L'hydrate de méthane est un cristal non-stœchiométrique dans lequel les molécules d'eau forment des cages liées par liaison hydrogène qui piégent des molécules de méthane. Des ressources abondantes en hydrate de méthane peuvent être trouvées sur Terre, en particulier dans les roches poreuses minérales (par exemple, l'argile, le permafrost, les fonds marins, etc.). Pour cette raison, la compréhension de la thermodynamique et de la cinétique de formation de l'hydrate de méthane confiné dans des milieux poreux suscite beaucoup d'attention. Dans cette thèse, nous combinons la modélisation moléculaire et des approches théoriques pour déterminer la thermodynamique et la cinétique de formation de l'hydrate de méthane confiné dans des milieux poreux. Tout d'abord, l'état de l'art en matière de thermodynamique et de cinétique de formation de l'hydrate de méthane est présenté. Deuxièmement, différentes stratégies de simulation moléculaire, y compris des calculs d'énergie libre utilisant l'approche de la molécule d'Einstein, la méthode de coexistence directe et la technique textit{hyperparallel tempering}, sont utilisées pour évaluer la stabilité de l'hydrate de méthane à différentes températures et pressions. Troisièmement, parmi ces stratégies, la méthode de coexistence directe est choisie pour déterminer le déplacement du point de fusion lors du confinement dans des pores, $Delta T_m = T_m^{pore} - T_m^{bulk} $ où $ T_m^{pore}$ et $T_m^{bulk}$ sont les températures de fusion d'hydrate de méthane non confiné et confiné. Nous avons constaté que le confinement diminue la température de fusion, $T_m^{pore} < T_m^{bulk} $. Le changement de température de fusion en utilisant la méthode de la coexistence directe est cohérent avec l'équation de Gibbs-Thompson qui prédit que le décalage de la température de fusion dépend linéairement de l'inverse de la taille des pores, $Delta T_m/T_m^{bulk} sim k_{GT}/ D_p$. La validité quantitative de cette équation thermodynamique classique pour décrire de tels effets de confinement et de surface est également abordée. Les tensions de surface des interfaces hydrate-substrat et eau-substrat sont déterminées à l'aide de la dynamique moléculaire pour valider quantitativement l'équation de Gibbs-Thompson. Des simulations de dynamique moléculaire sont également effectuées pour déterminer les propriétés thermodynamiques importantes de l'hydrate de méthane non confiné et confiné: (a) conductivité thermique $lambda$ en utilisant le formalisme de Green-Kubo et la fonction d'autocorrélation du flux thermique; (b) expansion thermique $alpha_P$ et compressibilité isotherme $kappa_T$. Enfin, des conclusions et perspectives pour des travaux futurs sont présentées. / Methane hydrate is a non-stoichiometric crystal in which water molecules form hydrogen-bonded cages that entrap methane molecules. Abundant methane hydrate resources can be found on Earth, especially trapped in mineral porous rocks (e.g., clay, permafrost, seafloor, etc.). For this reason, understanding the thermodynamics and formation kinetics of methane hydrate confined in porous media is receiving a great deal of attention. In this thesis, we combine computer modeling and theoretical approaches to determine the thermodynamics and formation kinetics of methane hydrate confined in porous media. First, the state-of-the-art on the thermodynamics and formation kinetics of methane hydrate is presented. Second, different molecular simulation strategies, including free energy calculations using the Einstein molecule approach, the direct coexistence method, and the hyperparallel tempering technique, are used to assess the phase stability of bulk methane hydrate at various temperatures and pressures. Third, among these strategies, the direct coexistence method is chosen to determine the shift in melting point upon confinement in pores, $Delta T_m = T_{m}^{pore} - T_{m}^{bulk}$ where $T_m^{pore}$ and $T_m^{bulk}$ are the melting temperatures of bulk and confined methane hydrate. We found that confinement decreases the melting temperature, $T_m^{pore}<T_m^{bulk}$. The shift in melting temperature using the direct coexistence method is consistent with the Gibbs-Thompson equation which predicts that the shift in melting temperature linearly depends on the reciprocal of pore width, i.e., $Delta T_m/T_m^{bulk} sim k_{GB}/D_p$. The quantitative validity of this classical thermodynamic equation to describe such confinement and surface effects is also addressed. The surface tensions of methane hydrate-substrate and liquid water-substrate interfaces are determined using molecular dynamics to quantitatively validate the Gibbs-Thompson equation. Molecular dynamics simulations are also performed to determine important thermodynamic properties of bulk and confined methane hydrate: (a) thermal conductivity $lambda$ using the Green-Kubo formalism and the autocorrelation function of the heat-flux and (b) the thermal expansion $alpha_P$ and isothermal compressibility $kappa_T$. Finally, some conclusions and perspectives for future work are given.

