INTRODUÇÃO: Com a melhora do prognóstico nos pacientes com lúpus eritematoso sistêmico juvenil novas recomendações são necessárias na reumatologia pediátrica, como avaliação da saúde bucal e do sistema mastigatório. O objetivo deste estudo é avaliar o comprometimento orofacial nos pacientes com lúpus eritematoso sistêmico juvenil e grupo controle, e avaliar possíveis associações entre o comprometimento orofacial e manifestações clínicas, exames laboratoriais e terapias da doença. MÉTODOS: Entre março de 2004 e julho de 2005 foram avaliados 48 pacientes com diagnóstico de lúpus eritematoso sistêmico juvenil, atendidos na Unidade de Reumatologia Pediátrica do ICr-HC-FMUSP. O grupo controle incluiu 48 crianças e adolescentes saudáveis atendidos na Divisão de Odontologia do HC-FMUSP. A pesquisa incluiu avaliação de dados sócio-demográficos, manifestações clínicas, exames laboratoriais, atividade da doença (SLEDAI), dano cumulativo (SLICC/ACR-DI) e terapias da doença. A avaliação orofacial incluiu questionário de anamnese, índice CPO-D, índice de placa, índice de sangramento gengival, relação dentária, perfil facial, índice de Helkimo e avaliação da articulação temporomandibular através da radiografia panorâmica de face em todos os pacientes e tomografia computadorizada apenas nos casos com achatamento e/ou destruição dos côndilos mandibulares. RESULTADOS: Os dois grupos foram homogêneos com relação à faixa etária, distribuição por gênero e classe sócio-econômica. A idade dos pacientes com lúpus eritematoso sistêmico juvenil variou de 87 a 218 meses (média de 161,9±38,4) e do grupo controle de 78 a 254 meses (média de 154,4±45,8; p=0,384). As medianas dos índices de placa e de sangramento gengival nos pacientes com lúpus eritematoso sistêmico juvenil foram superiores em relação aos controles (61,5X38,1; p=0,003 e 26,0X15,95; p=0,014). O índice de disfunção clínica e o índice de mobilidade mandibular mostraram-se mais alterados nos pacientes com LESJ versus controles (p=0,002, p=0,025). Correlação linear estatística foi evidenciada entre: tempo de doença e índice de sangramento gengival (p=0,017; r=0,11), dose cumulativa de prednisona e índice de placa (p=0,010, r=0,385) e dose cumulativa de prednisona e índice de sangramento gengival (p=0,001, r=0,02). A mediana do índice de mobilidade mandibular foi superior nos pacientes com lúpus eritematoso sistêmico juvenil em uso de um ou mais imunossupressores em relação aos que não utilizaram estas drogas (p=0). Apenas dois pacientes apresentaram radiografia panorâmica com achatamento e/ou destruição dos côndilos mandibulares e na tomografia computadorizada de ATM os achados foram: redução do espaço articular bilateralmente, erosões dos platôs articulares com aplainamento dos côndilos sugestivo de necrose avascular da articulação temporomandibular. CONCLUSÕES: Os pacientes com lúpus eritematoso sistêmico juvenil apresentaram uma precária higiene oral, maior freqüência de gengivite e disfunção da articulação temporomandibular em relação ao grupo controle. Os pacientes com maior tempo de doença e maior dose cumulativa de prednisona tiveram maior freqüência de gengivite e os que utilizaram imunossupressores apresentaram disfunção da articulação temporomandibular / INTRODUCTION: Given the enhanced prognosis of patients with juvenile systemic lupus erythematosus, new recommendations are necessary in pediatric rheumatology, such as the analysis of oral health and the masticatory system. The aim of this study was to compare dental and facial conditions of patients with juvenile systemic lupus erythematosus and a control group, and to evaluate a potential relationship between dental and facial endangering and clinical manifestations, laboratory tests and therapies for the disease. PATIENTS AND METHODS: A total of 48 children and adolescents with juvenile systemic lupus erythematosus attending the Pediatric Rheumatology Unit of the Children\'s Institute of our University Hospital were studied between January 2004 and July 2005. The control group included 48 healthy children and adolescents that were selected from the Odontology Division of our University Hospital. The search included the analysis of social and demographic data, clinical manifestations, laboratory tests, juvenile systemic lupus erythematosus disease activity and cumulative damage (using the SLEDAI and the SLICC/ACR-DI), and therapies. The dental and facial examination included the anamnesis questionnaire, DMFT index, plaque and gengival bleeding index, dental relationship, facial profile, Helkimo\'s index and evaluation of the temporomandibular joint through a radiographic panoramic examination of all patients and a computer tomography on those with flattening and/or destruction of the mandibular condyles. RESULTS: The two groups were homogeneous regarding age, gender and social-economic class. The age of the juvenile systemic lupus erythematosus patients ranged from 87 to 218 months (mean of 161.9±38.4) and of the control group from 78 a 254 months (mean of 154.4±45.8; p=0.384). The medians of the plaque and gingival bleeding indexes were higher in juvenile systemic lupus erythematosus patients than in the control group (61.5X38.10; p=0.003 and 26.0X15.95; p=0.014). The indexes of clinical dysfunction and mandibular