中國大陸自西元1979年開始實行經濟改革政策，銀行體系同時經歷了三十年的改革發展，依據中國加入世界貿易組織之承諾，其必須於2006年12月11日全面開放外資銀行登陸投資。為了面對外資銀行業可能帶來的激烈競爭與挑戰，中國政府大力支持與協助國有商業銀行進行一連串的體制改造及上市計畫，近年來中國銀行業整體的表現十分亮眼。 兩岸政府於2010年6月29日簽署之兩岸經濟合作架構協議(ECFA)，正式地為台灣的銀行業開啟通往大陸投資的一扇門，此篇論文藉由全面的研究分析中國銀行業的發展，並透過比較中國、美國及台灣具代表性的銀行在獲利能力、資產品質、流動性風險管理及新巴賽爾資本協議規定指標遵循情形等四個面向的表現，以期提供有意赴中國大陸投資之銀行業者對於當地情況有更多的概念與了解。 / After thirty years of economic and financial reforms, banking system in China has transformed from rigidly controlled to marketization nowadays with a variety of banking institutions coexist in the financial market. Among different kinds of banking institutions, large state-owned commercial banks dominate over half of total banking assets, their huge scale allow themselves to have leading positions and monopoly power in China’s banking industry. Under WTO regulations China must fully open markets for foreign banks’ investment started on December 11, 2006, before that most large state-owned commercial banks have restructured into joint-stock companies and went public sequentially in order to enhance competition for fierce challenges brought from foreign banks. Attributing to China government’s effort and support, the overall domestic banking performance has made a lot of progress in the past few years. By comparing banking performance with USA and Taiwan in four aspects of profitability, assets quality, liquidity risk management and capital adequacy ability, the study results demonstrate that general performance of banking sector and large state-owned commercial banks in China have improved greatly and even better than advanced countries in some respects. The signing of ECFA between cross-strait governments on June 29, 2010 starts a new page of Taiwan banks’ development in China, the study suggests that in the initial stage banks from Taiwan can explore markets of corporate banking by using their expertise in loans for small and medium enterprises which are always neglected by banks in China, and by providing services to Taiwan business people in China to explore markets of consumer banking, and then gradually expand market share.

本文旨在探討當前中國大陸城鎮職工與農民工等具有勞工性質的群體，其退休養老保險制度發展過程的政治經濟分析。所要回答的問題有三：一、中國大陸退休養老保險的歷史進程為何？有何特徵？二、中國大陸農民工與城鎮職工的退休養老保險制度現今運行情況為何？可能的整合方向是？三、中國大陸退休養老保險基金的財務當前運行情況是？有何隱憂？以上三點構成了本文的問題意識。 文中檢視中國大陸自1950年代所出臺的《中華人民共和國勞動保險條例》至今所有關於農民工與城鎮職工養老保險法規的演變，並比較2011年《社會保險法》出臺後，關於農民工與城鎮職工養老保險的實質發展。此外，本文以北京、上海、廣東、河南各省的「退休養老保險金的收支結餘」做為基礎，使用各省的「歷史債務」、「經濟發展水準」、「勞動力流動」等面向分析養老金區域失衡的原因與長期發展的隱憂，以歸納出當前中國大陸城鎮職工與農民工養老保險制度發展的個案省份分析。 本文發現，中國大陸農民工與城鎮職工養老保險的發展有著明顯的「路徑依賴」特徵，自《中華人民共和國勞動保險條例》出臺以降，關於中國大陸的社會保障歷經了單位保障到社會保險，最後則是具備中國特色的「社會統籌與個人帳戶相結合」制度的建立。關於中國大陸退休養老體制的改革過程是中國社會主義傳統下與改革開放後強調經濟發展相互激盪下的結果。 中共以戶籍制度作為區分城鄉勞工的主要手段，在社會福利制度上形成了差異化的現象。本文認為關於農民工的社會保障制度在過去的社會保險體系發展中乏善可陳，與受到政府保障的城鎮職工形成對比的現象。中共當局開始正視農民工的問題是在改革開放後所形成的龐大民工潮問題，隨著時間的推移，政府也必須替「第二代農民工」建設更公平的社會保障制度進而達成「城鎮化」的目標。 中國大陸的社會保障制度發展有著明顯的地域差異，其財政的制度也高度分權，具體反應在社會保障制度的改革上。北京、廣東與上海享受著改革開放以來的經濟成果，在吸引外來勞動人口上有著先天優勢，相對河南的人口外移有著明顯的對比。背後的意涵代表了富裕省份對於後發省份在社會保障資源上的「榨取」，不利於後發省份養老保險的長期發展。本文認為，2011年《社會保險法》出臺後，對於農民工的社會保障確實有所提昇，也使具有「穩定就業」身分的農民工納入到了城鎮職工養老保險體制內，不過仍然需要觀察其後具體的發展態勢。中國大陸之後的退休養老制度發展，本文認為應該要向實現「全國統籌」的目標邁進，也可以藉由中央分配養老金，使地區養老金收支不均的現象可以有效紓緩。 / This thesis aims to explore the characteristics of labor groups in China, which include urban workers and migrant workers. It also discusses the political economical analysis in the course of development for retirement pensions. There are three important questions that have to be addressed: First, what is the historical course on the Chinese retirement pension? What are the features? Second, how is the retirement pension run for urban workers and migrant workers today? What is the direction for integration? Third, what is the financial situation in running the pensions? Are there any concerns? Above three questions constitute the main issues that will be discussed in this thesis. It