Les fluides employés lors du forage pétrolier pour la lubrification de l'outil de forage, l'évacuation des déblais et le maintien de la pression hydrostatique dans le puits sont composés de solides en suspension dans une huile minérale, qui contiennent également une solution aqueuse en émulsion. La formation d'hydrates de gaz dans ces fluides, rendue possible par les conditions de pression et de température du forage offshore, est suspectée d'être à l'origine de plusieurs accidents sérieux. L'objet de cette thèse est l'étude des conditions de formation et de stabilité des hydrates de gaz dans les fluides à base d'émulsion eau - dans - huile. La technique d'analyse calorimétrique différentielle a été retenue en raison de sa compatibilité avec les systèmes les plus complexes. La validité des mesures de températures de dissociation des hydrates de méthane dans les solutions de chlorure de sodium et de chlorure de calcium a été vérifiée pour des pressions comprises entre 4 et 12 MPa. L'application aux émulsions eau - dans - huile, représentant un modèle simplifié des fluides de forage, a permis de vérifier que l'état dispersé de la phase aqueuse n'influence pas de façon mesurable la thermodynamique des hydrates de méthane. Il accroît en revanche fortement la cinétique de formation et les quantités d'hydrate formé. L'application aux fluides réels confirme les résultats obtenus en émulsion. Les informations obtenues permettent de proposer un modèle phénoménologique du processus de formation des hydrates de gaz en émulsion. La modélisation a permis le calcul des limites de stabilité des hydrates de méthane en présence de divers inhibiteurs, à des pressions allant jusqu'à 70 MPa. Les diagrammes de phases isobares hydrate - sel, permettant de prédire l'efficacité de l'inhibition en fonction de la température et de la concentration, ont été établis pour le chlorure de sodium et le chlorure de calcium, pour des pressions allant de 0,25 à 70 MPa.

Gegenstand dieser Arbeit ist die Synthese und Charakterisierung von Bis-1,3-azol-Derivaten insbesondere im Hinblick auf ihre potentielle Einsatzfähigkeit als chemisches Sensormaterial. Nach bereits bekannten Methoden gelang es, zehn neue Bisoxazol-Derivate sowie zehn neue Dicarbonsäurediester herzustellen. Weiterhin wurden 13 neue Bisimidazol- und vier neue Lophin-Derivate synthetisiert. Die erhaltenen Röntgeneinkristallstrukturanalysen zeigen, dass vor allem lineare Bisimidazol- und Bisoxazol-Derivate gute Eigenschaften als Clathratbildner aufweisen. Die Bisoxazol-Derivate mit Pyridin als Spacerelement eignen sich vorwiegend zur Komplexierung von Nickel(II)-, Kupfer(II)- und Kobalt(II)-ionen. Aus den fluoreszenzspektroskopischen Untersuchungen geht hervor, dass verschiedene Analytdämpfe unterschiedliche Auswirkungen auf die Festkörperfluoreszenz ausüben. Somit erscheint der Einsatz von Derivaten dieser Verbindungsklasse in chemischen Fluoreszenzsensoren erfolgversprechend.

