Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento CientÃfico e TecnolÃgico / Este trabalho encontra-se dividido em duas partes: a primeira relacionada à biotransformaÃÃes de compostos orgÃnicos com a espÃcie Vigna unguiculata, e a segunda, relativa à sÃntese enzimÃtica de Ãsteres de cloranfenicol. ReaÃÃes de biorreduÃÃo de cetonas e nitrocompostos com grÃos de Vigna unguiculata (feijÃo de corda). ApÃs realizado um screnning com reduÃÃo de acetofenona variando-se as condiÃÃes reacionais, encontrou-se aquelas que levaram ao melhores resultados de conversÃo e excesso enantiomÃrico. Essas condiÃÃes foram aplicadas para outros 34 susbtratos, entre eles: cetonas alifÃticas e aromÃticas com diferentes substituintes no anel como: nitro, metÃxi, alquila e halogÃnios em vÃrias posiÃÃes, nitrocompostos, β-ceto-Ãsteres, uma cetona α,β-insaturada e benzonitrila. No geral, o resultados obtidos com as biorreduÃÃes podem ser considerados satisfatÃrios, assim como os valores de excesso enantiomÃrico. Na segunda parte, utilizou-se as lipases comerciais: CAL-B, PSL-C(I) e PSL-C Amano, em reaÃÃes de acilaÃÃo do fÃrmaco cloranfenicol, num estudo exaustivo em busca de condiÃÃes Ãtimas de reaÃÃo explorando principalmente a atividade regiosseletiva dessas enzimas. Foram obtidos oito derivados desse fÃrmaco, a depender do agente acilante utilizado, sendo sete destes, monoacilados e um, di-acilado. Como doador acila usou-se diversos Ãsteres vinÃlicos, saturados ou nÃo e com diversos tamanhos de cadeia. ParÃmetros reacionais como: variaÃÃo do solvente, da temperatura, concentraÃÃo do meio e agente acilante foram otimizados para obtenÃÃo desses derivados. Praticamente todos os produtos foram obtidos em elevados percentuais de conversÃo, exceto para aqueles que possuem insaturaÃÃo. Realizou-se ainda um procedimento em escala de bancada utilizando a enzima CAL-B, sendo obtidos resultados bem significativos em todos os casos. Ao final do estudo adotou-se um procedimento de reciclagem desta mesma enzima, onde ficou comprovada sua eficiÃncia no reuso. / This work is divided into two parts: the first related biotransformations of organic compounds with the species Vigna unguiculata, and the second on the enzymatic synthesis of esters of chloramphenicol. Reactions bioreduction of ketones and nitrocompounds with grains of Vigna unguiculata (feijÃo de corda). After performing a reduction of acetophenone with screnning varying the reaction conditions, we found those that led to better results for conversion and enantiomeric excess. These conditions were applied to 34 other susbtratos, including: aliphatic ketones and aromatic ring with different substituents such as nitro, methoxy, and alkyl halide in various positions, nitro, β-keto ester, a ketone α, β-unsaturated and benzonitrile. Overall, the results obtained with the biorreduÃÃes can be considered satisfactory, as well as the enantiomeric excess values. In the second part, we used the commercial lipases: CAL-B, PSL-C (I) and PSL-C Amano in acylation reactions of the drug chloramphenicol, an exhaustive study in search of optimum reaction conditions mainly exploring the activity regioselective these enzymes. Were obtained from eight derivatives of this drug, depending on the acylating agent used, seven of these, and a monoacilados, di-acylated. As acyl donor was used several vinyl esters, saturated or not and with various chain lengths. Reaction parameters such as: variations of the solvent, temperature, concentration of the acylating agent and medium were optimized to obtain these derivatives. Virtually all products were obtained in high percentages of conversion, except for those with unsaturation. It is also carried out in a bench scale procedure using the enzyme CAL-B, and significant results were obtained in all cases. At the end of the study we adopted a procedure for recycling of the same enzyme, which was proven its efficiency in reuse.