is evident that there are changes to today’s law and regulations of endowment insurance for urban and migrant workers. This thesis will use Beijing, Shanghai, Guangdong, and Henan province for “Balance of Revenues and Expenditure in Endowment Pension Insurance” as a basis. Also use each province’s “Debt records”, “Standard Economic Growth” “Labor Mobility”, etc. to analyze. In this thesis it also indicates the development of the endowment insurance for migrant workers and urban workers appears to be having a “path dependency” feature. China’s social security has gone from a unit security to a social security. The social welfare system creates a phenomenon of discrepancy in the system. This thesis deems that in the past, migrant workers’ social security reform development is not effective compared to the government security the urban workers received. The government must help “Second generation migrant workers” create a fair social security system and reach “urbanization” as a goal. China’s social security growth has a noticeable regional difference; there is also a high separation of powers in the finance system, which reacts on the reform for social security. Beijing, Guangdong, Shanghai enjoy the economic gain after the reform, and attract many foreign labors, gives them dominant advantage. In contrast, Henan, there is big difference in number for migrate workers. Behind this, there is an implication that prosperous provinces create an “extortion” of resources to those less prosperous, meaning there is no care for their endowment insurance growth. Overall this system still has potential for improvement.

Cette thèse commence par souligner les contextes et les difficultés d'analyse de l'économie chinoise : la première difficulté est la particularité de la Chine qui est également référencée comme «socialisme avec des caractéristiques chinoises», qui comprend le contexte culturel unique et la langue, la nature de l'économie, le manque de données, et les changements institutionnels fréquents. La deuxième difficulté est l'insuffisance des modèles de croissance économique modernes. En outre, les chercheurs souffrent également des problèmes économétriques généraux de la modélisation macroéconomique, par exemple le problème de petit échantillon, la faible identification et l'estimation sensible pour la stationnarité des séries et paramètres tronqués. Par conséquent, nous devons trouver et travailler dans un cadre approprié. Cette thèse montrera l'insuffisance des modèles de croissance économique dominante pour expliquer la croissance économique de la Chine et la nécessité de sortir du cadre néoclassique. L'analyse se tourne progressivement vers les approches marxistes et se concentre sur l'analyse des taux de profit. [...]Cette thèse propose quelques éléments de réflexion méthodologique sur le thème de la croissance de l’économie chinoise dans la longue période. À partir de données statistiques officielles chinoises retravaillées, nous reconstruisons des séries temporelles de stocks de capital physique les plus longues possibles, soit de 1952 à 2014, de façon à remonter au plus près de la date de formation de la République populaire et étendre cette base de données jusqu’au présent, pour tenir compte des derniers annuaires statistiques publiés en 2016. Nous testons ces nouvelles données afin d’estimer les contributions des facteurs de production à la croissance dans un cadre théorique néoclassique, en soulignant les limites de tels modèles – problématiques, car selon nous indépassables. [...] L'auteur a prédit les valeurs de certaines variables économiques de 2015. L'auteur prédit que le taux de profit continuera à baisser même s'il est déjà faible dans 2014. Si le taux de profit continue à baisser, les marxistes pourraient soutenir qu'une crise se produira à l'avenir. Toutefois, l'argument