The topic of my diploma thesis is a comparison of speculation about a film from two perspectives. Firstly, it deals with the approach of Jan Mukařovský, a Czech structuralist, who was one of the first in the Czech context to explore the time concept in a film. Secondly, it considers the approach of Gillese Deleuze, who was accredited with the new view on the time-image in a film, however, much later than Jan Mukařovský. The aim of the paper is to explain the way the approaches of Mukařovský and Deluze relate to other approaches of thinking about time in films, the influence of other concepts of their time that they both theoretically based their views on, as well as specifying the films that became the starting points of exploring the time in films. The method of comparison is divided into three aspects, as three comparison levels.

La biografía del arte nos relata la evolución y variantes en las que el arte ha cambiado conforme al paso de los años. Este va desde su concepción contemporánea hasta su influencia en la actualidad, en el cual el arte es visualizado como un elemento comunicador que genera la creación de mundos alternativos, es decir, lejana a nuestra realidad. Asimismo, este cuenta con una gran influencia en las artes visuales, sobre todo en la correlación con el cine. Es aquí donde la historia del arte aporta en la narración y desarrollo de una película, así como puede ser vista como un estilo cinematográfico de esta misma. Se analizarán dos categorías: Biopic del arte y estilo cinematográfico; con la realización de dos matrices, en las cuales se identifiquen los valores de la audiencia, la estética, la correlación del cine y el arte, entre otras. Esto se hará mediante el análisis de contenido de 17 escenas de la película “Midnight in Paris” de Woody Allen con el objetivo de identificar la incorporación de la historia del arte como estilo en la película anteriormente mencionada, a través de referentes pictóricos, personajes ilustres y escenografías o elementos de época. / The biography of art tells us about the evolution and variations in which art has changed over the years. This ranges from its contemporary conception to its influence today, in which art is visualized as a communicating element that generates the creation of alternative worlds, that is, far from our reality. Likewise, it has a great influence on the visual arts, especially in the correlation with the cinema. It is here where the history of art contributes to the narration and development of a film as well as it can be seen as a cinematographic style of the same. Two categories will be analyzed: Biopic of art and cinematographic style; with the realization of two matrices, in which the values ​​of the audience, aesthetics, the correlation of cinema and art, among others, are identified. This will be done by analyzing the content of 17 scenes from Woody Allen's film "Midnight in Paris" with the aim of identifying the incorporation of art history as a style in the afore mentioned film, through pictorial references, illustrious characters and scenery or period elements. / Trabajo de investigación

Climate change has already had noticeable effects on the environment. Glaciers are retreating, ice on lakes and rivers is melting earlier, plant and animal species have relocated, and trees are blooming sooner. The Alpine landscape is one very good example of these dramatic shifts, which significantly impacted its identity and the economic stability of its communities. The effects on the classic forms of alpine tourism, especially the winter one, coupled with the mismanagement of the land and the lack of valorisation of the cultural heritage of the valleys have led to two equally disruptive phenomena: on one side, mass overtourism affects the most popular locations in the mountains requiring the construction of new infrastructures and resorts; on the other, the abandonment of the smallest or less known villages threatens the disappearing of rural communities with the consequent undermining of their surrounding landscape. Addressing the recovery plan drafted by the Italian Government after the pandemic (PNRR 2021), which includes giving new life to smaller villages and their ecological environment as well as reintroducing the Italian cinematographic industry as a competitive player within the international scene, the project aims to tackle the progress/paradox situation affecting the Italian Alps, Overtourism versus Abandonment, and its consequent impact on the landscape. The design is located in the Valle D’Aosta region, due to its proximity to Turin, a scenographic city where Italian cinema was born, and to its controversial nature which sees overbooked glamorous locations juxtaposed to the abandoned small rural realities. Particularly the proposal takes the story of the hamlet of Oyace, whose abandoned buildings are currently being sold at the symbolic price of 1 euro, in order to imagine a different future for alpine communities, which includes both economic growth and environmental awareness.Thought as a continuous dialogue between reality and fiction, the project starts in Oyace, taking shape as a film director’s studio in one of the currently abandoned buildings. It then continues as a new village envisioned by the director on the nearby artificial lake de Place Moulin, chosen for its symbiotic natural and man-made environment. The masterplan, drafted as a movie unfolding on site, borrows from the narrative of a romantic novel, Hypnerotomachia Poliphili, written by Italian Francesco Colonna and published in Venice in 1499, which is set in mythical and personified landscapes. The different chapters of the novel with their allegorical nature inspire the ethos of each of the buildings of the village.The architecture of the proposal, which accommodates different programs typically present in a traditional Italian alpine village alongside spaces and structures necessary to the moviemaking, borrows from alpine forms and heritage, set design and movie strategies and the landscape. The result is a series of performative infrastructures staging, re-enacting, revealing and counteracting issues currently experienced by the hamlet of Oyace, these can be environmental, social or economic, and their consequences on the alpine environment. Despite taking from the story of the book and manifesting itself as a village, the project is not limited to the novel, but rather it attempts to start an investigation into the role of architecture within the wider context of the endangered alpine environment, whilst arguing for a multidisciplinary approach and the use of narrative as critical tools for the production of impactful architecture in times of crisis.Ultimately the design aims to envision a new future for the community of Oyace and its ecological environment, speculating on a new approach towards giving new life to alpine communities based on a deeper awareness of their surrounding environment.