O advento do uso de cateteres venosos centrais na prática médica trouxe muitos benefícios aos pacientes, porém está relacionado a um aumento na incidência de infecções por microrganismos multirresistentes. Além disso, freqüentemente ocorre colonização por bactérias produtoras de biofilme. Estes microrganismos se aderem ao material abiótico desses dispositivos intravenosos, ficando protegidos sob a matriz exopolissacarídica do biofilme. Isso faz com que sistema imunológico e antimicrobianos sejam incapazes de ter sua ação plena e, muitas vezes, não atingem os microrganismos mais internos. O motivo deste insucesso é porque muitos desses agentes biológicos e farmacológicos apresentam propriedades físico-químicas incompatíveis com a penetração nesta matriz. Com o objetivo de determinar quais antimicrobianos são mais adequados para uso quando o microrganismo é produtor de biofilme e quais as propriedades físico-químicas que estão diretamente relacionadas à penetração do antimicrobiano na matriz polissacarídica, utilizou-se método colorimétrico com cristal violeta em microplacas modificado para obtenção de concentração inibitória mínima em biofilme (MBIC) e método já padronizado para concentração inibitória mínima (MIC). Para isso foram testados 10 antimicrobianos em Staphylococcus spp.: rifampicina, azitromicina, claritromicina, eritromicina, levofloxacino, gentamicina, doxiciclina, cloranfenicol, clindamicina e vancomicina. Para Pseudomonas aeruginosa foram testados os mesmos, exceto rifampicina e vancomicina. A discrepância entre MIC e MBIC foi muito grande para vários fármacos, mostrando a necessidade de se avaliar estes parâmetros antes do início da farmacoterapia para uma escolha correta, especialmente em hospitais. Os fármacos que apresentaram melhores resultados foram a rifampicina e os macrolídeos, enquanto que os menos efetivos foram vancomicina e clindamicina. Isso foi atribuído ao perfil lipofílico, porém com alguma solubilidade em água das melhores moléculas. Em contra ponto, a elevada área polar, complexidade e massa molar foram características negativas para a penetração em biofilme, resultando numa ineficácia para essas moléculas. Além disso, também foi avaliado o tratamento de polímeros plásticos com EDTA, obtendo-se redução significativa da produção de biofilme nas placas tratadas com o agente químico. / The use of central venous catheters in medicine has brought benefits to the patients and represents a great advance in clinical practice, while on the other hand this device is related to an increase in the incidence of infections caused by multiresistant pathogens. Furthermore, frequently, the catheters get colonized by biofilm producing bacteria. These microorganisms adhere to the abiotic material of the catheters keeping themselves protected underneath the exopolysaccharide matrix of biofilm, this way the immune system and antimicrobials are incapable to fulfill their action and, many times, are unable to reach internal bacteria. This fact is explained by the fact that many of the biological and pharmacological agents have physical-chemical properties incompatible with the penetration into the matrix. Aiming to determine which antimicrobials are suitable for using when dealing with a biofilm producing microorganism and which physical-chemical properties are directly related to the agent penetration into the polysaccharide matrix, we used colorimetric method with crystal violet to obtain biofilm minimum inhibitory concentration (MBIC) and the already standardized method for minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC). To accomplish these 10 antimicrobials were tested in Staphylococcus spp.: rifampin, azithromycin, clarithromycin, erythromycin, levofloxacin, gentamicin, doxycycline, chloramphenicol, clindamycin and vancomycin. For Pseudomonas aeruginosa all antimicrobials except for rifampin and vancomycin were included. There was a great difference between MIC and MBIC for many drugs, showing the need to evaluate these parameters before beginning treatment. The drugs with better results were rifampin and macrolides, while the worse were vancomycin and clindamycin, which can be attributed to the lipophilic profile with some water solubility present in the molecules with better results. The characteristics associated with poor penetration into biofilm were high polar surface area, complexity e molecular weight. Furthermore, the previous treatment of the plastic polymers with EDTA was accessed resulting in statistically significant reduction of biofilm production.

