Le groupe de tresses à $n$ brins sur une surface $S$ est une généralisation naturelle à la fois du groupe de tresses classique à $n$ brins et du groupe fondamental de $S$. Dans la première partie de cette thèse nous donnons des nouvelles présentations pour les groupes de tresses sur les surfaces, qui améliorent les présentations obtenues auparavant par Scott et González-Meneses. Nous montrons ensuite comment associer à tout graphe à $n$ sommets sur la sphère une présentation pour le groupe de tresses à $n$ brins sur la sphère, ce qui étend le résultat de Sergiescu dans le cas des graphes planaires. Nous calculons aussi le $Out$ des groupes de tresses sur la sphère. Ensuite, nous généralisons au cas des tresses sur les surfaces les résultats de Fenn, Rolfsen et Zhu sur les centralisateurs des tresses. Comme application de ce résultat nous obtenons la résolubilité du problème du mot pour les monoïdes de tresses singulières sur les surfaces. Dans la dernière partie, nous étudions les algèbres de Hecke cubiques et nous démontrons qu'il existe une trace de Markov sur des quotients convenables de ces algèbres, en généralisant l'approche de V. Jones. Nous construisons ainsi deux nouveaux invariants d'entrelacs, différents des invariants HOMFLY et de Kauffman, récursivement calculables et définis d'une manière unique par deux relations d'écheveau explicites, dont une cubique.

For a oriented genus g surface with one boundary component, S_g, the Torelli group is the group of orientation preserving homeomorphisms of S_g that induce the identity on homology. The Magnus representation of the Torelli group represents the action on F/F'' where F=π_1(S_g) and F'' is the second term of the derived series. I show that the kernel of the Magnus representation, Mag(S_g), is highly non-trivial and has a rich structure as a group. Specifically, I define an infinite filtration of Mag(S_g) by subgroups, called the higher order Magnus subgroups, M_k(S_g). I develop methods for generating nontrivial mapping classes in M_k(S_g) for all k and g≥2. I show that for each k the quotient M_k(S_g)/M_{k+1}(S_g) contains a subgroup isomorphic to a lower central series quotient of free groups E(g-1)_k/E(g-1)_{k+1}. Finally I show that for g≥3 the quotient M_k(S_g)/M_{k+1}(S_g) surjects onto an infinite rank torsion free abelian group. To do this, I define a Johnson-type homomorphism on each higher order Magnus subgroup quotient and show it has a highly non-trivial image.

Science and Technology Education / M.Sc. (Chemical Education)

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento CientÃfico e TecnolÃgico / Este trabalho à baseado no artigo Finiteness of the class group of a number field via lattice packings. Daremos aqui uma prova alternativa da finitude do grupo das classes de um corpo de nÃmeros de grau n. Ela à baseada apenas no fato de que a densidade de centro de um empacotamento reticulado n-dimensional à limitado fora do infinito. / This work is based on the article Finiteness of the class group of a number field via lattice packings. An alternative proof of the finiteness of the class group of a number field of the degree n is presented. It is based solely on the fact that the center density of an n-dimensional lattice packing is bounded away from infinity.

Dans cette thèse nous étudions certains propriétés combinatoires et géométriques des complexes d'arcs des surfaces de type fini. Nous démontrons que le groupe d'automorphisme du complexe d'arcs est le mapping class group de la surface. Nous étudions aussi le graphe des triangulations idéales et nous donnons certains applications au espaces de Teichmueller des surfaces avec bord . / In this thesis we deal with combinatorial and geometric properties of the arc complex of a surface of finite type. We prove that its automorphism group is isomorphic to the mapping class of the surface. Furthermore, we investigate the geometric properties of the ideal triangulation graph of a surface and provide some application to Teichmueller theory of a surface with boundary .