The Marvel Cinematic Universe is the highest-grossing film franchise that nurtures superhero stories within their narratives. However, in recent years the franchise has undergone a substantial shift in its adversary portrayal, with introducing Russian characters. Therefore, this study’s purpose is to expand the knowledge on the construction and development of Russian enemy images within the Marvel Cinematic Universe franchise, by focusing on three key movies: Iron Man 2 (2010), Captain America: The Winter Soldier (2014), and Black Widow (2021). The research utilizes a diachronic case-oriented comparative design, wherein the selected movies are analyzed through a unique analytical framework, which consists of semiotic analysis and enemy images as theory. The study’s results demonstrate that the construction of enemy images in each movie resembles an ideal type and remained somewhat similar in terms of the demarcation between ‘us’ and ‘them’, and the characterization of ‘their’ essence throughout the years. However, the study’s findings indicate two developmental shifts: first, in ‘our’ character, where similarities are observed with ‘their’ violent behavior, and second with expanding ‘their’ threat from solely physical to psychological aspects as well.

Trans Cinema and its Exit Scapes offers a critical and creative intervention into cultural representations of gendered body dissidence in contemporary film. The study argues for the possibility of finding spaces of “disidentification”, so-called “exit scapes” within the films. Exit scapes disrupt the dominant cinematic regime set up for the trans character, which ties them into stories of discrimination, humiliation and violence. In Trans Cinema, for instance films such as Hedwig and the Angry Inch (2001), Transamerica (2005), Romeos (2011) and Laurence Anyways (2012), scenes of singing, dancing and dreaming allow a different form of engagement with the films. As argued here, they allow a critical re-reading and an affirmative re-imagining of trans embodiment. The aim of this study is to investigate the utopian and hopeful potential within Trans Cinema from a critical transfeminist perspective. While focusing in particular on trans entrants as “spectators” or readers, this study draws on the work of a wide range of feminist and cultural scholars, such as Sara Ahmed, Susan Stryker, José Esteban Muñoz, Trinh T. Minh-Ha, Karen Barad and Donna Haraway. The thesis etches out cinematic spatiotemporalities that unfold possibilities of utopian worlding and trans becoming through a set of conceptual innovations. By utilising a critical approach to audio-visuality and feminist film theory, the thesis re-conceptualises haptic spectatorship theory and its critique in western modernist ocularcentricism through a set of conceptual innovations. The methodological tools developed in this thesis, such as the “entrant”, the “exit scape” and “sensible cinematic intra-activity”, feature here as a multisensorial methodology for transdisciplinary transgender studies and feminist film theory as well as visual culture at large. / Trans Cinema and its Exit Scapes är en kritisk och kreativ intervention med fokus på kulturella representationer av kroppar som bryter mot en könsbinär ordning i samtida film. Studien argumenterar för möjligheten att hitta utrymmen för “disidentification”, så kallade “exit scapes” inom filmerna. Exit scapes stör den dominanta filmiska ordning som skapats för transkaraktären, en ordning som är förbunden med berättelser om diskriminering, förödmjukelse och våld. Inom Trans Cinema, i filmer som exempelvis Hedwig and the Angry Inch (2001), Transamerica (2005), Romeos (2011) and Laurence Anyways (2012), öppnar scener med sång, dans och drömmar upp för andra former av engagemang med filmerna. Som det argumenteras för i avhandlingen tillåter dessa ett kritiskt omformulerande av, och ett nytt affirmativt sätt att föreställa sig, transkroppslighet. Syftet med den här studien är att undersöka den utopiska och hoppfulla potential som finns inom transfilm utifrån ett kritiskt transfeministiskt perspektiv. Även om studien främst riktar sig till trans entrants som “åskådare” eller läsare, så har den en bred teoretisk bas hämtad från verk av en lång rad feministiska forskare inom kulturfältet, såsom Sara Ahmed, Susan Stryker, José Esteban Muñoz, Trinh T. Minh-Ha, Karen Barad och Donna Haraway. Denna avhandling skissar filmiska spatiotemporaliteter, vilka öppnar för möjligheter av utopiska värdsliga och transsubjektiva tillblivelser genom utvecklandet av olika teoretiska begrepp. Genom ett kritiskt förhållningssätt till audiovisualitet och feministisk filmteori, revideras och omformuleras haptisk åskådarskapsteori och dess kritik i en västerländsk okularcentrism genom olika teoretiska innovationer. De metodologiska verktygen som utvecklas i avhandlingen, såsom “the entrant”, “the exit scape” samt “sensible cinematic intra-activity” utgör här funktionen som multisensorisk metodologi för transdisciplinära transstudier, feministisk filmteori samt för visuell kultur i stort.