Structure determination of powdered crystals is still not a trivial task. For gas hydrates, the difficulty lies in how to determine the rotational disorder and cage occupancies of the guest molecules without other supporting information or constraints because the complexity of the problem for the powder diffraction technique generally depends on the number of atoms to be located in the asymmetric unit. Here, the crystal structures of gas hydrates of CO2, C2H6, C3H8, and Methylcyclohexane/CH4, as determined by the direct-space and Rietveld techniques are reported. The resultant structures and cage occupancies were consistent with results found from conventional experimental methods using single crystal x-ray diffraction or solid-state 13C-NMR. It was shown that the procedures reported in this study make it possible to determine guest disorder and absolute cage occupancy of gas hydrates even from powder crystal.

Tetra-n-Butyl Ammonium Bromide (TBAB) forms semi-clathrate hydrates which can incorporate small gas molecules, such as methane and nitrogen at ambient temperatures and atmospheric pressure. Such favourable stability conditions, combined with ease of formation could make semi-clathrates particularly attractive for a large variety of applications. These hydrates have recently been investigated for their use in the separation of gases, and it is proposed that the same technology could potentially be used for storage and transportation of gases. To evaluate the feasibility of using TBAB hydrates for separation and storage purposes, an extensive test programme was conducted to determine: phase stability of the semi-clathrates, gas storage capacity, and composition of the stored gas. The results show that TBAB semi-clathrates have very favourable stability conditions. They can store considerable quantities of gas, and favour small molecules in their structures. These experiments suggest that semi-clathrate hydrates, such as TBAB, could have a significant potential as an alternative for industrial separation, storage, and transportation of natural gas.

Thesis (M.S.)--Mississippi State University. Department of Chemistry. / Title from title screen. Includes bibliographical references.

Thesis (Ph.D.)--Mississippi State University. Department of Chemistry. / Title from title screen. Includes bibliographical references.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-06-02T20:34:37Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 4600.pdf: 3262099 bytes, checksum: 1b7e10bcd82d9c791f13376725a1f80f (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-06-29 / Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais / This thesis involves the syntheses and characterization of four heterotriads formed by metallotetraphenylporphyrins (CoTPP and NiTPP) and metallophthalocyanines (CoPc and NiPc) using pyrazine (pz) and trans-1,2-bis(4-pyridyl)ethylene (bpe) as spacer ligands. The following sequences: NiPc(pz)CoTPP(pz)NiPc, NiTPP(pz)CoPc(pz)NiTPP, NiTPP(bpe)CoPc(bpe)NiTPP and CoTPP(bpe)CoPc(bpe)CoTPP were investigated. All triads were analyzed by infrared and ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy and some of them were characterized by elemental analysis, termogravimetry and differential thermal analysis. The infrared and electronic spectra of the triads showed characteristic absorption bands of the two macrocycles. The elemental data are in a good agreement with the proposed stoichiometry of these arrays. The triad NiTPP(pz)CoPc(pz)NiTPP had its stoichiometry confirmed via thermogravimetry and elemental analysis. Besides these results, this thesis also reports the crystal structure of a new pseudopolymorph of cobalt tetraphenylporphyrin (CoTPP) obtained by single-crystal X-ray diffraction. This non-stoichiometric solvate crystallized in the space group P&#299; with unit cell parameters distinct from the non-solvated CoTPP, which in general, like others metallotetraphenylporphyrins, tends to crystallize in the tetragonal space group I42d. The triclinic and tetragonal forms differ with respect to the conformation adopted by the macrocycle and also in the phenyl orientation. Crystal packing analysis of this pseudopolymorph revealed the presence of infinite channels along the a axis that are filled by dichloromethane solvent molecules, which represents therefore the first clathrate of CoTPP reported in the literature. / Essa tese envolve a síntese e a caracterização de quatro heterotríades constituídas por metalotetrafenilporfirinas (CoTPP e NiTPP) e metaloftalocianinas (CoPc e NiPc) usando pirazina (pz) e trans-1,2-bis(4-piridil)etileno (bpe) como ligantes espaçadores. As seguintes sequências foram investigadas: NiPc(pz)CoTPP(pz)NiPc, NiTPP(pz)CoPc(pz)NiTPP, NiTPP(bpe)CoPc(bpe)NiTPP e CoTPP(bpe)CoPc(bpe)CoTPP. Todas as tríades foram caracterizadas por espectroscopia no infravermelho e no ultravioleta-visível. Algumas delas foram analisadas por termogravimetria, análise térmica diferencial e análise elementar. Os espectros no ultravioleta-visível e no infravermelho das tríades mostraram bandas de absorção características dos dois macrociclos. Os dados da análise elementar exibiram uma boa correlação com a estequiometria proposta para esses arranjos. A tríade NiTPP(pz)CoPc(pz)NiTPP teve a sua estequiometria confirmada por análise elementar e termogravimétrica. Além desses resultados, essa tese também reporta a estrutura cristalográfica de um novo pseudopolimorfo da cobaltotetrafenilporfirina (CoTPP) obtido por difração de raios X por monocristal. Esse solvato não estequiométrico cristalizou no grupo espacial P&#299; com parâmetros de cela distintos da forma não solvatada da CoTPP, a qual em geral, assim como outras metalotetrafenilporfirinas, tendem a cristalizar no grupo espacial tetragonal I42d. Além das diferenças conformacionais adotadas pelo macrociclo, as formas triclínica e tetragonal da CoTPP também diferem em relação a orientação das fenilas. A análise do empacotamento cristalino desse pseudopolimorfo revelou a formação de infinitos canais paralelos ao eixo a, preenchidos por moléculas do solvente diclorometano, constituindo o primeiro clatrato de CoTPP reportado na literatura.

Ce document contient un rapport scientifique résultant de plus de quatre années de recherche théorique et expérimentale sur un type particulier de systèmes physico-chimiques appelés hydrates de clathrates de gaz. Ces systèmes sont des composés d'inclusion constitués d'un cadre aqueux tridimensionnel contenant des molécules de gaz avec de faibles moments dipolaires dans leurs cavités. Les hydrates de clathrate de gaz sont très importants dans une grande variété de domaines scientifiques liés aux sciences de la vie ou à la planétologie, et ils sont également considérés comme une ressource naturelle principale pour l'industrie de l'énergie. Habituellement, les hydrates de clathrate de gaz nécessitent une pression élevée et une température basse pour être thermodynamiquement stables. En fonction de ces conditions, différentes phases ont été détectées, les plus courantes étant les structures cubiques sI et sII, la sH hexagonale et la structure de glace remplacée orthorhombique (FIS). Notre étude a considérablement progressé dans la connaissance du comportement du méthane et des hydrates de clathrate de dioxyde de carbone dans différentes conditions de pression et de température. En particulier, nous avons contribué à : (i) la détermination et la compréhension des régions thermodynamiques de stabilité, (ii) la caractérisation d'une structure haute pression controversée et (iii) la mise en place d'un nouvel équipement expérimental pour les mesures Raman dans une gamme de pression jusqu'à 1 GPa [...] / This document contains a scientific report resulting from more than four years of theoretical and experimental research on a particular kind of physicochemical systems called gas clathrate hydrates. These systems are inclusion compounds constituted by a three dimensional water framework hosting gas molecules with low dipolar moments in its cavities. Gas clathrate hydrates are very important in a great variety of scientific fields related to life sciences or planetology, and they are also considered as a main natural resource for the energy industry. Usually, gas clathrate hydrates need high pressure and low temperature to be thermodynamically stable. Depending on these conditions, differentphases have been detected being the most common ones the cubic structuressI and sII, the hexagonal sH, and the orthorhombic Filled Ice Structure(FIS). Our study has substantially advanced in the knowledge of the behaviorof methane and carbon dioxide clathrate hydrates under different pressure andtemperature conditions. In particular, we have contributed to: (i) the determination and understanding of stability thermodynamic regions, (ii) the characterizationof a controversial high-pressure structure, and (iii) setting up a new experimental equipment for Raman measurements in a pressure range up to 1 GPa [...] / Este documento contiene el informe científico resultante después de más de cuatro años de investigación teórica y experimental sobre un