京都大学 / 0048 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(理学) / 甲第21545号 / 理博第4452号 / 新制||理||1639(附属図書館) / 京都大学大学院理学研究科数学・数理解析専攻 / (主査)教授 大槻 知忠, 教授 向井 茂, 教授 小野 薫 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Science / Kyoto University / DGAM

Dans cette thèse, nous nous intéressons au calcul du groupe de classes d'un corps de nombres. Nous débutons par décrire un algorithme de réduction du polynôme de définition d'un corps de nombres. Il existe une infinité de polynômes qui définissent un corps de nombres fixé, avec des coefficients arbitrairement gros. Notre algorithme calcule celui qui a les plus petits coefficients. L'avantage de connaître un petit polynôme de définition est qu'il simplifie les calculs entre éléments de ce corps de nombres, en impliquant des quantités plus petites. En outre, la connaissance d'un tel polynôme permet l'utilisation d'algorithmes plus efficaces que dans le cas général pour calculer le groupe de classes. L'algorithme général pour calculer la structure du groupe de classes repose sur la réduction d'idéaux, vus comme des réseaux. Nous décrivons et simplifions l'algorithme présenté par Biasse et Fieker en 2014 à ANTS et approfondissons l'analyse de complexité. Nous nous sommes aussi intéressés au cas des corps de nombres définis par un polynôme à petits coefficients. Nous décrivons un algorithme similaire au crible par corps de nombres (NFS) dont la complexité en fonction des paramètres du corps de nombres peut atteindre L(1/3). Enfin, nos algorithmes peuvent être adaptés pour résoudre un problème lié : le Problème de l'Idéal Principal. Étant donné n'importe quelle base d'un idéal principal (généré par un seul élément), nous sommes capables de retrouver ce générateur. Cette application de nos algorithmes fournit une attaque efficace contre certains schémas de chiffrement homomorphe basés sur ce problème. / In this thesis, we focus on class group computations in number fields. We start by describing an algorithm for reducing the size of a defining polynomial of a number field. There exist infinitely many polynomials that define a specific number field, with arbitrarily large coefficients, but our algorithm constructs the one that has the absolutely smallest coefficients. The advantage of knowing such a ``small'' defining polynomial is that it makes calculations in the number field easier because smaller values are involved. In addition, thanks to such a small polynomial, one can use specific algorithms that are more efficient than the general ones for class group computations. The generic algorithm to determine the structure of a class group is based on ideal reduction, where ideals are viewed as lattices. We describe and simplify the algorithm presented by Biasse and Fieker in 2014 at ANTS and provide a more thorough complexity analysis for~it. We also examine carefully the case of number fields defined by a polynomial with small coefficients. We describe an algorithm similar to the Number Field Sieve, which, depending on the field parameters, may reach the hope for complexity L(1/3). Finally, our results can be adapted to solve an associated problem: the Principal Ideal Problem. Given any basis of a principal ideal (generated by a unique element), we are able to find such a generator. As this problem, known to be hard, is the key-point in several homomorphic cryptosystems, the slight modifications of our algorithms provide efficient attacks against these cryptographic schemes.