Orientador: Marcelo Alexandre Prado / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia de Alimentos / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-21T00:42:45Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Valerio_PedroPrates_M.pdf: 2326955 bytes, checksum: bec4ce7e7d6feaf8b1dae322ddf0d2c7 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012 / Resumo: O crescimento do setor aquícola no Brasil se encontra em evidência. Em 2010 o volume produtivo foi maior que 479.390 toneladas, apresentando incrementos de 15,3%, em relação à produção de 2009, e 31,2%, em relação ao triênio 2008-2010. Neste mesmo ano de 2010, a aquicultura continental brasileira registrou volumes produtivos na ordem de 394.340 toneladas, das quais 63,4% foram representadas pela soma de tilápia e carpa. Na piscicultura nacional e mundial, principalmente em regiões tropicais, a tilápia representa uma das espécies mais indicadas para o cultivo intensivo. Dados da Balança Comercial de Pescados apontam que em 2005 o volume de exportação de tilápia brasileira já se aproximava de 314,8 toneladas. Em 2010 o montante de pescado brasileiro exportado se aproximou de US$ 263 milhões. Neste período os principais países importadores foram EUA, Europa e Ásia. A Comunidade Européia estabelece barreiras à exportação do pescado brasileiro, na busca pelo atendimento a exigências quanto à comprovação de teores de contaminantes, tais quais antibióticos, em produtos importados. Quanto ao cloranfenicol, a preocupação se relaciona à proibição de seu uso em animais destinados ao consumo humano, baseada em evidências toxicológicas como a ocorrência de anemia aplástica. Outro fator que contribui para a imposição de barreiras à exportação nacional é a falta de dados analíticos relacionados a pescados brasileiros. Para determinação analítica de Cloranfenicol, o método de cromatografia líquida com detecção por espectrometria de massas (CL-EM) é exigido em função de sua sensibilidade e seletividade. Métodos rápidos e eficientes se fazem necessários. Perante tais necessidades, este trabalho desenvolveu e validou uma metodologia analítica para determinação quantitativa de resíduos de cloranfenicol em pescado. O procedimento de extração apresentou inúmeras vantagens: é rápido, direto, apresenta baixo custo, e exclui etapas adicionais de limpeza (como extração em fase sólida). Ainda, utiliza pequenas quantidades de amostra e de solvente. Na etapa de separação e detecção foi empregada a técnica cromatografia líquida de alta eficiência, acoplada à espectrometria de massas em "tandem¿ com ionização por "electrospray¿ (CLAE-ESI/EM/EM). O método se adéqua à Comissão de Decisão 2002/657/EC quanto ao número de pontos de identificação requeridos pela para substâncias com tolerância zero. O tempo de corrida cromatográfica foi igual a 9 minutos. O método é linear na faixa entre 0,03µg/kg e 0,33µg/kg, além de preciso, e exato. Recuperações variaram entre 91,33 e 108,00%. A transição de quantificação 321.9>152.1 apresentou LQ igual a 0,03µg/kg, sendo o LMDR requerido pela Commission Decision 2003/181/EC = 0,30µg/kg / Abstract: The growth of the aquaculture industry in Brazil is in evidence. In 2010, domestic production was greater than 479,390 tons, showing an increase of 15.3% compared to 2009 production, and of 31.2% compared to the period 2008-2010. In the same year, the Brazilian continental aquaculture recorded production volumes of around 394,340 tonnes, of which 63.4% were represented by the sum of tilapia and carp. Tilapia is one of the most suitable species for intensive fish farming. In 2005 the export volume of Brazilian Tilapia had already approached 314.8 tons. . In 2010 Brazil exported U.S. $ 263 million in fish. The main importers were U.S.A., Europe and Asia. The European Community establishes barriers to Brazilian exports of fish. There is a need of meeting requirements of laboratory tests in order to show levels of antibiotics in certain products. The concern in relation to chloramphenicol relates to the prohibition of its use in animals intended for human consumption, due to toxicological factors such aplastic anemia. Another factor that contributes to the imposition of trade barriers is the lack of available data concerning its presence in Brazilian fishes. For the determination of chloramphenicol in fishes, the method LC-MS (liquid chromatography with detection by mass spectrometry) is required due to its sensitivity and selectivity. Methods for the analysis of chloramphenicol should be related to speed and efficiency. Given these needs, this study developed and validated an analytical method for quantitative determination of chloramphenicol residues in fish. The extraction procedure has shown several advantages: is fast, direct, is inexpensive and eliminate additional cleanup steps (i.e. solid phase extraction). What is more, requires low amounts of sample and of solvents. For the separation and detection steps, HPLCESI/ MS/MS has been employed. The method is adequate for the number of identification points required by the Commission Decision 2002/657/EC for substances with zero tolerance,. In chromatography, the run time was equal to 9 minutes. The method is linear in the range between 0.03µg/kg and 0.33µg/kg. It is also precise, and accurate. Recoveries ranged between 91.33 and 108.00%. The quantification transition 321.9>152.1 showed a LOD and LOQ of 0.03µg/kg. The MLPR required by Commission Decision 2003/181/EC is of 0.30mg / kg / Mestrado / Ciência de Alimentos / Mestre em Ciência de Alimentos

