Tropische Nebelwälder gehören zu den am meisten bedrohten Ökosystemen der Erde. Neben dem Schutz ist für den Erhalt des Lebensraumes tropischer Nebelwald dringend die Restauration ehemaliger, degradierter Nebelwaldflächen nötig. Leider sind die bisher erprobten Verfahren zu allgemein gehalten, um am jeweiligen Restaurationsstandort erfolgreich angewendet werden zu können. Zudem ist das derzeitige wissenschaftliche Erkenntnisvermögen über den Sukzessionsablauf und die Wuchseigenschaften der vorkommenden Baumarten unbefriedigend. Ziel der Untersuchung war daher eine Bewertung der Eignung von Baumarten und waldbaulichen Verfahren zur Anlage von Restaurationsflächen im montanen Eichennebelwald Costa Ricas. Das Untersuchungsgebiet lag in den Waldungen des Cloudbridge Reservates nahe dem Ort San Gerardo de Rivas. Als Versuchsflächenstandort wurde eine 1,05 Hektar große, auf einer Höhe von 1.828 bis 1.891 Meter gelegene, um 35 Grad geneigte Hangfläche mit einer Ausrichtung von Nordost bis Nordwest ermittelt. Es wurden 20 quadratische Parzellen mit einer Seitenlänge von 18 Metern errichtet, auf denen vier waldbauliche Verfahren und zwölf Baumarten mit Hilfe der statistischen Verfahren Regressionsanalyse und Kruskal-Wallis-Test bewertet wurden. Nach Feststellen der Degradationsstufe wurden die Restaurationsverfahren Framework Species (Verfahren 1) und Nurse Trees (Verfahren 2) ausgewählt. Weiterhin wurde eine Kombination der beiden Verfahren (Verfahren 3) und die natürliche Sukzession (Verfahren 0) untersucht. Datengrundlage bildeten die in den Jahren 2008, 2009, 2010 und 2012 aufgenommenen Werte für Baumhöhe, Wurzelhals- und Brusthöhendurchmesser, Kronenradius, Bodenbedeckung, Stammfußposition, Beschattung und Vitalität. Die Verfahren 1, 2 und 3 weisen bereits in den ersten vier Wuchsjahren gute Bedingungen für die natürliche Etablierung von Baumarten auf. In Verfahren 0 siedelten sich keine naturverjüngten Baumarten an. Verfahren 0, in dem die natürliche Sukzession ablaufen kann, ist für eine zügige Restauration im Untersuchungsgebiet aufgrund fehlender Naturverjüngung restaurationsrelevanter Baumarten ungeeignet. Die Verfahren 1 bis 3 sind zur Anlage von Restaurationsflächen unterschiedlich gut geeignet. In Verfahren 2 werden die höchsten Wuchsleistungen erreicht. Es ist aber aufgrund der hohen Individuensterblichkeit und geringen Verdrängung von Gräsern und Farnen am wenigsten für die Anlage von Restaurationsflächen geeignet. Weniger Individuensterblichkeit, bessere Beschattungswirkung und höhere Anziehungskraft auf samenverbreitende Tierarten wurden bei Verfahren 1 beobachtet. Verfahren 3 kombiniert die guten Eigenschaften von Verfahren 1 und 2, weswegen es für die Restauration im Untersuchungsgebiet am besten geeignet ist. Gräser und Farne werden ausreichend verdrängt, eine hohe vertikale Bestandesstruktur wird erreicht und die Individuensterblichkeit ist geringer als in Verfahren 2, so dass mit diesem Verfahren eine gute Grundlage für die natürliche Etablierung restaurationsrelevanter Baumarten geschaffen wird. Voraussetzung für eine gelungene Restauration ist bei den Verfahren 1, 2 und 3 die Beachtung der Ansprüche der jeweiligen Baumarten an die Exposition und die Wasserversorgung. Bis auf die Baumart Gordonia fruticosa sind alle weiteren untersuchten Baumarten für die Anlage von Restaurationsflächen geeignet. Vorteilhaft ist in jedem Fall die Pflanzung in Baumartenmischung. Die Baumart Cecropia polyphlebia sollte gruppenweise in Mischpflanzungen eingebracht werden. Alle weiteren Baumarten bevorzugen oder vertragen eine einzelbaumweise Mischung. Alnus acuminata und Inga oerstediana sind selbst schattenunverträglich und müssen daher mit langsamer wachsenden Baumarten, wie Quercus rapurahuensis oder Billia hippocastanum, kombiniert werden. Für die Position Senke sind alle Baumarten, mit Ausnahme von Alnus acuminata und der oben genannten Baumart Gordonia fruticosa, geeignet. Einschränkungen gibt es für die