This thesis analyzes the construction of children of Iranian asylum-seekers&rsquo / national and religious identity who are dwelling in Kayseri provisionally. Identity construction of the children was based on a &lsquo / flexible&rsquo / and &lsquo / malleable&rsquo / ground in the research. The research was conducted through semi-structured, in-depth interviews with a selected group of participants. The participants belong to two different religious cohorts, Shi&rsquo / is and Baha&rsquo / is. Within the scope of the research question, national and religious of the children were investigated profoundly by taking into consideration of related identity theories. In addition, childhood experiences of the children were examined in order to find out if there is any interplay between childhood experiences and national and religious identities. It was determined that ambit of a contested process of identities, national identity enunciated its vigour by far for all the participants. It was also ascertained that while for the Shi&rsquo / i children, religious identity has reduced its strength / religious identity is still potent for the Baha&rsquo / i children in the host society. Moreover, the children&rsquo / s interrupted childhood results from their religious professions and their family&rsquo / s political views reconstructed in Kayseri. The participants&rsquo / interrupted childhood in Iran achieved a relative maintenance in Kayseri without any fragmentation due to relative free environment comparing to Iran.

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[pt] O presente trabalho teve como objetivo discutir a voz da infância na família contemporânea. Para a obtenção dos dados foram realizadas entrevistas presenciais com roteiro semiestruturado. Participaram do estudo oito crianças provenientes das camadas médias urbanas da população do Rio de Janeiro, distribuídas em quatro meninas e quatro meninos, com idades entre 7 e 11 anos, pertencentes a sete famílias casadas e uma separada, sendo que apenas uma criança não possuía irmãos. Para a obtenção dos dados foram realizadas entrevistas presenciais, com roteiro semiestruturado. Os resultados foram analisados segundo o método de análise de conteúdo na sua vertente categorial. Das narrativas dos entrevistados, emergiram as seguintes categorias de análise: o brincar; regras e produtividade; ser cuidado, desdobrada nas categorias referências de cuidado e espaço para sentir e expressar; e cuidando. Os resultados serão apresentados em dois artigos. O primeiro pretende refletir sobre a experiência da infância no cotidiano das crianças. Já o segundo tem como objetivo investigar a experiência infantil de ser cuidado e cuidar. Os dados apontaram o impacto das mídias eletrônicas no cotidiano das crianças, assim como a pouca disponibilidade dos adultos para brincar com as crianças em casa. Além disso, verificamos que as crianças parecem compreender e respeitar as regras estabelecidas, desde que essas sejam comunicadas de forma não coercitiva e acompanhadas de explicações. Também identificamos a persistente predominância de mulheres, sejam mães ou babás, no cuidado com as crianças. Observamos que a presença parental é frequentemente comprometida pelo tempo excessivo dedicado ao trabalho e a produtividade. Além disso, os relatos dos participantes evidenciaram a internalização de funções cuidadoras pelas crianças, as quais desempenharam esses papéis de maneira criativa e infantil ao assumirem a responsabilidade de cuidar. / [en] The present study aimed to discuss the voice of childhood in the contemporary family. In order to obtain data, face-to-face interviews with a semi-structured script were conducted. The study involved eight children from the urban middle class population of Rio de Janeiro, consisting of four girls and four boys, aged between 7 and 11 years, belonging to seven married families and one separated family, with only one child having no siblings. Data were collected through face-to-face interviews with a semi-structured script. The results were analyzed using the content analysis method in its categorical aspect. From the intervieweesnarratives, the following categories of analysis emerged: play; rules and productivity; being cared for, unfolded in the categories of care references and space to feel and express; and caregiving. The results will be presented in two articles. The first aims to reflect on the childhood experience in the daily lives of children. The second aims to investigate the childhood experience of being cared for and caring for others. The data indicated the impact of electronic media on children s daily lives, as well as the limited availability of adults to play with children at home. Additionally, we found that children seem to understand and respect established rules, as long as these are communicated non-coercively and accompanied by explanations. We also identified the persistent predominance of women, whether mothers or caregivers, in taking care of children. We observed that parental presence is often compromised by excessive time devoted to work and productivity. Furthermore, participants accounts highlighted the internalization of caregiving roles by children, who creatively and childishly assumed the responsibility of caring.