Το ριβόσωμα παρέχει την πλατφόρμα πάνω στη οποία το mRNA αναγνωρίζεται και αποκωδικοποιείται από τα μεταφορικά RNAs. Δρα καταλυτικά ως ριβοένζυμο και συνθέτει την αντίστοιχη αλληλουχία αμινοξέων. Σημαντικά λειτουργικό κομμάτι του ριβοσώματος αποτελεί το τούνελ εξόδου, το οποίο βρίσκεται στη μεγάλη υπομονάδα του ριβοσώματος και αποτελεί το κανάλι, μέσω του οποίου οι νεοσυντιθέμενες πεπτιδικές αλυσίδες εξέρχονται στο κυτταροδιάλυμα. Νεότερες ερμηνείες προσδίδουν στο τούνελ εξόδου έναν πιο ενεργό ρόλο, καταδεικνύοντας τη σπουδαιότητά του όχι μόνο ως διάδρομος εξόδου της πεπτιδικής αλυσίδας, αλλά και ως λειτουργική περιοχή του ριβοσώματος με σημαντικό ρόλο στη ρύθμιση της πρωτεϊνικής σύνθεσης. Το δίκτυο επικοινωνίας μεταξύ τούνελ και πεπτιδυλοτρανσφεράσης δεν έχει ακόμα χαρτογραφηθεί και μελετηθεί πλήρως, υπάρχουν όμως μέχρι στιγμής πολυπληθείς αναφορές που επιβεβαιώνουν ότι μέρος του αποτελούν κυρίως βάσεις του 23S rRNA, συστατικά του τοιχώματος της εισόδου στο τούνελ, και βάσεις ευρισκόμενες στο κέντρο της πεπτιδυλοτρανσφεράσης, συντηρημένες εξελεικτικά, γνωστές από την αλληλεπιδρασή τους με αναστολείς της πεπτιδυλοτρανσφεράσης και κυρίως με αναστολείς της οικογένειας των μακρολιδίων. Στην παρούσα διατριβή μελετήσαμε την αλληλεπίδραση των χαρακτηριστικών αυτών βάσεων που συγκροτούν το δίκτυο επικοινωνίας μεταξύ του τούνελ εξόδου και της πεπτιδυλοτρανσφεράσης με τη βοήθεια νέων μακρολιδίων τρίτης γενιάς, των κετολιδίων, που φέρουν επί πλέον και άτομα φθορίου, παρέχοντας έτσι στο μόριο μεγαλύτερη συγγένεια για φορτισμένες ομάδες. Σύμφωνα με τα αποτελέσματά μας, αποτελούν εξαιρετικά υποσχόμενους αντιμικροβιακούς θεραπευτικούς παράγοντες, και αναστέλλουν ισχυρά την μετάφραση. Παράλληλα καταλαμβάνουν αμοιβαία αποκλειόμενες θέσεις στο ριβόσωμα, στην είσοδο του τούνελ, αλληλεπιδρώντας με τις βάσεις Α2058, Α2059, Α2062 και Α752. Επειδή όλες οι παραπάνω βάσεις αποτελούν μέρος του δικτύου επικοινωνίας τούνελ-πεπτιδυλοτρανσφεράσης, θα μπορούσαμε να συμπληρώσουμε τον ήδη υπάρχοντα μηχανισμό δράσης των μακρολιδίων (drop-off, λόγω αύξησης της koff) με την επικοινωνία του τούνελ με την πεπτιδυλοτρανσφεράση, ώστε να απενεργοποιηθεί η τελευταία με τελική κατάληξη τη διακοπή της πρωτεϊνικής σύνθεσης και την επαγωγή του drop-off. Για την περαιτέρω μελέτη της αλληλεπίδρασης του τούνελ με την νεοσυντιθέμενη πεπτιδική αλυσίδα, σχεδιάσθηκαν νέα πεπτιδυλο παράγωγα της χλωραμφανικόλης, τα οποία προσομοιάζουν πεπτιδυλο-tRNAs προσδεδεμένα στην Α-θέση του ριβοσώματος, με την ολιγοπεπτιδική αλληλουχία να εκτείνεται βαθύτερα στο τούνελ, υιοθετώντας μία ανοικτή διαμόρφωση. Όπως διαπιστώσαμε με συναγωνιστικές μελέτες με ραδιενεργό ερυθρομυκίνη, τα συγκεκριμένα ανάλογα καταλαμβάνουν την Α-θέση στο κέντρο της πεπτιδυλοτρανσφεράσης, ενώ η συγγένεια του κάθε αναλόγου ως αναστολέα της λειτουργίας του ριβοσώματος, είναι απόλυτα ιδιοσυγκρατική, καθώς εξαρτάται από την αλληλουχία των αμινοξέων που συγκροτούν το πεπτίδιο. Μελετώντας το αποτύπωμα των ενώσεων αυτών στο ριβόσωμα, διαπιστώσαμε ότι ενώ η βάση της χλωραμφαινικόλης διατηρεί τη θέση της στη περιοχή Α, το πεπτίδιο εισέρχεται βαθειά στην είσοδο του τούνελ, αλληλεπιδρώντας με την βάση Α752. Συνεπώς τα πεπτιδυλο ανάλογα της χλωραμφαινικόλης, τα οποία συμπεριφέρονται ως ισχυροί αναστολείς της μετάφρασης, αποτελούν κατάλληλα εργαλεία μελέτης της αλληλεπίδρασης μεταξύ της νεοσυντιθέμενης πεπτιδικής αλληλουχίας και στοιχείων του τούνελ εξόδου του ριβοσώματος. / Ribosomes translate the genetic code into proteins in all living cells with extremely high efficiency, owing to their inherent flexibility and to their spectacular architecture. These large ribonucleoprotein particles synthesize proteins in all cells, using messenger RNA as the template, confirming that the ribosome is indeed a ribozyme, and aminoacyl-transfer RNAs as substrates. As the nascent polypeptide chain is being synthesized, it passes through a tunnel within the large ribosomal subunit and emerges at the solvent side where protein folding occurs. New studies indicate that in some cases, the tunnel plays a more active role. Accumulated evidence had definitely concluded that ribosomal tunnel is not only a passive conduit for the nascent chains but a rather functionally important compartment, where specific peptide sequences establish direct interactions with the tunnel, talking back to the ribosome in order to regulate peptide synthesis, leading to translational stalling. In this study, we have investigated functional interactions between distinct locations of the ribosomal tunnel and specific residues of the peptidyltransferase, using new macrolides, known as ketolides, which carry also