Positionen Nordosthang und Nordhang, an denen nur die Baumarten Alnus acuminata, Billia hippocastanum, Inga oerstediana, Quercus rapurahuensis und Ulmus mexicana gepflanzt werden sollten. Viburnum costaricanum kann ebenfalls am Nordhang eingesetzt werden. Unter sehr hohem Pflegeaufwand ist auch die Pflanzung von Sapium pachystachis an Nordost- und Nordhang möglich. Um Restauration im montanen Eichennebelwald Costa Ricas in Zukunft zielführend umzusetzen, wurden Pflanzschemata entwickelt, die auf Verfahren 3 basieren und die die Ansprüche der einzelnen Baumarten an Exposition und Wasserversorgung berücksichtigen. Die Pflanzung nach diesen Schemata bewirkt möglichst geringe Individuensterblichkeiten, hohe Wuchsleistungen und Vitalitäten. Ebenfalls wird dadurch eine hohe vertikale Struktur und Kronenüberdeckung des Bodens erreicht, um gute Voraussetzungen für das Anwachsen von Naturverjüngung zu gewährleisten.

As comunidades florestais periféricas às florestas que recobrem o sopé e as médias encostas da Serra do Mar apresentam uma convergência de fisionomias e aspectos xeromórficos, sustentada por floras que estão relacionadas quanto às suas origens. Como estas semelhanças podem indicar condições ecológicas similares, o trabalho investigou qualitativa e quantitativamente se as semelhanças fisionômicas, entre a Floresta do Topo dos Morros da Serra do Mar e a Floresta Seca de Restinga no Estado de São Paulo, são acompanhadas por semelhanças florísticas e estruturais. Esta investigação teve como objetivos: caracterizar e comparar, em termos fitossociológicos, as florestas secas de restinga e as florestas do topo das escarpas atlânticas; e analisar as relações entre possíveis padrões florísticos e estruturais do componente arbóreo destas florestas e condições edáficas e climáticas de seus ambientes. A amostragem foi realizada a partir de 10 parcelas de 10 m X 10 m em cada uma das seis áreas de estudo. Para o topo da Serra do Mar considerou-se a floresta nas seguintes Unidades de Conservação: Estação Biológica de Boracéia; Núcleo Curucutu do PESM e Parque Estadual Intervales. Para a floresta seca de restinga, as áreas de estudo foram: Núcleo Picinguaba do PESM, Estação Ecológica Juréia-Itatins e Parque Estadual Ilha do Cardoso. Através da descrição fitossociológica das comunidades e de técnicas de análise multivariada para classificação e ordenação, observou-se que as áreas de floresta do topo das encostas são pouco similares florística e estruturalmente em relação às florestas secas de restinga. As pequenas semelhanças entre as florestas estudadas dizem respeito às espécies de grande plasticidade ecológica e que, por isso, possuem ampla distribuição geográfica. As diferenças florísticas e estruturais foram determinadas pelas espécies oriundas das florestas que recobrem as encostas da Serra do Mar, sendo que nehuma das espécies consideradas importantes é endêmica de um dos tipos florestais, não sustentando, assim, a convergência ecológica. / Plant communities at the periphery of the Atlantic rainforest that recover the lower and middle slopes of Serra do Mar presents a convergence of physiognomy and xeromorphycs aspects, supported by floras that are related on its origins. As these convergence can indicate similar ecological conditions, this present work investigated if the similarities between Upper Slope Forest and the Restinga Forest in the State of São Paulo, Brazil, are followed by floristic and structural similarities. This inquiry had two objectives: characterize and compare the Upper Slope Forest and the Restinga Forest in its phytosociological aspects; analyze the relationships between edaphic and climatic conditions and floristic and structural patterns of the arboreal component of these forests. To characterize the Upper Slope Forest was considered forests in the following Conservation Units: Estação Biológica de Boracéia, Núcleo Curucutu do Parque Estadual da Serra do Mar and Parque Estadual Intervales; and