mobility were higher in juvenile systemic lupus erythematosus patients versus the control group (p=0,002, p=0,025). A linear statistical correlation was evidenced between: juvenile systemic lupus erythematosus duration and the gingival bleeding index (p=0.017; r=0.11), cumulative dose of prednisone and the plaque index (p=0,010; r=0.385) and cumulative dose of prednisone and the gingival bleeding index (p=0.001, r=0.02). The median of the mandibular mobility index was higher in juvenile systemic lupus erythematosus patients that used at least one imunossupressive drugs compared with those that didn\'t use this medication (p=0). Only two patients showed a panoramic radiography with flattening and/or destruction of the mandibular condyles. The computer tomography revealed: narrowing of joint spaces bilaterally and erosions of joints plateaus with flattening of condyles that suggested avascular necrosis of temporomandibular joint. CONCLUSIONS: Juvenile systemic lupus erythematosus patients presented poor oral hygiene, higher incidence of gingivitis and temporomandibular joint dysfunction compared to the control group. Patients with longer disease duration and higher cumulative dose of prednisone had a greater incidence of gingivitis, and those who used imunossupressives drugs showed temporomandibular joint dysfunction

The fragmented approaches to delivering health care services in the United States, along with the associated structural inefficiencies and unsustainable increases in health care costs affecting all payers, compel the need for reform. Various federal and state-level delivery system reform models have emerged in response. The Medical Home (MH) is one of such reform models. In 2004 a national initiative entitled "The Future for Family Medicine Project" identified the lack of emphasis on comprehensive primary care, especially for chronic care patients, and proposed the introduction of MHs to improve comprehensive primary care delivery for every patient. Oregon's MH variant, the Patient-Centered Primary Care Home (PCPCH), was introduced in 2009 as part of a state-wide health reform initiative ushered in by the passage of House Bill 2009 to promote the Triple Aim. Since 2011, over 600 primary care clinics have been recognized as PCPCHs. Proponents of the model argued that it will help improve comprehensive primary care services upstream and reduce inappropriate utilization of Emergency Department (ED) and Inpatient (IP) care and expenditures downstream. Evidence on the model's application to reduce ED and IP utilization and expenditures have so far been mixed. Based on growing interests in the effects of the model's application to provide care for different types of patients, this research was designed to evaluate the policy effects of the application of PCPCHs, with a focus on PCPCHs that treat greater proportions of chronic care patients, to answer the following questions: (1) What is the average chronic disease burden of PCPCHs, and how does their average chronic disease burden compare to the communities PCPCHs are in pre-post PCPCH recognition? (2) How do primary care expenditures change based on the chronic disease burden of PCPCHs? (3) Do PCPCHs that engage more high chronic disease burden patients have more reductions in ED and IP expenditures? For this research, a chronic disease burden measure was developed from 10 markers of chronic conditions. This measure was then used to stratify PCPCH clinics and their comparators into high and low chronic disease burden clinics. The research was designed as a natural experiment, utilizing difference-in-difference methods to measure outcome differences pre-post PCPCH policy implementation and comparing outcome differences between PCPCHs and their control groups. The unit of analysis was PCPCH clinics. The theoretical perspectives that informed this research were Risk Selection and Complex Adaptive Systems (CAS). Data from Oregon's All Payer All Claims (APAC) data system, which included 16 quarters of claims and eligibility data from fourth quarter 2010 to third quarter 2014, as well as PCPCH attestation data on 525 clinics were utilized for this research. The results suggest that the chronic disease burden for PCPCHs was significantly lower than their comparator groups before clinics recognition as PCPCHs, but the chronic disease burden did not change after clinics recognition as PCPCHs. Average primary care expenditures did not change after PCPCH recognition. Average ED and average IP expenditures for high chronic disease burden PCPCHs did not change but rather decreased significantly for low chronic disease burden PCPCHs. The results imply that the distribution of chronic disease burden in PCPCHs is important and related to ED and IP expenditures, but in a different direction than expected. The results also suggest that focusing on low chronic disease burden patients in PCPCHs could help reduce ED and IP expenditures in the short and medium terms. Policies to engage a broader mix of chronic disease burden patients in PCPCHs could help increase savings from ED and IP utilization. The results also suggest the need for more research to improve current understanding of how PCPCHs are impacting health care trajectories in the current delivery system environment.