est cohérent avec les faits qu'une crise financière sur le marché boursier se produira en 2015 et 2016. La prévision pour la croissance économique est également très réussie. En outre, l'auteur a également étendu la décomposition économique des taux de profit. L'auteur a proposé trois décompositions différentes puis appliqué un filtre à ces composants. Les cycles économiques et les crises ont été confirmés avec une perspective marxiste revisée. / The rise of emerging economies and their increasing contributions to the world’s economy has led to the development of the science of economics. China is a typical representative of emerging market economies. This economic phenomenon pushes the development of economic growth theory, and the problems in empirical analyses also promote econometric techniques. Though China is still a developing country, China has successfully dragged itself out of absolute poverty. Is the technique of China’s economic development an alternative method for the struggle against the poverty of other poor countries? With the lack of modern international standard data, the empirical analyses of modern economic growth theories in the literature are generally focused on the period after the opening-up reform in 1978 or the period after the fiscal reform in 1993. In this thesis, the author attempts to extend the vision, by further analyzing China’s economy using modern economic approaches since the foundation of the People’s Republic of China in 1949. Alongside the wave of privatization, marketization, and liberalization in the countries of the former Soviet Union, socialist countries, and developing countries, China has also begun its economic reform since 1978 in which it has achieved great economic success. Chinese policymakers themselves contribute the rapid economic growth to the success of the institutional choice. For instance, Hu Jintao’s report at the 17th Party Congress (2007) has the following assertion: “To sum up, the fundamental reason behind all our achievements and progress since the reform and opening up policy was introduced is that we have blazed a path of socialism with Chinese characteristics and established a system of theories of socialism with Chinese characteristics.” However, what does the so-called “socialism with Chinese characteristics” really mean? How does it work on the path of economic growth? All those interesting questions incite this thesis to explore the answers. [...]

為了深入了解中共的民族主義，本文從人類歷史面著手探討以下主題-- １．最初起源於歐洲時的民族主義之意義為何？而民族主義在中國又代表著什麼含義？ ２．以「工人無祖國」為號召之馬克思主義建黨的中國共產黨，如何合理化本質為國際主義的馬克思主義與民族主義間的關係，以建立政權並建設國家？ ３．以上述問題之探討為基礎，來解讀中共當局為何提出「一國兩制」為理論根據，以及如何透過「一國兩制」將民族主義運用在其對港政策中． 全文共有七章二十節．第一章「導論」；說明全文的研究目的、範圍、方法與架構，以及研究限制． 第二章「民族主義相關概念的定義」；先以起源於歐洲的現代民族主義為主軸，對貫穿全文的重要概念，包括「民族」、「國家」、「民族主義」予以定義，並從民族國家出發，探討民族主義可為國家達到什麼目標與功能，民族主義常以何種形式運作，和具備那些特質．再從世界史的範疇進入中國史，分析「民族」、「文化主義」等概念在帝制時期中國的意義，以及孫中山在十九世紀末引進現代民族主義時，如何詮釋並加以運用． 由於現代民族主義主要是一種基於特定區域和文化歷史結構下，對民族國家之安全與繁榮產生的情感和認同，以及為了達到民族國家之目標的意識型態和政治運動．又基於馬克思列寧主義、毛澤東思想和鄧小平思想在中共政權的意識型態中占有決定性的歷史地位，故第三章「民族主義在中共意識型態中的定位」，擬從這三個向度，來討論民族主義觀從中共建政前到建政後意識型態層面上的演變． 第四章「中共民族主義的運作方式」；筆者限於能力，僅以民族主義的目標與功能為分析主軸，概略歸納1949年後的中國，在種族性民族主義、文化性民族主義和政治性民族主義方面，以情緒、意識型態和政治運動為表現形式的運作． 分析過中共民族主義的整體理論與整體運作後，第五章「鄧小平時代民族主義的政策體現：主權宣示的『一國兩制』」，探討的主題是：以「實事求是建設 有中國特色之社會主義」與「一個中心，兩個基本點」為其意識型態核心理論的鄧小平思想，如何替其民族主義觀建構一套總體政策，即「一個國家，兩種制度」，來銜接鄧小平時代民族主義觀與個別政策的實踐． 第六章「改革開放後民族主義在中共對港政策中的角色」；以香港問題作為中共當局落實 修改「一國兩制」的機會，視國內政經體系與國際體系為中共決策者同時面對的整體情境，並從其對情境因素的認知出發，檢視其透過那些行動、手段，以達到其民族主義的目標． 第七章「結論」；即歸納全文研究發現，從毛澤東到鄧小平的中共民族主義，對於民族主義主觀條件的「社群成員」，一再更動認定標準，導致中國人民對於國家機器的恐懼遠多於認同，並且基於馬克思列寧主義的建國傳統，必須建構理論概念，來合理化其民族主義與國際主義意識型態間的矛盾．而從改革開放後中共對港政策中民族主義的運用，可以發現中共當局在政治性民族主義上，仗恃其與日遽增的國力，雖然試圖對人民塑造一種休戚與共的民族歷史認同感，但實際運作上卻只將香港人民視為和平收回主權的工具，並自法律層面防範香港人民，及剝奪香港人民的個人權利，因而喪失香港多數民心，故又尋求對香港人民訴諸於文化性民族主義．最後並就本論文主題未來更深入的研究，提出反思與建議．