to characterize the Restinga Forest the study areas were in the following Conservation Units: Núcleo Picinguaba do PESM, Estação Ecológica Juréia-Itatins and Parque Estadual Ilha do Cardoso. For structural vegetation analysis, were used 10 plots of 10 x 10 m in each area. The phytosociological description and multivaried analysis of classification and ordination showed that areas of Upper Slope Forest and Restinga Forest have low similarity. The resemblances are based on occurrence of broad ecological plasticity species and, therefore, of wide distribution. On the other hand, the floristic and structural heterogeneity is consequence of the predominance, in each forests type, of different species from the Atlantic rainforest that recover the lower and middle slopes of Serra do Mar, not supporting the ecological convergence hypothesis.

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No. of bitstreams: 1 brenomoreira.pdf: 3098435 bytes, checksum: 4fab4ef6646b17ada39f155e2fdc042b (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-12-14 / As Florestas Tropicais são ecossistemas altamente diversos, que apresentam grande vulnerabilidade devido a um complexo conjunto de fatores, que variam de acordo com a região. Mais da metade da cobertura global das florestas tropicais úmidas já foi convertida através de ações antrópicas e a área remanescente encontra-se amplamente fragmentada. As Florestas Nebulares da região Neotropical estão entre as mais desconhecidas e ameaçadas de todas as vegetações florestais dos trópicos. No Brasil, as Florestas Nebulares possuem uma importante representatividade na Serra da Mantiqueira, uma cordilheira de montanhas que faz parte da Floresta Atlântica, estendendo-se desde o Planalto de Caldas e o Planalto de Campos do Jordão, até o Planalto do Caparaó, na divisa entre Minas Gerais e o Espírito Santo, com uma área aproximada de 13.176 km². Trabalhos com descrições florísticas e estruturais na Serra da Mantiqueira, são relativamente poucos em comparação com sua ampla extensão, e apesar de sua importância florística e ecológica, ela ainda é pouco conhecida. Dentre as formações florestais menos conhecidas, estão as Nanoflorestas Nebulares, bem como suas relações com as variações ambientais locais e a forma como essas variáveis proporcionam modificações florísticas nessa fitofisionomia. Os aspectos que envolvem as Nanoflorestas Nebulares relacionam-se com o fato de sua imersão na camada de nuvens e com o ciclo hidrológico local. Ocorrem em cinturões de altitude estreitos, em sulcos do relevo montanhoso ou em picos de montanha, com a distribuição de espécies semelhante a arquipélagos. Buscando ampliar o conhecimento sobre as formações florestais de altitude da Serra da Mantiqueira, este estudo foi desenvolvido com os objetivos de (1) avaliar a composição florística das Nanoflorestas Nebulares e a contribuição dos elementos de distribuição tropical e temperados nessa fitofisionomia e (2) analisar e descrever a composição, riqueza e diversidade de espécies, assim como a estrutura fitossociológica do componente arbustivo-arbóreo de trechos de Nanoflorestas Nebulares localizados em diferentes cotas altitudinais no Parque Estadual do Ibitipoca (PEIB), localizado no estado de Minas Gerais, no domínio da Mata Atlântica, Serra da Mantiqueira, Região Sudeste do Brasil. A hipótese ecológica que norteou este trabalho é que há a ocorrência de de significativas variações florísticas e estruturais da vegetação arbórea ao longo do gradiente altitudinal. No Capítulo I, foi avaliada a composição florística das Nanoflorestas Nebulares do PEIB e realizou-se análises de fitogeografia.Para o levantamento, foram realizadas 12 campanhas de campo mensais, durante um ano, para coleta de material botânico, com duração de três dias cada, em diferentes áreas de Nanoflorestas Nebulares do PEIB. Para as análises de fitogeografia, os gêneros foram classificados em sete grupos fitogeográficos delimitados com base