Bakgrund: Elever upplever traumatiska barndomsupplevelser (TBU) som påverkar förmågan att hantera livet som barn och vuxen. Det är angeläget att upptäcka och identifiera elever med TBU eftersom de har rätt till skydd, rehabilitering och social återanpassning. Uppgiften är central i skolsköterskans hälsofrämjande roll. Syfte: Undersöka hur skolsköterskor arbetar med att upptäcka och identifiera traumatiska barndomsupplevelser hos elever. Metod: En retrospektiv enkätstudie användes och 100 skolsköterskor lämnade sina svar mellan 20 februari och 21 mars. Nästan alla hade specialistsjuksköterskeutbildning. Resultat: Frågor om TBU ställdes av 66 % och 34 % gjorde det inte. Majoriteten frågade muntligt. Frågan om TBU fanns i skolans hälsoenkät hos 38 % och en använde validerade formulär för att upptäcka och identifiera TBU. Av samtliga respondenter ville 78 % lära sig använda Barnafrids validerade formulär för att upptäcka och identifiera TBU. Konklusion: Många frågar om TBU men en tredjedel gör det inte. Mindre än hälften hade frågor i skolans hälsoenkät. Få kände till att validerade formulär kunde hjälpa till i arbetet med TBU och användes av en. Skolsköterskor, vårdgivare, lärosäten och forskare kan tillsammans utveckla systematisk screening av TBU. Det främjar elevers hälsa, välbefinnande och möjlighet att nå utbildningens mål. / Background: Students experience adverse childhood experiences (ACE) that affect the ability to cope with life as a child and as an adult. It's important to detect and identify ACE because students have the right to protection, rehabilitation and social reintegration. This task is central for school nurse’s health promoting role.  Aim: To investigate how school nurses’ work to detect and identify ACE in students.  Method: A retrospective survey study was used and 100 school nurses provided their responses between 20 February and 21 March. Almost all had specialist nursing training.  Findings: Questions about ACE were asked by 66% and 34% did not. A majority asked verbally. ACE questions was present in 38 % of the school health questionnaire. One used validated form and of all 78% wanted to learn how to use validated form to detect and identify ACE.  Conclusion: School nurses ask about ACE but a third do not. Less than half had questions in the school health questionnaire and few knew that validated forms could help in the work with ACE. School nurses, healthcare providers, universities and researchers can together develop systematic screening for ACE. It promotes students' health, wellbeing and the opportunity to reach the goals of the education.

Despite significant research output in recent decades on international new ventures (INVs),little attention has been paid to understanding the processes and conditions under whichthe entrepreneur identifies and exploits an opportunity and subsequently creates valuewithin the firm. As a result, the dynamics involved in the role of the entrepreneur during theestablishment and internationalization of INVs remain in a black box. In order to understandthe context, interaction among players and other dynamics involved before, during, and afterthe establishment of the INV’s creation and development, a different approach is needed. Theaim of this dissertation is to describe and understand the role of entrepreneurs in the processof establishment and internationalization of international new ventures. Three longitudinal case studies were conducted between 1999 and 2008 with a total of 108interviews using snowball sampling. In addition, comprehensive secondary data have beencollected to enrich the empirical cases with thick descriptions, and to enhance content validityas well as the reliability of the research. This study offers a more nuanced picture of how entrepreneurs’ characteristics influencethe international development of their firms. For example, it appears that it was neitherthe previous foreign experience, the education, nor the previously developed internationalnetwork (as suggested by previous literature) that can be credited for the rapid and vastinternationalization of the case firms. Instead, it is suggested that an entrepreneur’schildhood and prior life story directly influences their behaviour in the INV. We proposethat different types of entrepreneurs are important factors to understanding firms’ differentinternationalization patterns. Depending on the backgrounds of the entrepreneurs, theydeveloped preferences, skills, and especially desires that would come to affect the totalbehaviour of their future organizations. This study also develops the notion of psychicdistance into three separate spaces - the physical, the mental and the social space. Forexample, the context and experience during childhood creates the foundations for theentrepreneurs’ mental and social space, which can separately, but also in relation toeach other, offer a more accurate and deeper understanding of the actions taken by theentrepreneurs in the INV. Furthermore, this study has shown that the role and characteristicsof the entrepreneur do change over time, which also determines the individual’s sensitivity toopportunities and the international behaviour of the company.