Base teórica: O avanço no conhecimento e a introdução de tecnologias mais sofisticadas para o cuidado do paciente crítico trouxeram importante incremento na sobrevida deste grande grupo de pacientes. Por outro lado, existe um estrato de pacientes que sobrevivem à condição crítica aguda, porém permanecem dependentes de algum tipo de suporte de manutenção da vida por longos períodos. A doença crítica crônica (DCC) como é conhecida, apesar de descrita desde a década de 80, ainda não possui um critério de definição claro, levando a divergências nos resultados de estudos e prejudicando o avanço em pesquisas que investigam estratégias de tratamento. Objetivo: Avaliar a sobrevida e fatores associados à DCC em uma população de pacientes críticos comparando dois critérios de diagnóstico desta condição. Metodologia: Coorte histórica com avaliação de variáveis clínicas e desfechos durante a internação hospitalar em uma população de doentes críticos de uma única unidade de tratamento intensivo (UTI). Os pacientes foram alocados em três grupos, dois com critérios de DCC definidos por ≥14 ou ≥21 dias de ventilação mecânica (VM) e um terceiro grupo de pacientes críticos agudos (< 14 dias de VM). Recrutamento e alocação foram feitos através de um banco de dados institucional e dos registros hospitalares das internações ocorridas de janeiro de 2007 a dezembro de 2010. Resultados: No período analisado ocorreram 3.023 internações na UTI, 2.783 apresentavam os critérios de inclusão e compuseram a análise final. Em relação ao tempo de VM, 163 pacientes apresentaram ≥14 dias e 89 ≥21 dias. A mortalidade hospitalar e na UTI foi inferior no grupo de pacientes críticos agudos quando comparado com os dois grupos de DCC (≥14 e ≥21 dias de VM) (16.3% versus 55.8% e 58.4% p<0.001; 10.6% versus 47.3% e 53.9% p<0.001 respectivamente). Quando comparados os dois grupos de DCC (≥14 e ≥21 dias de VM), não houve diferença estatisticamente significativa para mortalidade hospitalar e na UTI (57.2% versus 58.4% p=0.5; 39.2% versus 53.9% p=0.18 respectivamente). O pequeno número de pacientes em cada grupo pode ter limitado o poder das análises. Ambos os grupos de DCC tiveram escores de gravidade mais altos, desenvolveram mais complicações na UTI, apresentaram maior tempo de internação hospitalar e mortalidade quando comparados aos críticos agudos. Conclusão: O estudo não mostrou diferença estatisticamente significativa quanto às características e desfechos clínicos entre as duas definições de DCC. Por outro lado, mostrou que os dois grupos de DCC apresentaram desfechos piores quando comparados com os pacientes críticos agudos. Estes resultados justificam o uso do critério de ≥14 dias de VM para a identificação mais precoce dos doentes críticos crônicos. / Theoretical basis: Progress in knowledge and the introduction of more advanced technologies for critical patient care brought about an important increase in the survival of this large group of patients. On the other side, there exists a subset of patients who survive their acute critical illness, but they remain dependent on some kind of life support for long periods. Despite being described since the 1980s, the chronic critical illness (CCI) has still not been clearly defined. This situation led to divergent studies’ results and jeopardized the progress in research focused on treatment strategies for CCI. Objective: To assess the survival and CCI-associated factors in a population of critically ill patients comparing two diagnostic criteria of this condition. Methodology: Historical cohort study assessing clinical variables and outcomes during hospital stay, in a population of critically ill patients of a single intensive care unit (ICU). The patients were divided into three groups, two of these with different criteria of CCI, defined by ≥14 or ≥21 days of mechanical ventilation (MV), and a third group with acutely critically ill patients (less than 14 days of MV). The recruitment and allocation were carried out through an institutional database and medical records of admissions occurred