fluorine attached to the lactone ring either directly or indirectly. According to our results, the new antibiotics exhibited better antimicrobial activity, inhibiting strongly the translational apparatus and could be useful tools in the future for treatment of bacterial infections. Binding studies with radiolabeled erythromycin revealed that these drugs bound competitively with erythromycin at the large ribosomal subunit, with extremely low dissociation constants. In parallel, RNA footprinting indicated that the new ketolides occupy the main macrolide binding site in the ribosome, which is located at the entrance of the exit tunnel adjacent to the peptidyltransferase center. These drugs interact with A2058, A2059 and A2062, as well as their extended heteroaromatic alkyl-aryl side chain penetrates deeper in the tunnel protecting A752 of Helix 35, interacting with basepair A752-U2609. To explore further this interaction, we have synthesized new peptidyl conjugates of chloramphenicol, which resemble nascent peptidyl-tRNA chains bound to the A-site of the ribosome, with their peptide sequence located deeper within tunnel, adopting an extended configuration. According to our data, these compounds did indeed bind to the peptidyl transferase center, competing with radiolabelled- chloramphenicol for binding to the ribosome. The binding of each analog, as well as its inhibitory activity of ribosomal function, is absolutely idiosyncratic, depending on the sequence of amino acid of peptide moiety. Studying the footprinting pattern of these compounds on the ribosome, we confirmed that while the chloramphenicol base maintains its position on the A-site, the peptide moiety penetrates deeper in the entrance of the exit tunnel, interacting with nucleotide A752. Therefore, we believe that these chloramphenicol peptides could be useful tools for probing nascent polypeptide chain interaction with the ribosome.

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado do Rio de Janeiro / O objetivo destes estudos "in vitro" e "in vivo" foi avaliar uma técnica de tratamento endodôntico de dentes decíduos, minimamente invasiva, utilizando a pasta CTZ (cloranfenicol, tetraciclina e óxido de zinco/eugenol). No estudo "in vitro" foi analisada a ação antimicrobiana da pasta CTZ, sobre microrganismos-padrão (E.coli, S.aureus, S.mutans, E.faecalis e P.aeruginosa), pelos métodos de difusão em ágar e diluição em caldo, comparativamente com o OZE (óxido de zinco e eugenol) e as pastas L&C (hidróxido de cálcio), 3 Mix (metronidazol, ciprofloxacin e minociclina e propileno glicol) e Guedes-Pinto (iodofórmio, paramonoclorofenol e Rifocort). A difusibilidade da atividade antimicrobiana da CTZ através dos túbulos dentinários de raízes dentes decíduos recém extraídos, sobre S.mutans, E.faecalis e P.aeruginosa também foi analisada. No estudo "in vivo" foi avaliado o desempenho clínico da pasta CTZ no tratamento endodôntico de dentes decíduos em comparação com o OZE. Seis crianças, com idades entre 7 e 8 anos, apresentando um dente decíduo posterior inferior com comprometimento pulpar extenso, foram alocadas aleatoriamente em dois grupos, sendo que em um foi utilizada a técnica da pasta CTZ (grupo teste) e no outro o tratamento endodôntico radical com OZE (grupo controle). O acompanhamento clínico e radiográfico foi realizado em intervalos de 2 semanas, 3 e 6 meses. Os resultados dos experimentos "in vitro" demonstraram que a pasta CTZ possui atividade antimicrobiana da comparável a da pasta 3 Mix e superior aos demais materiais sobre todos os tipos de microrganismos, exceto para a P.aeruginosa onde a CTZ apresentou uma atividade menor do que a da pasta 3 Mix apesar de ainda superior as demais. Além disso, a CTZ demonstrou atividade antimicrobiana por difusibilidade sobre o S.mutans e E.faecalis. Os resultados do experimento clínico demonstraram um desempenho similar entre a pasta CTZ e o OZE, especialmente logo após o tratamento. Esses resultados sugerem que a técnica minimamente invasiva empregando a pasta CTZ pode ser um alternativa ao tratamento endodôntico radical evitando a perda precoce de dentes decíduos, com comprometimento pulpar. Porém, um ensaio clinico com tamanho amostral adequado e acompanhamento de longa duração deve ser realizado para que se possa obter evidência conclusiva sobre a efetividade do tratamento clínico com a pasta CTZ. / The aim of these "in vitro" and "in vivo" studies was to evaluate an endodontic treatment for deciduous teeth, minimally invasive, using the CTZ paste (chloramphenicol, tetracycline and zinc oxide/eugenol). In the "in vitro" study the antimicrobial activity of the CTZ paste on standard microorganisms (E.coli , S.aureus, S.mutans, E.faecalis and P.aeruginosa) was evaluated. The agar diffusion and broth dilution methods were used and the CTZ paste was compared to the ZOE (zinc oxide/eugenol), L&C (calcium hydroxide), 3-Mix (minociclyne, ciprofloxacin, metronidazole e propylene glycol) and Guedes-Pinto (iodoform, paramonoclorophenol e Rifocort) pastes. The antimicrobial activity of the CTZ paste, through the dentinal tubules, were tested on S.mutans, E.faecalis and P.aeruginosa. In the study "in vivo" the clinical performance of CTZ paste was acessed. Six children, aged 7 and 8 years, presenting a decayed lower primary molar decayed with pulp pathology were randomly allocated into the test group (CTZ) and in the control group (ZOE). Clinical and radiographic exams were performed after 2 weeks, 3 and 6 months of follow-up. The results of the "in vitro" experiments demonstrated that CTZ paste had an antimicrobial activity similar to the antimicrobial activity of the 3 Mix paste, with the exception of P.aeruginosa, where CTZ paste presented a worse antimicrobial activity than the 3 Mix paste. The antimicrobial activity of CTZ paste was better than the antimicrobial activity of the other tested materials. Moreover, the CTZ showed an antimicrobial activity through the dentine on S.mutans and E.faecalis. CTZ and ZOE presented a similar clinical performance especially immediately after the treatment. These results suggest that the minimally invasive technique employing the CTZ paste can be an alternative to traditional endodontic treatment and may prevent the early loss of deciduous teeth with pulp pathology. Nevertheless, a clinical trial with an adequate sample size and a longer follow-up period should be performed in order to produce conclusive evidence about the clinical effectiveness of the CTZ paste.

L'émergence rapide de bactéries résistantes et l’absence de nouveaux traitements efficaces ont conduit à réutiliser d’anciens antibiotiques. Le chloramphenicol (CHL) et le thiamphenicol (THA) ont ainsi été proposés pour traiter les infections respiratoires multirésistantes. Leur administration directe dans les poumons sous forme d’aérosols thérapeutiques devrait augmenter leur efficacité et minimiser l’exposition systémique responsable d’effets secondaires, en particulier lors de traitements prolongés. Ce travail de thèse a eu pour objectifs de réaliser des étudies biopharmaceutiques et de développer des formulations d’aérosols pour la voie pulmonaire. La perméabilité membranaire du CHL et du THA a été évaluée sur le modèle d’épithélium bronchique Calu-3 et leur pharmacocinétique a été réalisée chez le rat après administrations intratrachéale et intraveineuse. La perméabilité membranaire in vitro du CHL s’est révélée élevée, et intermédiaire pour le THA. Les deux antibiotiques sont substrats de transporteurs membranaires d’efflux. Les études pharmacocinétiques, cohérents avec les études in vitro, ont montré un impact nul de la voie d’administration dans cas du CHL et modéré dans le cas du THA. Par conséquent, pour prolonger l’exposition pulmonaire à ces antibiotiques, des formulations à libération prolongées basées sur des nanoparticules ont été incluses dans des poudres sèches de microsphères pour inhalation. Ces poudres se caractérisent par une teneur optimale, des propriétés aérodynamiques satisfaisantes et un profil de libération prolongée, et sont donc prometteuses pour l’administration pulmonaire de CHL ou de THA sous la forme d’aérosols. / The rapid emergence of resistant bacteria and the lack of new efficient treatments lead to re-use old forgotten, but still effective, antimicrobials. In particular, chloramphenicol (CHL) and thiamphenicol (THA) have been proposed to treat multidrug-resistant pulmonary bacterial infections. Their direct administration into the lungs as therapeutic aerosols should increase their efficiency and minimize whole body exposure responsible for adverse effects, particularly in the case of prolonged treatments. The purpose of these PhD. works was to perform biopharmaceutical studies and to develop an effective aerosol formulation for lung delivery. The membrane permeability of CHL and THA was evaluated in vitro in the Calu-3 bronchial epithelial cell model and pharmacokinetic (PK) studies were carried out in rats after intratracheal and intravenous administration. In vitro membrane permeability of CHL was high, but intermediate for THA. Both compounds were shown to be substrates of membrane efflux transporters. In agreement with these findings, the PK studies showed that the administration route had no impact in the case of CHL and a moderate one in the case of THA. Therefore, in order to prolong lung exposure to CHL and THA, nanoparticle-based formulations with sustained release properties were formulated using the palmitate ester prodrugs of CHL and THA. To ease administration, nanoparticles were included in microsphere-based dry powder for inhalation. These powders showed an optimal content, satisfactory aerodynamic properties and sustained drug release, which make them promising formulations for lung delivery of CHL and THA as aerosols.