中國於2000年首次明確提出企業「走出去」戰略，鼓勵並支持具比較優勢之國有與民營企業投資海外市場，使中國企業得以藉由對外直接投資活動，以國家機器作為後盾進入全球主要經濟市場，不僅可影響外國企業之經營運作、提升技術、掌握通路、獲取所需資源等，亦能有效結合經濟與政治實力，逐步豐厚中國之綜合國力，期能達到提升國際地位與成為世界大國之目標。 中國雖引進市場經濟體制，惟政治體制仍屬社會主義制度，由共產黨決定政府運作與經濟制度，國家機器對市場之干預程度遠較資本主義國家既深且廣；本論文為進一步瞭解中國的國家機器如何主導企業對外直接投資之運作、發展狀況及其影響力，係以國際政治經濟學之國家資本主義作為研究途徑，分析中國國家機器在其對外直接投資活動的作用及影響力，並以英國學者John Dunning的投資發展階段論，將中國對外直接投資之成效置於全球脈絡中進行比較分析，俾能歸納發現中國對外直接投資模式的特色。 經比較分析中國整體及企業個案之對外直接投資發展狀況與影響力，可以發現，中國對外直接投資能力逐漸增強，已具經濟自主能力，刻正由邊陲國家逐漸邁向核心國家。整體而論，中國對外直接投資發展模式與世界主要國家確有所差異：相同之處在於，中國與各國之對外直接投資活動均與國內經濟結構具高度正相關，亦即經濟發展到達一定水準後，才會出現頻密的對外直接投資活動及成果；相異之處在於，各國之民營企業已具國際競爭力並在對外直接投資活動扮演重要角色，惟中國的國有企業較民營企業更具對外直接投資之優勢與能力，投資動機主要係依據國家政策及經濟發展需要，而中國的民營企業則因規模較小，國際競爭力仍有待提升，目前在全球市場尚未形成可觀的影響力。 / For the very first time in 2000, China proposed a clear strategy to have corporations ‘going out,’ encouraging and supporting competent state-owned and private enterprises to invest overseas market. With the backup of the state, this policy enables Chinese corporations to get into the global economic market by means of outward foreign direct investment. In this way, they can affect the operation and management of foreign enterprises so as to advance their own technologies, control channels, and to acquire necessary resources. Moreover, they may combine economic power with political strength effectively, enhancing the comprehensive national power of China gradually so that China may increase its international status to become a superpower in the world. Though market economy is introduced in China, its political system, socialism, remains the same. The Communist government makes the decision concerning its operation and the economic system. In other words, the intervention of the state in the market is furtherer and wider than that of capitalist countries. In order to understand how the state controls enterprises in terms of the operation of outward foreign direct investment, its development, and the influence, the study adopts state capitalism of international political economy as the approach to analyze the function and influence of the state government on outward foreign direct investment. Moreover, the study is aimed at concluding the characteristics of Chinese pattern of outward foreign direct investment by adopting the British economist, John Dunning’s, the theory of investment－development cycle to compare and analyze the outcome of Chinese outward foreign direct investment in the scope of the whole world. After comparing and analyzing how the china overall and enterprises case about development and influence of outward foreign direct investment, it is discovered that China’s ability of outward foreign direct investment is increasing. China has the ability of economic autonomy and is transforming from a country of periphery to a core country. Overall, the development pattern of China’s outward foreign direct investment is indeed different from other major countries. The similarity lies in that there is a significantly positive relationship between the outward foreign direct investment of China and other countries and their domestic economic structure. That is to say, when the development of economy has reached a certain level, frequent outward foreign direct investment and its effects will then appear. On the other hand, the difference lies in that private enterprises in other countries are internationally competent and play an important role in outward foreign direct investment. However, in China, state-owned enterprises have more advantages and capabilities than private enterprises in terms of outward foreign direct investment. The motivation of investment is determined by national policy and the demands of economic development. Moreover, due to the scale being small, private enterprises in China need to improve their international competitiveness. Therefore, they don’t exert as much influence in the global market.