from January 1, 2007 to December 31, 2010. Results: In the study period 3,023 ICU admissions occurred, 2,783 met the inclusion criteria and made part of the final analysis. As far as MV days are concerned, 163 patients had ≥14 days and 89 ≥21 days. Hospital and ICU mortality were lower in the group of acutely critically ill patients compared with the two CCI groups (≥14 days and ≥21 MV days) (16.3% versus 55.8% and 58.4% p<0.001; 10.6% versus 47.3% and 53.9% p<0.001 respectively). The comparative analysis between the two CCI groups (≥14 days and ≥21 MV days, respectively) was not statistically significant for hospital and ICU mortality (57.2% versus 58.4% p=0.5; 39.2% versus 53.9% p=0.18, respectively). The small number of patients in the two groups may have limited the power of analyzes. Both CCI groups had higher severity scores, developed more ICU complications, showed higher hospital length of stay and mortality when compared with the acutely critically ill patients. Conclusion: This study did not show significant difference between the two CCI definitions regarding characteristics and clinical outcomes. However, it showed that both groups had worse outcomes when compared with the acutely critically ill patients. This result justifies the use of the CCI criteria of ≥14 days of MV for earlier identification of this subset of patients.

Base teórica: O avanço no conhecimento e a introdução de tecnologias mais sofisticadas para o cuidado do paciente crítico trouxeram importante incremento na sobrevida deste grande grupo de pacientes. Por outro lado, existe um estrato de pacientes que sobrevivem à condição crítica aguda, porém permanecem dependentes de algum tipo de suporte de manutenção da vida por longos períodos. A doença crítica crônica (DCC) como é conhecida, apesar de descrita desde a década de 80, ainda não possui um critério de definição claro, levando a divergências nos resultados de estudos e prejudicando o avanço em pesquisas que investigam estratégias de tratamento. Objetivo: Avaliar a sobrevida e fatores associados à DCC em uma população de pacientes críticos comparando dois critérios de diagnóstico desta condição. Metodologia: Coorte histórica com avaliação de variáveis clínicas e desfechos durante a internação hospitalar em uma população de doentes críticos de uma única unidade de tratamento intensivo (UTI). Os pacientes foram alocados em três grupos, dois com critérios de DCC definidos por ≥14 ou ≥21 dias de ventilação mecânica (VM) e um terceiro grupo de pacientes críticos agudos (< 14 dias de VM). Recrutamento e alocação foram feitos através de um banco de dados institucional e dos registros hospitalares das internações ocorridas de janeiro de 2007 a dezembro de 2010. Resultados: No período analisado ocorreram 3.023 internações na UTI, 2.783 apresentavam os critérios de inclusão e compuseram a análise final. Em relação ao tempo de VM, 163 pacientes apresentaram ≥14 dias e 89 ≥21 dias. A mortalidade hospitalar e na UTI foi inferior no grupo de pacientes críticos agudos quando comparado com os dois grupos de DCC (≥14 e ≥21 dias de VM) (16.3% versus 55.8% e 58.4% p<0.001; 10.6% versus 47.3% e 53.9% p<0.001 respectivamente). Quando comparados os dois grupos de DCC (≥14 e ≥21 dias de VM), não houve diferença estatisticamente significativa para mortalidade hospitalar e na UTI (57.2% versus 58.4% p=0.5; 39.2% versus 53.9% p=0.18 respectivamente). O pequeno número de pacientes em cada grupo pode ter limitado o poder das análises. Ambos os grupos de DCC tiveram escores de gravidade mais altos, desenvolveram mais complicações na UTI, apresentaram maior tempo de internação hospitalar e mortalidade quando comparados aos críticos agudos. Conclusão: O estudo não mostrou diferença estatisticamente significativa quanto às características e desfechos clínicos entre as duas definições de DCC. Por outro lado, mostrou que os dois grupos de DCC apresentaram desfechos piores quando comparados com os pacientes críticos agudos. Estes resultados justificam o uso do critério de ≥14 dias de VM para a identificação