Parmi les représentations linéaires des groupes de tresses, les représentations de Burau peuvent être construites à partir d’une représentation triviale via une construction introduite par Long en 1994, à l’issue d’une collaboration avec Moody. Cette construction, dite de Long-Moody, permet ainsi de construire des représentations de plus en plus complexes des groupes de tresses. Dans cette thèse, on adopte un point de vue fonctoriel sur cette construction, ce qui permet d’en dégager plus aisément des variantes. De plus, le degré de polynomialité d’un foncteur permet d’en mesurer la complexité. On montre ainsi que la construction Long-Moody définit un foncteur LM, qui augmente le degré de très forte polynomialité. Par ailleurs, on définit des foncteurs analogues pour d’autres familles de groupes telles que les groupes de difféotopie des surfaces et des 3-variétés, les groupes symétriques ou les groupes d’automorphismes des groupes libres. Ils vérifient des propriétés similaires sur la polynomialité. Les foncteurs de Long-Moody fournissent ainsi des coefficients tordus entrant dans le cadre des résultats de stabilité homologique de Randal-Williams et Wahl pour les familles de groupes susmentionnées. On donne enfin un résultat de comparaison entre l’homologie stable à coefficient dans un foncteur F et celle à coefficient dans le foncteur LM(F) obtenu en appliquant un foncteur de Long-Moody. Cette thèse se décompose en trois chapitres. Le premier introduit les foncteurs de Long-Moody pour les groupes de tresses et traite de leur effet sur la polynomialité. Le deuxième traite de la généralisation des foncteurs de Long-Moody pour d’autres familles de groupes. Le dernier chapitre concerne des calculs d’homologie stable pour les groupes de difféotopie. / Among the linear representations of braid groups, Burau representations are recovered from a trivial representation using a construction introduced by Long in 1994, following a collaboration with Moody. This construction, called the Long-Moody construction, thus allows to construct more and more complex representations of braid groups. In this thesis, we have a functorial point of view on this construction, which allows find more easily some variants. Moreover, the degree of polynomiality of a functor measures its complexity. We thus show that the Long-Moody construction defines a functor LM, which increases the degree of polynomiality. Furthermore, we define analogous functors for other families of groups such as mapping class groups of surfaces and 3-manifolds, symmetric groups or automorphism groups of free groups. They satisfy similar properties on the polynomiality. Hence, Long-Moody functors provide twisted coefficients fitting into the framework of the homological stability results of Randal-Williams and Wahl for the afore mentioned families of groups. Finally, we give a comparison result for the stable homology with coefficient given by a functor F and the one with coefficient given by the functor LM(F), obtained applying a Long-Moody functor. This thesis has three chapters. The first one introduces Long-Moody functors for braid groups and deals with their effect on the polynomiality. The first one deals with the generalisation of Long-Moody functors for other families of groups. The last chapter touches on stable homology computations for mapping class group.