nos seus centros atuais de diversidade. A distribuição geográfica das espécies foi baseada na consulta à literatura e em sites especializados. Foram encontradas 371 espécies, 209 gêneros e 73 famílias de fanerógamas. As famílias de maior riqueza foram Orchidaceae (84 spp.), Asteraceae (39 spp.) e Melastomataceae (21 spp). Os gêneros com maior riqueza foram Leandra (09 spp.), Epidendrum (09 spp.), Pleurothallis (09 spp.), Mikania (07 spp.) e Miconia (07 spp). O hábito arbóreo foi predominante, com 103 espécies (27,7%), seguido por 83 arbustivas (22,3%), 82 ervas epífitas (22%), 80 ervas terrestres (21,5%) e 23 lianas (6,5%). Os gêneros com distribuição tropical representaram 86,5%, enquanto os elementos temperados representaram 13,5% do total. No Capítulo II foi descrita a estrutura florestal das Nanoflorestas Nebulares do PEIB. Foram definidas cinco cotas altitudinais variando de 1300 m a 1600 m s.n.m. Em cada cota foram alocadas aleatoriamente 10 parcelas de 10 m x 20 m, totalizando 2.000 m² (0,2 ha) por cota e amostra total de 10.000 m² (1,0 ha). No interior das parcelas foram amostrados todos os indivíduos arbóreos com diâmetro à altura do peito (DAP, medido a 1,30 m acima do solo) maior ou igual a 5,0 cm. A descrição da estrutura de cada comunidade foi realizada com base em parâmetros fitossociológicos. A diversidade de espécies foi analisada pelo índice de diversidade de Shannon (H’) e a equabilidade de Pielou (J’). As cotas altitudinais foram comparadas através dos parâmetros fitossociológicos, diversidade, índices de similaridade de Jaccard e Bray-Curtis associados a dendrogramas e análise de ordenação através da Análise de Correspondência Distendida (DCA). A análise de similaridade One-way ANOSIM foi realizada para testar estatisticamente a diferença espacial na composição de espécies. Para a área total, foram amostrados 2303 indivíduos vivos, distribuídos em 147 espécies, pertencentes a 37 famílias botânicas. Dentre as famílias de maior riqueza estão Myrtaceae (29 spp.), Lauraceae (12 spp.), Melastomataceae (10 spp.), Rubiaceae e Sapindaceae (08 spp. cada). O valor do índice de Shannon (H’) para a área total (1 ha) foi 4,06 nats.ind-1, e o de equabilidade de Pielou (J’) foi de 0,81. Maiores similaridades foram encontradas entre cotas mais próximas. A DCA e os dendrogramas demonstraram a presença de um gradiente com forte substituição de espécies entre as cotas altitudinais. A premissa inicial de que as comunidades arbóreas das Nanoflorestas Nebulares do PEIB apresentam variações florísticas e/ou estruturais em reposta às diferenças de gradientes altitudinais foi confirmada pelos resultados apresentados. / Tropical Forests are highly diverse ecosystems, which are highly vulnerable due to a complex set of factors, which vary by region. More than half of the global coverage of the tropical rainforests has been converted through anthropic actions and the remaining area is largely fragmented. Cloud Forests of the Neotropical region are among the most unknown and endangered of all tropical forest vegetation. In Brazil, the Cloud Forests have an important representation in the Serra da Mantiqueira, a mountain complex that forms part of the Atlantic Forest, extending from the Planalto de Caldas and the Campos do Jordão Planalto, to the Planalto of Caparaó, on the border between Minas Gerais and Espírito Santo, with an approximate area of 13.176 km². Work with floristic and structural descriptions in the Serra da Mantiqueira, are relatively few compared to its wide extent, and despite its floristic and ecological importance, it is still little known. Among the least known forest formations are the Dwarf Cloud Forests, as well as their relationship with local environmental variations and the way these variables provide floristic modifications in this phytophysiognomy. The aspects that involve the Dwarf Cloud Forests are related to the fact of their immersion in the cloud layer and with the local hydrological