tipo particular de sistemas físico-químicos llamados clatratos hidratos de gas. Estos sistemas son compuestos de inclusión constituidos por un armazón tridimensional de agua que aloja en sus cavidades moléculas de gas con momentos dipolares bajos.Los clatratos hidratos de gas son muy importantes en una gran variedad de campos científicos relacionados con las ciencias de la vida o la planetología, y también se consideran como uno de los principales recursos naturales para la industria energética. Por lo general, los clatratos hidratos de gas necesitan alta presión y baja temperatura para ser termodinámicamente estables.Dependiendo de estas condiciones, se han detectado diferentes fases siendo las más comunes las estructuras cúbicas sI y sII, hexagonal sH y la estructura ortorrómbica de hielo relleno (FIS). Nuestro estudio ha avanzado sustancialmente en el conocimiento del comportamiento de los clatratos hidratos de metano y dióxido de carbono en diferentes condiciones de presión y temperatura, proporcionando (i) regiones termodinámicas de estabilidad, (ii) la caracterización de una estructura de alta presión controvertida y (iii) un nuevo equipo experimental para mediciones Raman en un rango de presión de hasta 1 GPa [...]

Many geologic processes occur in association with hydrothermal fluids and some of these fluids are eventually trapped as fluid inclusions in minerals formed during the process. Fluid inclusions provide valuable information on the pressure, temperature and fluid composition (PTX) of the environment of formation, hence understanding PTX properties of the fluid inclusions is required. The most important step of a fluid inclusion study is the identification of Fluid Inclusion Assemblages (FIA) that represent the finest (shortest time duration) geologic event that can be constrained using fluid inclusions. Homogenization temperature data obtained from fluid inclusions is often used to reconstruct temperature history of a geologic event. The precision with which fluid inclusions constrain the temperatures of geologic events depends on the precision with which the temperature of a fluid inclusion assemblage can be determined. Synthetic fluid inclusions trapped in the one-fluid-phase field are formed at a known and relatively constant temperature. However, microthermometry of synthetic fluid inclusions often reveals Th variations of about ± 1- 4 degrees Centigrade, or one order of magnitude larger than the precision of the measurement for an individual inclusion. The same range in Th was observed in well-constrained natural FIAs where the inclusions are assumed to have been trapped at the same time. The observed small variations are the result of the effect of the fluid inclusion size on the bubble collapsing temperature. As inclusions are heated the vapor bubble is getting smaller until the pressure difference between the pressure of the vapor and the confining pressure reaches a critical value and the bubble collapses. It was observed that smaller inclusions reach critical bubble radius and critical pressure differences at lower temperatures than larger inclusions within the same FIA. Homogenization temperature (Th) variations depend on many factors that vary within different geological environments. In order to determine minimum and acceptable Th ranges fro FIAs formed in different environments we investigated several geologic environments including sedimentary, metamorphic, and magmatic hydrothermal environments. The observed minimum Th ranges range from 1-4 degrees Centigrade and acceptable Th range from 5-25 degrees Centigrade. The variations are mostly caused by the fluid inclusion size, natural temperature and pressure fluctuations during the formation of an FIA and reequilibration after trapping. Fluid inclusions containing H₂O-CO₂-NaCl are common in many geologic environments and knowing the salinity of these inclusions is important to interpret PVTX properties of the fluids. A technique that combines Raman spectroscopy and microthermometry of individual inclusions was developed to determine the salinity of these inclusions. In order to determine the salinity, the pressure and temperature within the inclusion must be known. The pressure within the inclusions is determined using the splitting in the Fermi diad of the Raman spectra of the CO₂ at the clathrate melting temperature. Applying the technique with to synthetic fluid inclusions with known salinity suggests that the technique is valid and useable to determine salinity of H₂O-CO₂-NaCl fluid inclusions with unknown salinity. / Ph. D.