This thesis examines the philosophical notion of selfhood in visual representation. I introduce the self as a modern and postmodern concept and argue that there is a loss of selfhood in contemporary culture. Via Jacques Derrida, Jean-Luc Nancy, Gerhard Richter and the method of deconstruction of language, I theorise selfhood through the figurative and literal analysis of duration, the frame, and the mirror. In this approach, selfhood is understood as aesthetic-ontological relation and construction based on specific techniques of the self. In the first part of the study, I argue for a presentational rather than representational perspective concerning selfhood by translating the photograph Self in the Mirror (1964), the painting Las Meninas (1656), and the video Cornered (1988), into my conception of a cinematic theory of selfhood. Based on the presentation of selfhood in those works, the viewer establishes a cinematic relation to the visual self that extends and transgresses the boundaries of inside and outside, presence and absence, and here and there. In the second part, I interpret epistemic scenes of cinematic works as durational scenes in which selfhood is exposed with respect to the forces of time and space. My close readings of epistemic scenes of the films The Congress (2013), and Boyhood (2014) propose that cinema is a philosophical mirror collecting loss of selfhood over time for the viewer. Further, the cinematic concert A Trip to Japan, Revisited (2013), and the hyper-film Cool World (1992) disperse a spatial sense of selfhood for the viewer. In the third part, I examine moments of selfhood and the forces of death, survival, and love in the practice of contemporary cinematic portraiture in Joshua Oppenheimer’s, Michael Glawogger’s, and Yorgos Lanthimos’ work. While the force of death is interpreted in the portrait of perpetrators in The Act of Killing (2013), and The Look of Silence (2014), the force of survival in the longing for life is analysed in Megacities (1998), Workingman’s death (2005), and Whores’ Glory (2011). Lastly, Dogtooth (2009), Alps (2011), and The Lobster (2015) present the contemporary human condition as a lost intuition of relationality epitomised in love.