mais precoce dos doentes críticos crônicos. / Theoretical basis: Progress in knowledge and the introduction of more advanced technologies for critical patient care brought about an important increase in the survival of this large group of patients. On the other side, there exists a subset of patients who survive their acute critical illness, but they remain dependent on some kind of life support for long periods. Despite being described since the 1980s, the chronic critical illness (CCI) has still not been clearly defined. This situation led to divergent studies’ results and jeopardized the progress in research focused on treatment strategies for CCI. Objective: To assess the survival and CCI-associated factors in a population of critically ill patients comparing two diagnostic criteria of this condition. Methodology: Historical cohort study assessing clinical variables and outcomes during hospital stay, in a population of critically ill patients of a single intensive care unit (ICU). The patients were divided into three groups, two of these with different criteria of CCI, defined by ≥14 or ≥21 days of mechanical ventilation (MV), and a third group with acutely critically ill patients (less than 14 days of MV). The recruitment and allocation were carried out through an institutional database and medical records of admissions occurred from January 1, 2007 to December 31, 2010. Results: In the study period 3,023 ICU admissions occurred, 2,783 met the inclusion criteria and made part of the final analysis. As far as MV days are concerned, 163 patients had ≥14 days and 89 ≥21 days. Hospital and ICU mortality were lower in the group of acutely critically ill patients compared with the two CCI groups (≥14 days and ≥21 MV days) (16.3% versus 55.8% and 58.4% p<0.001; 10.6% versus 47.3% and 53.9% p<0.001 respectively). The comparative analysis between the two CCI groups (≥14 days and ≥21 MV days, respectively) was not statistically significant for hospital and ICU mortality (57.2% versus 58.4% p=0.5; 39.2% versus 53.9% p=0.18, respectively). The small number of patients in the two groups may have limited the power of analyzes. Both CCI groups had higher severity scores, developed more ICU complications, showed higher hospital length of stay and mortality when compared with the acutely critically ill patients. Conclusion: This study did not show significant difference between the two CCI definitions regarding characteristics and clinical outcomes. However, it showed that both groups had worse outcomes when compared with the acutely critically ill patients. This result justifies the use of the CCI criteria of ≥14 days of MV for earlier identification of this subset of patients.

Base teórica: O avanço no conhecimento e a introdução de tecnologias mais sofisticadas para o cuidado do paciente crítico trouxeram importante incremento na sobrevida deste grande grupo de pacientes. Por outro lado, existe um estrato de pacientes que sobrevivem à condição crítica aguda, porém permanecem dependentes de algum tipo de suporte de manutenção da vida por longos períodos. A doença crítica crônica (DCC) como é conhecida, apesar de descrita desde a década de 80, ainda não possui um critério de definição claro, levando a divergências nos resultados de estudos e prejudicando o avanço em pesquisas que investigam estratégias de tratamento. Objetivo: Avaliar a sobrevida e fatores associados à DCC em uma população de pacientes críticos comparando dois critérios de diagnóstico desta condição. Metodologia: Coorte histórica com avaliação de variáveis clínicas e desfechos durante a internação hospitalar em uma população de doentes críticos de uma única unidade de tratamento intensivo (UTI). Os pacientes foram alocados em três grupos, dois com critérios de DCC definidos por ≥14 ou ≥21 dias de ventilação mecânica (VM) e um terceiro grupo de pacientes críticos agudos (< 14 dias de VM). Recrutamento e alocação foram feitos através de um banco de dados institucional e dos registros hospitalares das internações ocorridas de janeiro de 2007 a