Trauma-informed care is a relatively new construct in K-12 education, and districts across the United States are seeking avenues to meet the needs of their students. The COVID-19 pandemic elevated the need for districts to develop appropriate supports to address student and adult trauma. Traumatic events can affect a child’s mental, physical, social-emotional, and/or spiritual well-being (Substance Abuse and Mental Health Service Administration, 2011). Furthermore, children with an elevated risk of trauma may not be able to access these supports outside of the school setting (Baweja et al., 2015). Therefore, educational systems need to develop trauma-informed care models for schools that furnish a sense of safety and community so that students receive the necessary support. This evaluation aimed to identify how the moderating factors of district administrators, site administrators, climate and culture, and teacher capacity affect trauma-informed care via a multi-tiered system of support (MTSS) framework. It included a specific focus on Tier 1, universal access, to improve timely support for students. This formative program evaluation explored the impact of the moderating factors through the viewpoint of a newly created conceptual framework. I used qualitative and quantitative data sources to explore the multiple aspects of the phenomenon. The ARTIC-45 provided descriptive statistics about educators’ attitudes toward trauma-informed care. The observational data and analysis of the Panorama Education social-emotional learning (SEL) survey that assessed 3rd-12th students social-emotional well-being provided character to the evaluation. The data analysis yielded inconsistent results. The observational data strongly indicated a trauma-informed environment in which students were given clear expectations and engaged in positive reciprocal interactions with peers and adults. The ARTIC-45 data showed that administrators, teachers, and support staff responded favorably to trauma-informed care approaches. Though statistical significance could not be obtained due to the sample size constraint of being too small, the data provided context to the other data sources. For example, teacher capacity could not be quantified, but the data provided context to the overall staff capacity. The review of the archival and current SEL survey data showed that favorability among domains varied by site and grade level. The variations in students' social-emotional favorability can be related to their lived experiences and it is important to track over time to monitor how experiences, expressions, and feelings change over time. Students' perspectives regarding themselves and their environment differed from the observational data. This indicates that educators should not solely rely on observational data to determine students’ social-emotional well-being. Furthermore, an SEL survey can be used as a tool to understand students’ well-being and thus provide them with timely support. The evaluation determined that district administration, site administration, climate and culture and staff capacity can positively impact a multi-tiered, trauma-informed care environment. In these settings, student behavior and social-emotional well-being is viewed in a healing-centered manner. Districts can create a multi-tiered, trauma-sensitive culture and provide support to enhance teachers’ capacity to implement trauma-informed care, take advantage of administrative influence, develop community partnerships, and create a culture that is open to systematic change.