本論文では、中国不動産市場にバブルが存在しているか否かを実証的に考察した上で、バブルが生じる原因及び中国不動産市場の問題点を国際比較の視点から明らかにする。さらに、不動産価格を効率化させる諸条件を示すことを通じて、中国不動産バブルの軟着陸対策を短期対策、長期対策および不動産企業のあり方の三つに分けて検討し、中国不動産市場全体の健全化のための必要な施策を考察する。 / With the rapid increase of Chinese housing price, whether a bust in the Chinese real estate market could threaten the China's economic activity and the stability of the world's finance is concerned by Economists. In this paper, whether there is a bubble in Chinese real estate market is verified through the empirical research from the perspective of international comparison. In addition, the reasons and problems in Chinese real estate market are cleared. The soft landing of China's real estate bubble is discussed in this paper. / 博士(商学) / Doctor of Commerce / 同志社大学 / Doshisha University

Malgré l’amélioration du régime des droits de propriété intellectuelle (DPI) en Chine après l’accession de celle-ci à l’Organisation mondiale du commerce (OMC) en 2001, la question relative aux DPI demeure l’un des « sujets de vive préoccupation » dans le commerce sino-européen. Selon la stratégie européenne visant à assurer le respect des DPI dans les pays tiers, adoptée en 2005 et renouvelée en 2014, la Chine est ciblée par la Commission européenne comme le premier pays tiers dans lequel les autorités locales ne prennent pas de mesure efficace pour s’attaquer aux problèmes de violations des DPI. En raison des enjeux politiques et économiques importants pour l’UE, son intervention est nécessaire pour améliorer le régime des DPI et l’environnement de l’investissement en Chine. L’analyse de l’action extérieure de l’UE s’appuie sur l’étude des instruments auxquels elle recourt en vue de renforcer la protection et le respect des DPI en Chine. L’objet de notre recherche est d’examiner la manière dont l’Union choisit d’exploiter les instruments à géométrie variable au sein des enceintes multilatérale et bilatérale. Deux axes distincts mais complémentaires orientent la mise en œuvre de l’action extérieure de l’UE vis-à-vis de la Chine : l’approche coopérative, d’une part, et de l’approche conventionnelle, d’autre part. L’approche coopérative vise d’abord à rapprocher le régime juridique chinois des standards les plus élevés du droit de l’UE. En dépit d’un certain nombre de difficultés limitant l’efficacité de l’action extérieure de l’UE, la coopération bilatérale avec la Chine permet de contribuer à l’amélioration du régime juridique chinois. La convergence normative devrait ensuite faciliter l’apparition d’une approche commune entre l’UE et la Chine sur le plan conventionnel. Il importe à cet égard de souligner la position divergente de la Chine face à la promotion de l’UE, par la voie conventionnelle, d’un renforcement de la protection et du respect des DPI. Malgré la convergence accrue des positions européenne et chinoise favorables à la protection « ADPIC-plus » des DPI, la Chine se montre réticente voire hostile envers les initiatives conventionnelles de l’UE tendant à renforcer les mesures relatives au respect des DPI. / Despite the improvement of China’s intellectual property rights (IPR) regime after this country’s World Trade Organization (WTO) accession in 2001, the IPR remains one of “major concerns” in Sino-European trade relation. According to European strategy for the enforcement of intellectual property rights in third countries, adopted in 2005 and renewed in 2014, China is identified by the European Commission as first priority country, in which the local authority does not take effective measures to tackle the problems caused by IPR violations. Taking into account the EU’s important political and economic concerns, his action is necessary in order to improve the IPR regime and the investment environment in China. The analysis of EU’s external action is based on the instruments used to strengthen IPR’s protection and enforcement in China. The purpose of our research is to examine the EU’s method to use the different instruments within the multilateral and bilateral fora. Two distinct but complementary axes orientate the undertaking of EU’s external action vis-à-vis China: cooperative approach, on the one hand, and the conventional approach, on the other hand. Firstly, the cooperative approach aims to bring Chinese legal system closer to higher standards in EU law. In spite of certain difficulties limiting the efficacy of EU external action, the bilateral cooperation with China can contribute to a better legal system in China. Then, the normative convergence should be able to facilitate the emergence of a common approach between the EU and China in the conventional framework. In this respect, it is important to emphasis Chinese divergent position with regard to EU’s conventional approach aiming to strengthen IPR protection and enforcement. Despite the increasing convergence of European and Chinese positions favorable toward “TRIPs-plus” protection, China seems reluctant even hostile to EU’s conventional initiatives intending to strengthen IPR enforcement measures.