dezembro de 2010. Resultados: No período analisado ocorreram 3.023 internações na UTI, 2.783 apresentavam os critérios de inclusão e compuseram a análise final. Em relação ao tempo de VM, 163 pacientes apresentaram ≥14 dias e 89 ≥21 dias. A mortalidade hospitalar e na UTI foi inferior no grupo de pacientes críticos agudos quando comparado com os dois grupos de DCC (≥14 e ≥21 dias de VM) (16.3% versus 55.8% e 58.4% p<0.001; 10.6% versus 47.3% e 53.9% p<0.001 respectivamente). Quando comparados os dois grupos de DCC (≥14 e ≥21 dias de VM), não houve diferença estatisticamente significativa para mortalidade hospitalar e na UTI (57.2% versus 58.4% p=0.5; 39.2% versus 53.9% p=0.18 respectivamente). O pequeno número de pacientes em cada grupo pode ter limitado o poder das análises. Ambos os grupos de DCC tiveram escores de gravidade mais altos, desenvolveram mais complicações na UTI, apresentaram maior tempo de internação hospitalar e mortalidade quando comparados aos críticos agudos. Conclusão: O estudo não mostrou diferença estatisticamente significativa quanto às características e desfechos clínicos entre as duas definições de DCC. Por outro lado, mostrou que os dois grupos de DCC apresentaram desfechos piores quando comparados com os pacientes críticos agudos. Estes resultados justificam o uso do critério de ≥14 dias de VM para a identificação mais precoce dos doentes críticos crônicos. / Theoretical basis: Progress in knowledge and the introduction of more advanced technologies for critical patient care brought about an important increase in the survival of this large group of patients. On the other side, there exists a subset of patients who survive their acute critical illness, but they remain dependent on some kind of life support for long periods. Despite being described since the 1980s, the chronic critical illness (CCI) has still not been clearly defined. This situation led to divergent studies’ results and jeopardized the progress in research focused on treatment strategies for CCI. Objective: To assess the survival and CCI-associated factors in a population of critically ill patients comparing two diagnostic criteria of this condition. Methodology: Historical cohort study assessing clinical variables and outcomes during hospital stay, in a population of critically ill patients of a single intensive care unit (ICU). The patients were divided into three groups, two of these with different criteria of CCI, defined by ≥14 or ≥21 days of mechanical ventilation (MV), and a third group with acutely critically ill patients (less than 14 days of MV). The recruitment and allocation were carried out through an institutional database and medical records of admissions occurred from January 1, 2007 to December 31, 2010. Results: In the study period 3,023 ICU admissions occurred, 2,783 met the inclusion criteria and made part of the final analysis. As far as MV days are concerned, 163 patients had ≥14 days and 89 ≥21 days. Hospital and ICU mortality were lower in the group of acutely critically ill patients compared with the two CCI groups (≥14 days and ≥21 MV days) (16.3% versus 55.8% and 58.4% p<0.001; 10.6% versus 47.3% and 53.9% p<0.001 respectively). The comparative analysis between the two CCI groups (≥14 days and ≥21 MV days, respectively) was not statistically significant for hospital and ICU mortality (57.2% versus 58.4% p=0.5; 39.2% versus 53.9% p=0.18, respectively). The small number of patients in the two groups may have limited the power of analyzes. Both CCI groups had higher severity scores, developed more ICU complications, showed higher hospital length of stay and mortality when compared with the acutely critically ill patients. Conclusion: This study did not show significant difference between the two CCI definitions regarding characteristics and clinical outcomes. However, it showed that both groups had worse outcomes when compared with the acutely critically ill patients. This result justifies the use of the CCI criteria of ≥14 days of MV for earlier identification of this subset of patients.