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado do Rio de Janeiro / O objetivo destes estudos "in vitro" e "in vivo" foi avaliar uma técnica de tratamento endodôntico de dentes decíduos, minimamente invasiva, utilizando a pasta CTZ (cloranfenicol, tetraciclina e óxido de zinco/eugenol). No estudo "in vitro" foi analisada a ação antimicrobiana da pasta CTZ, sobre microrganismos-padrão (E.coli, S.aureus, S.mutans, E.faecalis e P.aeruginosa), pelos métodos de difusão em ágar e diluição em caldo, comparativamente com o OZE (óxido de zinco e eugenol) e as pastas L&C (hidróxido de cálcio), 3 Mix (metronidazol, ciprofloxacin e minociclina e propileno glicol) e Guedes-Pinto (iodofórmio, paramonoclorofenol e Rifocort). A difusibilidade da atividade antimicrobiana da CTZ através dos túbulos dentinários de raízes dentes decíduos recém extraídos, sobre S.mutans, E.faecalis e P.aeruginosa também foi analisada. No estudo "in vivo" foi avaliado o desempenho clínico da pasta CTZ no tratamento endodôntico de dentes decíduos em comparação com o OZE. Seis crianças, com idades entre 7 e 8 anos, apresentando um dente decíduo posterior inferior com comprometimento pulpar extenso, foram alocadas aleatoriamente em dois grupos, sendo que em um foi utilizada a técnica da pasta CTZ (grupo teste) e no outro o tratamento endodôntico radical com OZE (grupo controle). O acompanhamento clínico e radiográfico foi realizado em intervalos de 2 semanas, 3 e 6 meses. Os resultados dos experimentos "in vitro" demonstraram que a pasta CTZ possui atividade antimicrobiana da comparável a da pasta 3 Mix e superior aos demais materiais sobre todos os tipos de microrganismos, exceto para a P.aeruginosa onde a CTZ apresentou uma atividade menor do que a da pasta 3 Mix apesar de ainda superior as demais. Além disso, a CTZ demonstrou atividade antimicrobiana por difusibilidade sobre o S.mutans e E.faecalis. Os resultados do experimento clínico demonstraram um desempenho similar entre a pasta CTZ e o OZE, especialmente logo após o tratamento. Esses resultados sugerem que a técnica minimamente invasiva empregando a pasta CTZ pode ser um alternativa ao tratamento endodôntico radical evitando a perda precoce de dentes decíduos, com comprometimento pulpar. Porém, um ensaio clinico com tamanho amostral adequado e acompanhamento de longa duração deve ser realizado para que se possa obter evidência conclusiva sobre a efetividade do tratamento clínico com a pasta CTZ. / The aim of these "in vitro" and "in vivo" studies was to evaluate an endodontic treatment for deciduous teeth, minimally invasive, using the CTZ paste (chloramphenicol, tetracycline and zinc oxide/eugenol). In the "in vitro" study the antimicrobial activity of the CTZ paste on standard microorganisms (E.coli , S.aureus, S.mutans, E.faecalis and P.aeruginosa) was evaluated. The agar diffusion and broth dilution methods were used and the CTZ paste was compared to the ZOE (zinc oxide/eugenol), L&C (calcium hydroxide), 3-Mix (minociclyne, ciprofloxacin, metronidazole e propylene glycol) and Guedes-Pinto (iodoform, paramonoclorophenol e Rifocort) pastes. The antimicrobial activity of the CTZ paste, through the dentinal tubules, were tested on S.mutans, E.faecalis and P.aeruginosa. In the study "in vivo" the clinical performance of CTZ paste was acessed. Six children, aged 7 and 8 years, presenting a decayed lower primary molar decayed with pulp pathology were randomly allocated into the test group (CTZ) and in the control group (ZOE). Clinical and radiographic exams were performed after 2 weeks, 3 and 6 months of follow-up. The results of the "in vitro" experiments demonstrated that CTZ paste had an antimicrobial activity similar to the antimicrobial activity of the 3 Mix paste, with the exception of P.aeruginosa, where CTZ paste presented a worse antimicrobial activity than the 3 Mix paste. The antimicrobial activity of CTZ paste was better than the antimicrobial activity of the other tested materials. Moreover, the CTZ showed an antimicrobial activity through the dentine on S.mutans and E.faecalis. CTZ and ZOE presented a similar clinical performance especially immediately after the treatment. These results suggest that the minimally invasive technique employing the CTZ paste can be an alternative to traditional endodontic treatment and may prevent the early loss of deciduous teeth with pulp pathology. Nevertheless, a clinical trial with an adequate sample size and a longer follow-up period should be performed in order to produce conclusive evidence about the clinical effectiveness of the CTZ paste.