cycle. They occur in narrow altitude belts, in ridges of mountainous relief or in mountain peaks, with the distribution of species similar to archipelagos. Aiming to increase knowledge about the altitude formations of the Serra da Mantiqueira, this study was developed with the objectives of (1) to know the floristic composition of the Dwarf Cloud Forests and the contribution of the elements of tropical and temperate distribution in this phytophysiognomy, and (2) to analyze and to describe the composition, richness and diversity of species, as well as the phytosociological structure of the Dwarf Cloud Forests shrub-tree component of sections located in different altitudinal gradients in the of Ibitipoca State Park (ISP), located in Minas Gerais State, Forest Atantic domain, Serra da Mantiqueira, Southeast Region of Brazil. The ecological hypothesis that guided this work is that there are significant floristic and structural variations of the tree vegetation along the altitudinal gradient. In Chapter I, the floristic composition of the Dwarf Cloud Forests of the ISP was evaluated and phytogeography analyzes were performed. In order to carry out the survey, 12 field campaigns monthly, for one year, were carried out to collect botanical material, lasting three days each, in different areas of the ISP Dwarf Cloud Forests. For the phytogeography analyzes, the genera were classified into seven phytogeographic groups delimited based on their current diversity centers. The geographic distribution of the species was based on the consultation of the literature and specialized sites. We found 371 species, 209 genera and 73 families of phanerogams. The richest families were Orchidaceae (84 spp.), Asteraceae (39 spp.) and Melastomataceae (21 spp). The genera with the greatest wealth were Leandra (09 spp.), Epidendrum (09 spp.), Pleurothallis (09 spp.), Mikania (07 spp.) and Miconia (07 spp). The arboreal habit was predominant with 103 species (27,7%), followed by 83 shrubs (22,3%), 82 epiphytic herbs (22%), 80 terrestrial herbs (21,5%) and 23 lianas (6,5%). The genera with tropical distribution represent 86,5%, while the temperate elements represent 13,5% of the total. In Chapter II the forest structure of the Dwarf Cloud Forests of the ISP was described. Five altitudinal levels were defined ranging from 1300 m to 1600 m s.n.m. In each level 10 plots of 10 m x 20 m were randomly allocated, totaling 2.000 m² (0,2 ha) per level and a total sample of 10.000 m² (1,0 ha). In the interior of the plots were sampled all trees with diameter at breast height (DBH, measured at 1,30 m above the ground) greater or equal to 5,0 cm. The description of the structure of each community was carried out based on phytosociological parameters. The diversity of species was analyzed by the Shannon diversity index (H') and the Pielou equability (J'). The altitudinal levels were compared through the phytosociological parameters, diversity, Jaccard and Bray-Curtis similarity indices associated with dendrograms and ordering analysis through Distended Correspondence Analysis (DCA). ANOSIM One-way similarity analysis was performed to statistically test the spatial difference in species composition. For the total area, 2303 living individuals were sampled, distributed in 147 species, belonging to 37 botanical families. Among the richest families are Myrtaceae (29 spp.), Lauraceae (12 spp.), Melastomataceae (10 spp.), Rubiaceae and Sapindaceae (08 spp each). The value of the Shannon index (H') for the total area (1 ha) was 4,06 nats.ind-1, and the Pielou equability (J') was 0,81. Larger similarities were found between closer levels. DCA and dendrograms demonstrated the presence of a gradient with strong species substitution between altitudinal levels. The initial premise that ISP Dwarf Cloud Forests arboreal communities present floristic and / or structural variations in response to differences in altitude gradients was confirmed by the results presented.