SAMMANFATTNING  Bakgrund: Adverse Childhood Experience (ACE) nämns som svåra/traumatiska barndomsupplevelser och inkluderar barns utsatthet för fysiska, psykiska- och sexuella övergrepp, försummelse och dysfunktion i hemmet. Det inkluderar psykisk ohälsa, missbruk, självmord, våld mot modern samt kriminell verksamhet inom familjen. Även om det finns lagar och förordningar som skyddar barn från övergrepp och försummelse, är barnmisshandel fortfarande en vanlig företeelse.  Syftet med denna litteraturöversikt var att utforska vuxnas upplevelser av att ha blivit utsatta för negativa och traumatiska händelser som barn och hur det har påverkat dem samt hur de valt att hantera effekterna. .  Metod: En litteraturöversikt med en deskriptiv design som inkluderade tio kvalitativa originalartiklar som granskades.    Resultat: Resultatet av granskningen presenteras utifrån fem huvudteman; Det sexuella utnyttjandet, substanssyndromets utveckling och inflytande, psykiska och fysiska konsekvenser samt copingmekanismer. Fyra underteman; relationer, tillitsproblem samt negativa- och positiva upplevelser av professionell hjälp. Det visade att majoriteten av deltagarna upplevde en mängd olika psykiska och fysiska konsekvenser genom hela livet. Upplevelserna skadade inte bara dem själva utan även människor i deras omgivning då svårigheter att skapa anknytning, tillit och nära relationer var återkommande. Många använde sig av både passiva och aktiva copingstrategier. Slutsats: Det blev tydligt hur den psykiska och fysiska ohälsan var ett faktum för dessa individer genom hela livet. Genom en tidig upptäck av barnmisshandel samt ett erhållande av kunskap hos sjuksköterskan kring bemötandet av dessa individer i vuxen ålder, kan en del konsekvenser minskas och där med påverka livskvalitén för dessa individer på ett positivt sätt. Nyckelord: Barnmisshandel, negativa/traumatiska händelser som barn, psykisk ohälsa, upplevelser, anknytning / ABSTRACT  Background: Adverse Childhood Experience (ACE) is mentioned as difficult/traumatic childhood experiences and includes children's exposure to physical, psychological and sexual abuse, neglect and dysfunction in the home which includes mental illness, substance abuse, suicide, violence against the mother and criminal activities within the family. Although there are laws and regulations that protect children from abuse and neglect, child abuse is still a common occurrence. Aim: The purpose of this literature review was to explore adults' experiences of being exposed to negative and traumatic events as children, how it has affected them and how they chose to handle the effects.  Method: A literature review with a descriptive design which included ten qualitative original articles.  Results: The results are presented based on five main themes; sexual exploitation, substance syndrome development and influence, psychological and physical consequences and coping mechanisms. Four sub-themes; relationships, trust problems and negative and positive experiences of professional help. The results further showed that the majority of participants experienced a variety of psychological and physical consequences throughout their lives. The experiences not only damaged themselves but also people in their surroundings. Difficulties in creating attachment, trust and close relationships, which was recurring throughout their lives. Many used both passive and active coping strategies.   Conclusion: It became clear how their mental and physical health became affected throughout their lives. Through an early detection of child abuse and the acquisition of knowledge by the nurse regarding the treatment of these individuals in adulthood, some consequences can be reduced and thereby affect the quality of life for these individuals in a positive way. Keywords: Child abuse, Adverse childhood experience, mental illness, experience, Attachment

The purpose of this diploma thesis is to analyze the parent-child relationship in selected novels by Anita Desai. The novels chosen for the analysis are Cry, the Peacock; Clear Light of Day; Fire on the Mountain; Fasting, Feasting. The aim of the theoretical part is, firstly, to introduce Anita Desai and her style of writing, secondly, to lay the theoretical basis for further analysis of the attachment between children and their parents. In this part the author presents the Attachment theory, behavioural patterns and parenting styles (authoritarian, authoritative, permissive, uninvolved). The theoretical part is concluded by a portrait of Indian society and typical Indian family structure - the environment in which Desai's protagonists live. The practical part consists of thorough analysis of the selected novels. The analysis shows Desai's tendency to portray such parenting styles that instil insecurity in children. The results prove that these approaches to raising a child affect the personality development negatively. It was interesting to find out that gender bias influences not only the life-path and self-concept of the protagonists but also the quality of their relationship with their parents.