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No. of bitstreams: 1 TeseRLCB.pdf: 3077807 bytes, checksum: 57239ec4f29bec8e72971f39509d9d80 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-06-30 / Não recebi financiamento / This study discusses the trajectories of young students who seek higher education, particularly degrees in Education, obtained from two different institutions in Rio Claro-SP, Brazil: a public, state-funded university (São Paulo State University “Júlio de Mesquita Filho” - UNESP) and a private institution (Escola Superior de Tecnologia e Educação de Rio Claro - ASSER). The aim of this study relies on investigating which are the reasons that take students to aim at higher education degrees, on knowing their education trajectories, and the aspects involving their choice for the Education field and for the possibility of becoming schoolteachers. From the empirical point-of-view, the study methodology involved an assessment tool with closed-ended questions – a survey – which aimed to deal with a large sampling of subjects. These questions were analyzed in order to provide basis for a qualitative look into the theme and the subjects. Such analysis enabled obtaining data from another assessment tool, with open-ended questions – now applied as interviews – which helped to comprehend the uniquenesses of these people’s universe. One hundred and two (102) students took the closed- and open-ended surveys, including both the university and the college students. Among them, 15 were selected for and accepted to be interviewed. The surveyed students comprised freshmen and senior undergraduate Education students from both the aforementioned institutions, selected in order to provide insight on how the seek for an Education degree starts and evolves, thus contextualizing this notion concerning the education scope. From data, the investigated students were recognized as belonging to what can be identified as urban working class groups. These students usually did not pick Education as their first choices, but have found themselves touched by its social appeal during the course. Further, in spite of not perceiving the teaching carrier as properly valued by society, they ethically committed themselves to become real agents of social (and their own personal) change as schoolteachers in Brazil. This study revealed that, for these young people, achieving a graduate degree means significant social mobility within the limited range of possibilities which are made available for them, as a consequence of the social inequality reality established in Brazil. Such working class groups’ students seek in their choices a better future, and see the teaching carrier as a chance to make a difference in other people’s lives, and as a way to find both personal and professional fulfillment. / Nesta pesquisa, discutem-se as trajetórias de jovens em busca do ensino superior, em particular, a pretensão pelo curso de pedagogia em duas instituições no município de Rio Claro-SP: uma pública – UNESP (Universidade Estadual Paulista “Júlio de Mesquita Filho”) e outra privada – ASSER (Escola Superior de Tecnologia e Educação de Rio Claro). O objetivo desse estudo reside em conhecer o que leva os alunos a almejarem o ensino superior, sua trajetória escolar, bem como os fatores relacionados à sua escolha em relação ao curso de pedagogia e à possibilidade de tornar-se professor. Do ponto de vista empírico, os procedimentos utilizados lançaram mão de um instrumento fechado – questionário – com o intuito de lidar com uma amostra mais significativa de sujeitos e que foi analisada de forma a oferecer subsídios para um recorte de sujeitos e de temáticas a serem buscados por meio de outro instrumento – entrevistas – que auxiliaram na compreensão de singularidades que compõe essa população. O total de alunos tanto da universidade como da faculdade que responderam ao questionário, o qual contou com questões abertas e fechadas, somou 102 participantes. Dentre estes, foram selecionados 15 alunos que se propuseram posteriormente a participar das entrevistas. Foram selecionados os alunos ingressantes e concluintes do curso de pedagogia das referidas instituições a fim de que pudéssemos compreender como se dá a busca pelo curso de pedagogia e como ocorre a sua passagem por ele, contextualizando a noção em torno da temática sobre a educação. Pudemos apreender que os jovens pesquisados pertencem ao que se denomina de grupos populares urbanos e que não tiveram o curso de pedagogia como sua primeira opção, mas que, durante a realização do mesmo, se sensibilizam com a tarefa social proposta e, apesar de não identificarem uma valorização da profissão pela sociedade, se imbuíram de comprometimento ético para fazerem do torna-se professor algo com significado na busca por alguma transformação social. A pesquisa revelou que para esses jovens, conquistar o diploma universitário trata-se de uma ascensão social significativa e daquilo que lhes foi possível “gostar” dentro de uma estrutura de desigualdades em que vivemos em nosso país. Os jovens de grupos populares buscam a promessa de um futuro melhor, enxergando a carreira docente como uma possibilidade de fazer a diferença na vida de outras pessoas e como uma forma de realizar-se pessoalmente e profissionalmente.

Thesis (PhD (Mathematical Sciences))--University of Stellenbosch, 2011. / Includes bibliography. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Latimer & MacDuffee showed in 1933 that there is a one-to-one correspondence between equivalence classes of matrices with a given minimum polynomial and equivalence classes of ideals of a certain ring. In the case where the matrices are taken over the integers, Behn and Van der Merwe developed an algorithm in 2002 to produce a representative in each equivalence class. We extend this algorithm to matrices taken over the ring Fq[T] of polynomials over a finite field and prove a modified version of the Latimer-MacDuffee theorem which holds for proper equivalence classes of matrices. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Latimer & MacDuffee het in 1933 bewys dat daar 'n een-tot-een korrespondensie is tussen ekwivalensieklasse van matrikse met 'n gegewe minimumpolinoom en ekwivalensieklasse van ideale van 'n sekere ring. In die geval waar die matrikse heeltallige inskrywings het, het Behn en Van der Merwe in 2002 'n algoritme ontwikkel om verteenwoordigers in elke ekwivalensieklas voort te bring. Ons brei hierdie algoritme uit na die geval van matrikse met inskrywings in die ring Fq[T] van polinome oor 'n eindige liggaam en ons bewys 'n gewysigde weergawe van die Latimer-MacDuffee stelling wat geld vir klasse van streng ekwivalente matrikse.