No description available.

No description available.

This research explores differences in environmental worldviews and connections to the land globally and more specifically in a case study of NGOs working in the Ecuadorian Cloud Forest. The aims of this project are to investigate different environmental worldviews expressed between western NGOs and non western local NGOs and to pose these questions 1) what environmental worldviews and ethics are at play in addressing conservation globally and specifically in the Cloud Forest of Ecuador? 2) How do these worldviews influence models for conservation? 3) How do locally-run projects differ from foreign NGOs in addressing the combined needs of the environment and the people in Ecuador? I work to establish a framework for comparing the environmental worldviews of foreign environmental NGOs that of local NGOs, by researching environmental worldviews around the world as influenced by culture, society, history and religion. By using research on case studies done by Jim Igoe, Carolyn Merchant, John Schelhas and Max Pfeffer, I explore the dominant Western worldview of conservation and how its introduction of the National Park model has impacted local communities globally. By comparing this Western worldview of conservation via preservation in National Parks to the nonwestern worldview of integrative models for conservation, I hope to establish a framework for how looking at conservation from the perspective of local communities may prove more beneficial to the future of conservation projects globally. This case study centers around four main community-based conservation projects in the Ecuadorian Cloud Forest and asks how their grassroots operations differ from the Ecuadorian National Park system in their efforts to educate and support local communities. This project proposes to dissect these projects designed by local and foreign NGOs to see how they are shaped by their environmental worldviews and whether that worldview includes just the needs of the environment or takes into account the needs of the people as well. This is done through a combination of participant observation and semi-structured open-ended interviews. All data in this ethnography is qualitative and draws on three bodies of literature that serve as frames or approaches to this topic: environmental worldviews, political ecology, and environmental justice. By using these three approaches I show that the environment and ultimately efforts for conservation do not exist within a vacuum but rather lay within a broader context of beliefs, society, and history. / Graduation date: 2012

Disturbance in a forest’s canopy, whether caused by treefall, limbfall, landslide, or fire determines not only the distribution of well-lit patches at any given time, but also the ways in which the forest changes over time. In this dissertation, I use a 25 year record of treefall gap formation find a novel and highly patterned process of forest disturbance and regeneration, providing a local mechanism by examining the factors that influence the likelihood of treefall. I then develop a stochastic cellular automaton for disturbance and regeneration based on the analysis of this long term data set and illustrate the potential of this model for the prediction and detection of patterned forest dynamics in general. Finally, I investigate the spatial structure of a population of one of the most common gap colonist species in this forest, Didymopanax pittieri, and illustrate the effect of local aggregation of treefalls and on the population dynamics of D. pittieri in the process.