Trans Cinema and its Exit Scapes offers a critical and creative intervention into cultural representations of gendered body dissidence in contemporary film. The study argues for the possibility of finding spaces of “disidentification”, so-called “exit scapes” within the films. Exit scapes disrupt the dominant cinematic regime set up for the trans character, which ties them into stories of discrimination, humiliation and violence. In Trans Cinema, for instance films such as Hedwig and the Angry Inch (2001), Transamerica (2005), Romeos (2011) and Laurence Anyways (2012), scenes of singing, dancing and dreaming allow a different form of engagement with the films. As argued here, they allow a critical re-reading and an affirmative re-imagining of trans embodiment. The aim of this study is to investigate the utopian and hopeful potential within Trans Cinema from a critical transfeminist perspective. While focusing in particular on trans entrants as “spectators” or readers, this study draws on the work of a wide range of feminist and cultural scholars, such as Sara Ahmed, Susan Stryker, José Esteban Muñoz, Trinh T. Minh-Ha, Karen Barad and Donna Haraway. The thesis etches out cinematic spatiotemporalities that unfold possibilities of utopian worlding and trans becoming through a set of conceptual innovations. By utilising a critical approach to audio-visuality and feminist film theory, the thesis re-conceptualises haptic spectatorship theory and its critique in western modernist ocularcentricism through a set of conceptual innovations. The methodological tools developed in this thesis, such as the “entrant”, the “exit scape” and “sensible cinematic intra-activity”, feature here as a multisensorial methodology for transdisciplinary transgender studies and feminist film theory as well as visual culture at large. / Trans Cinema and its Exit Scapes är en kritisk och kreativ intervention med fokus på kulturella representationer av kroppar som bryter mot en könsbinär ordning i samtida film. Studien argumenterar för möjligheten att hitta utrymmen för “disidentification”, så kallade “exit scapes” inom filmerna. Exit scapes stör den dominanta filmiska ordning som skapats för transkaraktären, en ordning som är förbunden med berättelser om diskriminering, förödmjukelse och våld. Inom Trans Cinema, i filmer som exempelvis Hedwig and the Angry Inch (2001), Transamerica (2005), Romeos (2011) and Laurence Anyways (2012), öppnar scener med sång, dans och drömmar upp för andra former av engagemang med filmerna. Som det argumenteras för i avhandlingen tillåter dessa ett kritiskt omformulerande av, och ett nytt affirmativt sätt att föreställa sig, transkroppslighet. Syftet med den här studien är att undersöka den utopiska och hoppfulla potential som finns inom transfilm utifrån ett kritiskt transfeministiskt perspektiv. Även om studien främst riktar sig till trans entrants som “åskådare” eller läsare, så har den en bred teoretisk bas hämtad från verk av en lång rad feministiska forskare inom kulturfältet, såsom Sara Ahmed, Susan Stryker, José Esteban Muñoz, Trinh T. Minh-Ha, Karen Barad och Donna Haraway. Denna avhandling skissar filmiska spatiotemporaliteter, vilka öppnar för möjligheter av utopiska värdsliga och transsubjektiva tillblivelser genom utvecklandet av olika teoretiska begrepp. Genom ett kritiskt förhållningssätt till audiovisualitet och feministisk filmteori, revideras och omformuleras haptisk åskådarskapsteori och dess kritik i en västerländsk okularcentrism genom olika teoretiska innovationer. De metodologiska verktygen som utvecklas i avhandlingen, såsom “the entrant”, “the exit scape” samt “sensible cinematic intra-activity” utgör här funktionen som multisensorisk metodologi för transdisciplinära transstudier, feministisk filmteori samt för visuell kultur i stort.

Cette thèse vise à définir l’espace post-apartheid tel qu’il est représenté dans le cinéma sud-africain. Depuis 1994, l’Afrique du Sud démocratique constitue un nouvel espace géographique et socio-économique, profondément marqué par l’héritage de l’apartheid. Notre thèse vise à conjuguer l’analyse stylistique de films sud-africains et une réflexion civilisationniste, influencée par la géographie et la sociologie, sur ce qui fonde l’espace post-apartheid. Nous étudions le cinéma de fiction qui permet la représentation de l’espace tel qu’il est perçu, voire souhaité par le cinéaste, parfois en contradiction avec les enjeux commerciaux. La refondation du cinéma sud-africain après 1994 a-t-elle donné naissance à une nouvelle représentation de l’espace ?L’espace post-apartheid au cinéma se définit d’abord en rapport avec l’ancien espace, en opposition ou dans la continuité. Notre étude se concentre sur l’héritage de l’apartheid dans les années 2000, dans l’industrie du film et dans la mise en image d’un territoire national clivé et de villes divisées. Nous abordons ensuite la représentation récurrente de trajectoires individuelles en butte à cette géographie héritée, focalisation qui contribue à mettre à distance l’espace prescrit par l’ancien régime. Nous établissons enfin que l’espace cinématographique post-apartheid est défini en rapport avec la construction d’une nouvelle identité depuis 1994. Certaines ambiguïtés en découlent, dans la représentation du township et des étrangers africains ou dans la réception des films, et soulignent la redéfinition complexe de l’espace et de l’identité en Afrique du Sud afin que celle-ci puisse être véritablement « nouvelle ». / This study focuses on the representation of post-apartheid space in indigenous South African fiction films. I work towards a definition of cinematic post-apartheid space, putting forth its ambivalent relations to the apartheid past, between heritage and rejection, on the levels of geographical space, socio-economic space and, mostly, represented space. I situate myself at the intersection of South African cultural studies and reflections on post-apartheid space, and of the study of the new South African cinema. I focus on fiction since it gives most room for filmmakers to represent space as they perceive it, or desire it, to be, and on feature films which carry most of the South African industry’s ambitions in terms of international recognition.I first look at the heritage of apartheid in terms of the South African film industry, the divisions of the national territory and the structure of the South African city. I argue that post-apartheid cinematic space is first and foremost defined in relation to apartheid space, whether in opposition or in terms of heritage. However, recurrent representations of individual trajectories clash with that inherited geography and are a means for filmmakers to distance themselves from the previously prescribed relations between characters and space. I also argue that the definition of a new South African identity is crucial to the characterization of post-apartheid space in films. The ambiguous representations of township space or African foreigners in South African films and the emphasis on the nationality of films in film reception put forth how deeply paradoxical the reinvention of space and identity is in post-apartheid South Africa.