Liver transplantation is the gold standard treatment for patients with cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. The Brazilian Registry of Transplantation revealed that liver transplantation was the second solid organ most transplanted in 2010. With the purpose to eliminate foci of infection and reduce the risk of infection on the postransplant stage, these patients should undergo dental treatment to the removal of dental foci, with special care regarding the hemostasis impairment, mainly related to a reduced hepatic synthesis of procoagulants factors and thrombocytopenia. The aim of this prospective study was to evaluate the incidence of postoperative bleeding after dental extraction in candidates for liver transplantation. In this study, 23 patients were included with a mean age of 43.17  14.62 years, with a higher prevalence of whites (82.6%) and men (60.9%). In 23 patients, 84 simple extractions were performed in 35 dental surgical procedures. Patients were divided in two groups to compare two local hemostatic measures after tooth extraction: in group 1, local pressure after sutures was applied with gauze soaked with tranexamic acid, and in group 2, the same procedure without the tranexamic acid was performed. In all subjects, absorbable hemostatic sponges and cross sutures were used as a standard hemostatic measure. The main preoperative blood tests found were: mean hematocrit of 34.54% (SD  5.84%, range 21.7% â 44.4%), platelets ranged from 31,000/mm3 to 160,000/mm3, mean international normalized ratio (INR) was 1.50 (SD  0.39; range 0.98 - 2.59). Postoperative bleeding occurred in only one procedure (2.9%) and local pressure with gauze was effective to achieve hemostasis. Thus, this paper demonstrates the possibility of performing tooth extractions in patients with liver cirrhosis, with INR &#8804; 2.50 and platelets &#8805; 30,000/mm3, without the need of blood transfusion, and in case of bleeding events, the use of local hemostatic measures can be satisfactory. / O transplante hepÃtico à o tratamento padrÃo para pacientes com cirrose hepÃtica e carcinoma hepatocelular. Dados do Registro Brasileiro de Transplantes (RBT) demonstraram que o transplante hepÃtico foi o segundo ÃrgÃo sÃlido mais transplantado em 2010. Para eliminar focos de infecÃÃo e reduzir o risco infeccioso na fase pÃs-transplante, esses pacientes devem passar por uma avaliaÃÃo odontolÃgica minuciosa para remoÃÃo dos focos de origem dental. No caso de procedimentos odontolÃgicos que gerem sangramento, o cirurgiÃo-dentista deve dar atenÃÃo especial para a hemostasia, devido, principalmente, à reduÃÃo da sÃntese hepÃtica de fatores da coagulaÃÃo e trombocitopenia. O objetivo deste estudo prospectivo foi avaliar a incidÃncia de hemorragia pÃs-operatÃria de exodontias em pacientes na fila de espera por um transplante de fÃgado. Nesse estudo foram incluÃdos 23 pacientes com idade mÃdia de 43,17  14,62 anos com predominÃncia da raÃa branca (82,6%) e do sexo masculino (60,9%). Nos 23 pacientes, 84 exodontias simples foram realizadas em 35 procedimentos cirÃrgicos. Os pacientes foram divididos em dois grupos para comparaÃÃo de duas medidas hemostÃticas locais apÃs as exodontias: no grupo 1, aplicou-se pressÃo local com gaze embebida em Ãcido tranexÃmico, e no grupo 2, realizou-se a mesma conduta sem o uso do referido Ãcido. Em todos os pacientes foram utilizadas a esponja de colÃgeno reabsorvÃvel e sutura em X como medida hemostÃtica padrÃo. Os valores encontrados para os exames hematolÃgicos foram: hematÃcrito mÃdio de 34,54  5,84% (intervalo de 21,7% â 44,4%), plaquetometria variou de 31.000/mm3 a 160.000/mm3 e o Ãndice mÃdio encontrado para a razÃo internacional normatizada (INR) foi 1,50  0,39 (intervalo de 0,98 â 2,59). Sangramento pÃs-operatÃrio ocorreu apenas em um procedimento (2,9%) e a pressÃo local com gaze foi eficaz em parar o episÃdio de hemorragia. Dessa forma, esse trabalho demonstra a possibilidade da realizaÃÃo de exodontias em pacientes com cirrose hepÃtica com valores de INR &#8804; 2,50 e plaquetometria &#8805; 30.000/mm3 sem a necessidade de transfusÃo sanguÃnea e que diante da ocorrÃncia de intercorrÃncias hemorrÃgicas, o uso de medidas hemostÃticas locais pode ser satisfatÃrio.

This study originates from experiences which led me to question the way pharmacists are equipped to advise and support the medicine-taking practice of patients using chronic medication. The study offers a critical theoretical consideration of underlying perspectives informing pharmacy education. I propose following a critical realist ontological perspective, a social realist understanding of social structure and human agency, and a sociocultural epistemology. Based on these perspectives, I consider a sociological critique of ‘health’, ‘disease’, ‘illness’ and ‘sickness’ perspectives on medicine-taking, and of pharmacy as a profession. I then propose an experiential learning approach, with an emphasis on developing reflexivity through affective learning. I follow this with an illustrative case study. Following a critical discourse analysis of student texts from the case study, I conclude that there is evidence that experiential learning may prove useful in developing pharmacy students’ reflexive competency to support the provision of pharmaceutical care to patients using chronic medications.