Настоящая работа состоит из 3 глав, заключения и списка используемых источников. Работа посвящена разработке способа селективного вольтамперометрического определения хлорамфеникола с использованием производных карбазола в качестве агентов молекулярного распознавания. Обоснована актуальность детектирования хлорамфеникола – антибиотика водного экотоксиканта. Рассмотрена альтернатива биологическим рецепторам оригинальными органическими молекулами для электрохимических и флуорометрических методов детектирования хлорамфеникола, а также подходы к электроосаждению рецепторного слоя. В работе изучена возможность применения оригинальной органической молекулы производного карбазола для определения хлорамфеникола. Приведены аналитические характеристики разработанного селективного способа определения хлорамфеникола. / This work consists of 3 chapters, a conclusion and a list of sources used. The work is devoted to the development of a method for selective voltammetric determination of chloramphenicol using carbazole derivatives as molecular recognition agents. The urgency of detecting chloramphenicol, an antibiotic of an aquatic ecotoxicant, is substantiated. An alternative to biological receptors with original organic molecules for electrochemical and fluorometric methods for detecting chloramphenicol, as well as approaches to electrodeposition of the receptor layer, are considered. The possibility of using an original organic molecule of a carbazole derivative for the determination of chloramphenicol has been studied. The analytical characteristics of the developed selective method for the determination of chloramphenicol are given.

I performed two randomised controlled trials (RCTs) to determine the best treatments for enteric fever in Kathmandu, Nepal, an area with a high proportion of nalidixic acid resistant S. Typhi and S. Paratyphi A isolates. I recruited 844 patients with suspected enteric fever to compare chloramphenicol versus gatifloxacin. 352 patients were culture confirmed. 14/175 patients treated with chloramphenicol and 12/177 patients treated with gatifloxacin experienced treatment failure (HR=0.86 (95% CI 0.40 to 1.86), p=0.70). The median times to fever clearance were 3.95 and 3.90 days, respectively (HR=1.06 [CI 0.86 to 1.32], p=0.59). The second RCT compared ofloxacin versus gatifloxacin and recruited 627 patients. Of the 170 patients infected with nalidixic acid resistant strains, the number of patients with treatment failure was 6/83 in the ofloxacin group and 5/87 in the gatifloxacin group (Hazard Ratio, HR=0.81, 95% CI 0.25 to 2.65; p=0.73); the median times to fever clearance were 4.7 and 3.3 days respectively (HR=1.59 [CI 1.16 to 2.18], p=0.004). I compared conventional blood culture against an electricity free culture approach. 66 of 304 patients with suspected enteric fever were positive for S. Typhi or S. Paratyphi A, 55 (85%) isolates were identified by the conventional blood culture and 60 (92%) isolates were identified by the experimental method. The percentages of positive and negative agreement for diagnosis of enteric fever were 90.9% and 96.0%, respectively. This electricity free blood culture system may have utility in resource-limited settings or potentially in disaster relief and refugee camps. I performed a literature review of RCTs of enteric fever which showed that trial design varied greatly. I was interested in the perspective of patients and what they regarded as cure. 1,481 patients were interviewed at the start of treatment, 860 (58%) reported that the resolution of fever would mean cure to them. At the completion of treatment, 877/1,448 (60.6%) reported that they felt cured when fever was completely gone. We suggest that fever clearance time is the best surrogate for clinical cure in patients with enteric fever and should be used as the primary outcome in future RCTs for the treatment of enteric fever.

This diploma thesis is focused on the determination of chloramphenicol by differential pulse voltammetry (DPV), DC voltammetry (DCV), cyclic voltammetry (CV) and adsorptive stripping voltammetry (AdSV) on a meniscus modified silver solid amalgame electrode (m- AgSAE). For the determination of chloramphenicol the optimum conditions were found and under these conditions concentration dependences were measured and then limits of quantification were determined. The influence of pH of BR buffer was tested. For determination of chloramphenicol by DCV pH 7 was chosen as an optimum background and pH 8 was chosen as an optimmum for DPV determination. Under these conditions linear dependences were obtained in the concentration range of 1·10-6 - 1·10-4 mol·l-1 . The limit of detection of chloramphenicol by DCV was 2.3·10-6 mol·l-1 . The limit of detection of chloramphenicol by DPV was 2.1·10-6 mol·l-1 in distilled water, 2.9·10-6 mol·l-1 in river water and 4.2·10-6 mol·l-1 in drinking water. Electrochemical behavior of chloramphenicol was studied by cyclic voltammetry in BR buffer with pH 2, 6, 8, 12 and then mechanism of reduction of chloramphenicol was propose based on available literature. Chloramphenicol was determined in drug Spersadex by DPV in BR buffer with pH 8. The optimal conditions for determining...