La version intégrale de cette thèse est disponible uniquement pour consultation individuelle à la Bibliothèque de musique de l’Université de Montréal (http://www.bib.umontreal.ca/MU). / Est-ce qu'il est possible d'organiser le discours musical acousmatique de la même manière que le cinéma structure les images animées? Telle est la question qui résume l'essentiel de mon projet de recherche: Du langage cinématographique à la musique acousmatique : Écritures et structures. À la suite d’une étude exhaustive des procédés d'écriture nécessaires à la réalisation d'une œuvre cinématographique, j'ai cherché à établir des relations d'équivalence avec chacune des étapes relatives à l'élaboration d'une œuvre électroacoustique. De la captation des sons au cours du tournage sonore en passant par les étapes de classification, de traitement, de mixage, de montage jusqu'à la diffusion en salle de l'œuvre achevée, chaque étape du lexique visuel offre des arrimages concrets et structurellement pertinents à la conception d'une œuvre musicale. Cette typologie des techniques communes de réalisation entre ces deux médias débouche sur une pratique réaliste et concrète puis permet le renouvèlement d'une démarche compositionnelle par l'ajout d'outils techniques et conceptuels. Les résultats de cette recherche se sont matérialisés sous la forme de trois œuvres acousmatiques. Chacune d'elles, par le contexte de leur genèse, explorent des paramètres spécifiques de cette grammaire initialement visuelle. / Is it possible to organize the electroacoustic musical form in the same way as the cinema structures its moving pictures? Such is the question which summarizes the main part of my project of research: Du langage cinématographique à la musique acousmatique : Écritures et structures (the film language in the acousmatic music: writings and structures). Further to an exhaustive study of the processes of the realization of a film work, I tried to establish relations of equivalences with each of the relative step to the elaboration of an electroacoustic work. Of recording of sounds by the "sound-shootings" by way of the classification, treatment, mixing, editing until the performance at the concert of the finished work, every stage of the visual lexicon offers concrete and structurally relevant stowages to the conception of a musical work. This typology of the common techniques of realization between these two similar medias in a realistic and concrete practice then allows trying something new in a composition musical approach by the addition of technical and abstract tools. The results of this research are realized by the composition of three electroacoustic works. Each of them, by the context of their genesis, investigate specific parameters of this initially visual grammar.

Ce mémoire de maîtrise porte sur cinq films de fiction de Jean-Pierre et Luc Dardenne : La promesse (1996), Rosetta (1999), Le fils (2002), L’enfant (2005) et Le silence de Lorna (2008). L’objectif de cette recherche est d’analyser la problématique du « réel » à travers ces cinq cas filmiques, en défendant l’idée que le réel, à défaut de pouvoir être représenté (Jacques Lacan), est visé – et exprimé – par l’appareillage cinématographique des Dardenne. Dans le premier chapitre, nous déterminons en quoi le cinéma de Jean-Pierre et Luc Dardenne opère une nouvelle fictionnalité qui brouille les limites entre le document et la fiction. Dans le deuxième chapitre, nous situons l’approche des Frères dans la modernité cinématographique et nous analysons les enjeux esthétiques qui, au sein de leur cinéma, « posent le problème du réel ». Enfin, le troisième chapitre est entièrement dédié à l’acteur dardennien qui, par sa méthode, son jeu et ses postures, provoque l’expression du réel. / This master's thesis focuses on five fiction films directed by Jean-Pierre and Luc Dardenne: La promesse (1996), Rosetta (1999), Le fils (2002), L’enfant (2005) and Le silence de Lorna (2008). This research aims to analyze the problem of “the real” through these five films, arguing that although the real can’t be represented (Jacques Lacan), it can be targeted — and expressed — through the cinematic apparatus of the Dardenne. In the first chapter, we explain how the films of Jean-Pierre and Luc Dardenne deploy a new fictionality that blurs the boundaries between document and fiction. In the second chapter, we place the Dardenne’s approach in the context of modern cinema and analyze the aesthetic aspects that set out the problem of the real in their cinema. The third chapter is dedicated to the Dardennian actor, a proper "body character" (Gilles Deleuze), who also participates in the expression of the non obvious character of the real.