiesel. The results of the AI, kinematic viscosity, density, FTIR and TGA show that the extracts of the leaves and fruits studied sheets can act as antioxidant additives in the oxidative stability of biodiesel.

Made available in DSpace on 2017-07-10T17:37:12Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Cristiane Paulus.pdf: 907945 bytes, checksum: f84d9e19a342d1e11d80efa3864b0389 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-01-29 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Post-harvest treatments with thermal shock have been studied as an extension of alternative technical life of fruit. The beneficial effect of this technique has been related to their effects on the induction of physiological responses in protection against oxidative stress and development of pathogens. Enzymes are catalysts of the reactions occurring in biological systems. However, although the mechanisms by which post-harvest treatments induce this type of response are known in the plant organs are not clearly elucidated the mechanisms induced by postharvest heat shock that may affect the antioxidant status of treated fruits. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of heat shock on postharvest cherry tomatoes conservation, mediated biochemical and physicochemical answers related to antioxidant enzyme activity, respiratory activity, phenolic compounds, ascorbic, soluble solids acid, titratable acidity , percentage of weight, firmness, skin color and degradation of the fruit. The cherry tomatoes were subjected to heat shock treatments immersed in hot water at 45 ± 2 ° C at times 0, 5, 10, 15, 20 and 25 minutes. After treatments, fruits were divided into two groups. The first group was stored at 20 ± 2 ° C and at intervals of 1, 3, 6, 9 and 12 days, samples were taken and subjected to color analysis, firmness, weight loss, total phenolics, total flavonoids acid ascorbic acid and total soluble solids. The second group was submitted to respiratory activity assessments, ethylene production and enzymatic activity of superoxide dismutase, catalase and ascorbate peroxidase, at time intervals of 0, 2, 6, 24 and 48 hours of storage at 20 ± 2 ° C. According to the results, the fruits treated with heat shock suffered greater respiratory stress from the sixth day of storage. There was no significant difference between treatments for firmness, maintaining the rigidity of the fruit even after 12 days, and all treatments exhibited fruits with greater weight loss compared to the control. The application of heat treatment did not alter the total soluble solids content to the 6th day, heat exposure times of 15 and 20 min had a greater effect on the content of phenolic compounds during storage. exposed to heat fruits expressed the higher flavonoid content than the control and showed no recovery or increase in the concentration of ascorbic acid of cherry tomatoes in response to heat shock treatments that could indicate suppressive effect to stress. Thus, despite having the ability to prolong the life of cherry tomato, reducing the loss of the fruit after storage was not favorable for their use to reduce costs to prolong their shelf life / Tratamentos pós-colheita com choque térmico têm sido estudado como técnica alternativa de extensão da vida útil de frutos. A ação benéfica dessa técnica tem sido relacionada com seus efeitos na indução de respostas fisiológicas de defesa contra estresses oxidativos e desenvolvimento de patógenos. As enzimas são os catalisadores das reações que ocorrem nos sistemas biológicos. Entretanto, embora sejam conhecidos os mecanismos pelos quais os tratamentos pós-colheita induzem este tipo de resposta nos órgãos vegetais, ainda não estão claramente elucidados os mecanismos induzidos pelo choque térmico pós-colheita que possam afetar o status antioxidante de frutos tratados. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o efeito do choque térmico na conservação pós-colheita de tomates-cereja, mediada por respostas bioquímicas e físico-químicas relacionadas à atividade enzimática antioxidante, atividade respiratória, compostos fenólicos, ácido ascórbico, sólidos solúveis, acidez total titulável, porcentagem de massa fresca, firmeza, cor da casca e degradação dos frutos. Os tomates-cereja foram submetidos aos tratamentos de choque térmico com imersão em água quente a 45 ± 2 ºC nos tempos de 0, 5, 10, 15, 20 e 25 minutos. Após os tratamentos, os frutos foram divididos em dois grupos. O primeiro grupo foi armazenado a 20 ± 2 ºC e, em intervalos de 1, 3, 6, 9 e 12 dias, amostras foram retiradas e submetidas a análises de cor, firmeza, perda de massa, compostos fenólicos totais, flavonoides totais, ácido ascórbico e sólidos solúveis totais. O segundo grupo foi submetido às avaliações de atividade respiratória, produção de etileno e atividade enzimática de superóxido dismutase, catalase e ascorbato peroxidase, nos intervalos de tempo de 0, 2, 6, 24 e 48 horas de armazenamento à 20 ± 2 ºC. De acordo com os resultados, os frutos tratados com o choque térmico sofreram maior estresse respiratório a partir do sexto dia de armazenamento. Não houve diferença significativa entre os tratamentos para a firmeza, permanecendo a rigidez do fruto mesmo após 12º dias, e todos os tratamentos exibiram frutos com maior perda de massa, quando comparado ao controle. A aplicação dos tratamentos térmicos não alterou o teor de sólidos solúveis totais até o 6º dia, os tempos de exposição ao calor de 15 e 20 min tiveram maior efeito nos conteúdos de compostos fenólicos ao longo do armazenamento. Os frutos expostos ao calor expressaram conteúdos de flavonoides mais elevados do que o controle e não mostraram recuperação ou aumento na concentração de ácido ascórbico dos tomates-cereja em resposta aos tratamentos de choque térmico que pudessem indicar efeito supressor ao estresse. Com isso, apesar de possuir a capacidade de prolongar a vida útil do tomate-cereja, reduzindo a perda do fruto após o armazenamento, não se mostrou favorável para a sua utilização de forma a reduzir gastos para prolongar seu tempo de prateleira

Command shaping creates reference commands that reduce residual vibrations in a flexible system. This thesis examines the use of command shaping for flexible system control in three industrial applications: cam-follower systems, sloshing liquids, and cherrypickers. One common type of command shaping is command smoothing which creates a smooth transition between setpoints. A specific type of command smoothing used in cam-follower systems is the polynomial profile. An alternative technique to reduce vibration in flexible systems is input shaping. In this thesis, input-shaped commands are compared to polynomial profiles for applications requiring both vibration suppression and fast motion. Simulation and experimental results show that input shaping is faster than polynomial profiles and provides a simple approach to suppressing residual vibration. Secondly, significant experimental contributions have been made in the area of slosh control. The oscillation of liquids in a container can cause liquid spillage or can cause stability issues, especially in space vehicles. In the past, a number of control techniques have been proposed, but only a few recommend the use of input shaping. This thesis describes the use of command shaping to limit slosh. Results are supported by numerical and experimental testing. Input-shaped commands reduce residual slosh amplitude compared to unshaped commands and polynomial profiles. Input-shaped commands can also accommodate uncertainties and changes in the sloshing frequencies. Lastly, a small-scale cherrypicker was constructed to study the use of input-shaping control on these types of aerial lifts. Cherrypickers have flexible dynamic effects that can cause dangerous and life-threatening situations. To study this class of machines and to provide future students an experimental testbed, several design criteria were established before construction began. The resulting machine achieved most design objectives, including a simple-to-use graphical user interface and accurate state measurements. Robust input-shaping controllers were implemented to limit endpoint vibration. The design of the cherrypicker is discussed and experimental results are reported.