Au cours des trois dernières décennies, plusieurs modèles théoriques de l’homicide sexuel ont été proposés. Ces modèles ont suggéré qu’il existe une diversité de facteurs associés à la commission d’un ou de plusieurs homicides sexuels, notamment des facteurs développementaux, psychologiques et de l’événement criminel et ont permis de proposer un profil des individus ayant commis un homicide sexuel. Cependant, aucun de ces profils n’a intégré l’ensemble de ces facteurs en un tout cohérent. De plus, ces modèles et profils, à l’exception du modèle proposé par des chercheurs associés au Federal Bureau of Investigation, ont été réalisés à partir d’échantillons d’individus ayant commis un seul homicide sexuel. En conséquence, bien que ces modèles et profils proposent une explication de l’émergence de ces comportements, ils ne permettent pas d’expliquer dans quelles circonstances ceux-ci se répètent et prennent fin. Étant donné que ces modèles et profils n’ont pas pris en considération les caractéristiques du parcours de vie de l’individu après la commission du premier homicide sexuel, ceux-ci n’intègrent pas de paramètres post-homicides, tels que les paramètres de l’enquête criminelle. En conséquence, il existe actuellement peu de certitudes concernant les caractéristiques du profil des individus pouvant constituer des facteurs permettant potentiellement d’expliquer pourquoi certains individus commettront une série d’homicides sexuels tandis que d’autres n’en commettront qu’un. L’objectif principal de cette thèse est d’identifier les caractéristiques distinctives des individus ayant commis une série d’homicides sexuels, afin de proposer des profils d’individus sériels et non-sériels. Afin d’atteindre cet objectif, une série d’études comparatives entre des individus ayant commis des homicides sexuels en série (HSS; n = 33) et des individus ayant commis un seul homicide sexuel (HS; n = 87) ont été réalisées. Les résultats de cette étude mettent en évidence que les caractéristiques qui distinguent les sériels des non-sériels ne se limitent pas à des facteurs individuels ou à la façon dont les individus commettent leur crime, mais aussi à l’échec des intervenants de l’enquête criminelle à appliquer les pratiques considérées comme étant indispensables à la résolution rapide d’un homicide. D’autre part, les résultats de cette étude mettent en évidence qu’il existe deux principaux profils d’individus ayant commis un homicide sexuel, celui des HSS et celle des HS. Finalement, les résultats de cette étude ont servi de fondations au développement d’un modèle conceptuel théorique de l’homicide sexuel sériel et non-sériel qui permet d’expliquer dans quelles circonstances le phénomène semblerait émerger, se répéter et prendre fin. / Over the last three decades, many theoretical models of sexual homicide have been proposed, which have made it possible to propose a profile of individuals. Although these models and profiles have suggested associations between the commission of one or more sexual homicides and a wide variety of factors—notably developmental, psychological, and crime-phase—none has produced a unified vision of sexual homicide that takes into account all factors. Moreover, these models and profiles, with the exception of that of the US Federal Bureau of Investigation, have been based on samples of individuals having committed a single homicide. As a result, although they propose explanations of the emergence of sexual homicide, current models and profiles are silent on the determinants of its repetition and cessation. Additionally, these models and profiles do not address post-homicide parameters, such as those related to the criminal investigation, since they do not take into account the sexual murderer’s life course following the commission of the homicide. For all these reasons, considerable uncertainty remains about why some individuals commit a series of sexual homicides while others commit only one. The principal objective of this thesis’s research was therefore to identify the distinctive characteristics of individuals having committed a series of sexual homicides, in order to proposed profiled of serial and nonserial sexual murderers. To this end, comparative analyses of serial sexual murderers (HSSs; n = 33) and nonserial sexual murderers (HSs n = 87) were conducted. The results indicate that the two groups of participants in this sample can be distinguished not only on individual factors and the manner in which the homicide was committed, but also on the failure of criminal investigators to apply best practices and rapidly resolve the homicides. Finally, this thesis’ research establishes a foundation for the development of theoretical models of serial and nonserial sexual homicide that explain the circumstances responsible for the emergence, repetition, and cessation of this phenomenon.