Kroniskt sjuka tar idag flera beslut om hur de på egen hand ska behandla sin sjukdom, genommediciner, kost och träning. Tidigare forskning visar att det finns ett samband mellan kronisktsjuka och låg hälsolitteracitet. Definitionen av hälsolitteracitet är förmågan att tolka text,dokument och nummer som står i samband med varandra, samt förmågan att fungera isjukvården (Baker, 2006). Personer med kroniska sjukdomar har sämre kunskap om sittsjukdomstillstånd och tillgängliga behandlingar, vilket leder till sämre hälsoutkomster.Kroniskt sjuka har god tillgänglighet att utföra medicinska mätningar i hemmet, vilket ledertill en mer förståelse för sin egna sjukdom och bättre hälsoutkomst. Omfattande mängderlångtidsdata sparas idag inom vården, vilket har gjort data mer komplex. För att kunna tolkaoch förstå datan behövs det ett sätt att visualisera hälsodata på, så att det kan omvandlas tillinsikter och ny kunskap. Ett område som skulle kunna möta utmaningarna inom visualiseringav hälsodata är spelvisualisering. Syftet med studien var att undersöka om kunskap omvisualisering som tidigare enbart används i speldesign kan placeras på hälsodata och såledesstötta hälsolitteraciteten hos kroniskt sjuka. Studien har tillämpat en designforskingsansats,där designriktlinjer för visualisering inom spel implementerades i en prototyp, för att kunnaidentifiera hur hälsodata lämpligast kan visualiseras. Studien resulterade i fem designförslagför hur hälsodata kan visualiseras för att stötta hälsolitteracitet. / Today, chronically ill make several decisions about how to treat their medical condition through medication, diet and exercise. Previous research shows that there is a connection between chronical illness and low health literacy. The definition of health literacy is the ability to interpret text, document and numeracy that are interrelated, as well as the ability to function in the health care system (Baker, 2006). People with a chronical illness have inferior knowledge about their health and available treatments, leading to poor health outcomes. Chronically ill people have good accessibility to perform medical measurements at home, which leads to a greater understanding of their own illness, and better health outcomes. Large amounts of long-term healthdata is today stored in the health care system, which has made the data more complex. To be able to interpret and understand this data there is a need to visualize health data in a way that it can be transformed into insights and new knowledge. One area that could possibly meet the challenges of visualizing health data is game visualization. The purpose of the study was to investigate if common game visualization patterns can be effectively applied to health dataand thus support the health literacy of people with a chronicall illness. This was accomplished through a design research approach, where design guidelines for visualization in games were implemented in a prototype. It was done to identify how health datacan best be visualized. The study resulted in five design suggestions for how health data can be visualized to support health literacy.

Innovative primary care models that deliver comprehensive primary care to address medical and social needs are an established means of improving health outcomes and reducing healthcare costs among persons living with chronic disease. Care management is one such approach that requires providers to monitor their respective patient panels and intervene on patients requiring care. Health information technology (IT) has been established as a critical component of care management and similar care models. While there exist a plethora of health IT systems for facilitating primary care, there is limited research on their ability to support care management and its emphasis on monitoring panels of patients with complex needs. In this dissertation, I advance the understanding of how computational methods can better support clinicians delivering care management, and use the management of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) as an example scenario of use. The research described herein is segmented into 3 aims; the first was to understand the processes and barriers associated with care management and assess whether existing IT can support clinicians in this domain. The second and third aim focused on informing potential solutions to the technological shortcomings identified in the first aim. In the studies of the first aim, I conducted interviews and observations in two HIV primary care programs and analyzed the data generated to create a conceptual framework of population monitoring and identify challenges faced by clinicians in delivering care management. In the studies of the second aim, I used computational methods to advance the science of extracting from the patient record social and behavioral determinants of health (SBDH), which are not easily accessible to clinicians and represent an important barrier to care management. In the third aim, I conducted a controlled experimental evaluation to assess whether data visualization can improve clinician’s ability to maintain awareness of their patient panels.

No description available.