This dissertation interrogates the deficit assumptions about English proficiency of skilled immigrants who were recruited by Canadian governments between the late 1990s and early 2000s. Through the lens of literacy as social practice, the eighteen-month ethnographic qualitative research explores the sequential experiences of settlement and economic integration of seven well-educated Chinese immigrant professionals. The analytical framework is built on sociocultural approaches to literacy and learning, as well as the theories of discourses and language reproduction. Using multiple data sources (observations, conversational interviews, journal and diary entries, photographs, documents, and artifacts collected in everyday lives), I document many different ways that well-educated Chinese immigrants take advantage of their language and literacy skills in English across several social domains of home, school, job market, and workplace. Examining the trans-contextual patterning of the participants’ language and literacy activities reveals that immigrant professionals use literacy as assistance in seeking, negotiating, and taking hold of resources and opportunities within certain social settings. However, my data show that their language and literacy engagements might not always generate positive consequences for social networks, job opportunities, and upward economic mobility. Close analyses of processes and outcomes of the participants’ engagements across these discursive discourses make it very clear that the monolithic assumptions of the dominant language shape and reinforce structural barriers by constraining their social participation, decision making, and learning practice, and thereby make literacy’s consequences unpredictable. The deficit model of language proficiency serves the grounds for linguistic stereotypes and economic marginalization, which produces profoundly consequential effects on immigrants’ pathways as they strive for having access to resources and opportunities in the new society. My analyses illuminate the ways that language and literacy create the complex web of discursive spaces wherein institutional agendas and personal desires are intertwined and collide in complex ways that constitute conditions and processes of social and economic mobility of immigrant populations. Based on these analyses, I argue that immigrants’ successful integration into a host country is not about the mastery of the technical skills in the dominant language. Rather, it is largely about the recognition and acceptance of the value of their language use and literacy practice as they attempt to partake in the globalized new economy.

This dissertation interrogates the deficit assumptions about English proficiency of skilled immigrants who were recruited by Canadian governments between the late 1990s and early 2000s. Through the lens of literacy as social practice, the eighteen-month ethnographic qualitative research explores the sequential experiences of settlement and economic integration of seven well-educated Chinese immigrant professionals. The analytical framework is built on sociocultural approaches to literacy and learning, as well as the theories of discourses and language reproduction. Using multiple data sources (observations, conversational interviews, journal and diary entries, photographs, documents, and artifacts collected in everyday lives), I document many different ways that well-educated Chinese immigrants take advantage of their language and literacy skills in English across several social domains of home, school, job market, and workplace. Examining the trans-contextual patterning of the participants’ language and literacy activities reveals that immigrant professionals use literacy as assistance in seeking, negotiating, and taking hold of resources and opportunities within certain social settings. However, my data show that their language and literacy engagements might not always generate positive consequences for social networks, job opportunities, and upward economic mobility. Close analyses of processes and outcomes of the participants’ engagements across these discursive discourses make it very clear that the monolithic assumptions of the dominant language shape and reinforce structural barriers by constraining their social participation, decision making, and learning practice, and thereby make literacy’s consequences unpredictable. The deficit model of language proficiency serves the grounds for linguistic stereotypes and economic marginalization, which produces profoundly consequential effects on immigrants’ pathways as they strive for having access to resources and opportunities in the new society. My analyses illuminate the ways that language and literacy create the complex web of discursive spaces wherein institutional agendas and personal desires are intertwined and collide in complex ways that constitute conditions and processes of social and economic mobility of immigrant populations. Based on these analyses, I argue that immigrants’ successful integration into a host country is not about the mastery of the technical skills in the dominant language. Rather, it is largely about the recognition and acceptance of the value of their language use and literacy practice as they attempt to partake in the globalized new economy.