Tropische Nebelwälder gehören zu den am meisten bedrohten Ökosystemen der Erde. Neben dem Schutz ist für den Erhalt des Lebensraumes tropischer Nebelwald dringend die Restauration ehemaliger, degradierter Nebelwaldflächen nötig. Leider sind die bisher erprobten Verfahren zu allgemein gehalten, um am jeweiligen Restaurationsstandort erfolgreich angewendet werden zu können. Zudem ist das derzeitige wissenschaftliche Erkenntnisvermögen über den Sukzessionsablauf und die Wuchseigenschaften der vorkommenden Baumarten unbefriedigend. Ziel der Untersuchung war daher eine Bewertung der Eignung von Baumarten und waldbaulichen Verfahren zur Anlage von Restaurationsflächen im montanen Eichennebelwald Costa Ricas. Das Untersuchungsgebiet lag in den Waldungen des Cloudbridge Reservates nahe dem Ort San Gerardo de Rivas. Als Versuchsflächenstandort wurde eine 1,05 Hektar große, auf einer Höhe von 1.828 bis 1.891 Meter gelegene, um 35 Grad geneigte Hangfläche mit einer Ausrichtung von Nordost bis Nordwest ermittelt. Es wurden 20 quadratische Parzellen mit einer Seitenlänge von 18 Metern errichtet, auf denen vier waldbauliche Verfahren und zwölf Baumarten mit Hilfe der statistischen Verfahren Regressionsanalyse und Kruskal-Wallis-Test bewertet wurden. Nach Feststellen der Degradationsstufe wurden die Restaurationsverfahren Framework Species (Verfahren 1) und Nurse Trees (Verfahren 2) ausgewählt. Weiterhin wurde eine Kombination der beiden Verfahren (Verfahren 3) und die natürliche Sukzession (Verfahren 0) untersucht. Datengrundlage bildeten die in den Jahren 2008, 2009, 2010 und 2012 aufgenommenen Werte für Baumhöhe, Wurzelhals- und Brusthöhendurchmesser, Kronenradius, Bodenbedeckung, Stammfußposition, Beschattung und Vitalität. Die Verfahren 1, 2 und 3 weisen bereits in den ersten vier Wuchsjahren gute Bedingungen für die natürliche Etablierung von Baumarten auf. In Verfahren 0 siedelten sich keine naturverjüngten Baumarten an. Verfahren 0, in dem die natürliche Sukzession ablaufen kann, ist für eine zügige Restauration im Untersuchungsgebiet aufgrund fehlender Naturverjüngung restaurationsrelevanter Baumarten ungeeignet. Die Verfahren 1 bis 3 sind zur Anlage von Restaurationsflächen unterschiedlich gut geeignet. In Verfahren 2 werden die höchsten Wuchsleistungen erreicht. Es ist aber aufgrund der hohen Individuensterblichkeit und geringen Verdrängung von Gräsern und Farnen am wenigsten für die Anlage von Restaurationsflächen geeignet. Weniger Individuensterblichkeit, bessere Beschattungswirkung und höhere Anziehungskraft auf samenverbreitende Tierarten wurden bei Verfahren 1 beobachtet. Verfahren 3 kombiniert die guten Eigenschaften von Verfahren 1 und 2, weswegen es für die Restauration im Untersuchungsgebiet am besten geeignet ist. Gräser und Farne werden ausreichend verdrängt, eine hohe vertikale Bestandesstruktur wird erreicht und die Individuensterblichkeit ist geringer als in Verfahren 2, so dass mit diesem Verfahren eine gute Grundlage für die natürliche Etablierung restaurationsrelevanter Baumarten geschaffen wird. Voraussetzung für eine gelungene Restauration ist bei den Verfahren 1, 2 und 3 die Beachtung der Ansprüche der jeweiligen Baumarten an die Exposition und die Wasserversorgung. Bis auf die Baumart Gordonia fruticosa sind alle weiteren untersuchten Baumarten für die Anlage von Restaurationsflächen geeignet. Vorteilhaft ist in jedem Fall die Pflanzung in Baumartenmischung. Die Baumart Cecropia polyphlebia sollte gruppenweise in Mischpflanzungen eingebracht werden. Alle weiteren Baumarten bevorzugen oder vertragen eine einzelbaumweise Mischung. Alnus acuminata und Inga oerstediana sind selbst schattenunverträglich und müssen daher mit langsamer wachsenden Baumarten, wie Quercus rapurahuensis oder Billia hippocastanum, kombiniert werden. Für die Position Senke sind alle Baumarten, mit Ausnahme von Alnus acuminata und der oben genannten Baumart Gordonia fruticosa, geeignet. Einschränkungen gibt es für die Positionen Nordosthang und Nordhang, an denen nur die Baumarten Alnus acuminata, Billia hippocastanum, Inga oerstediana, Quercus rapurahuensis und Ulmus mexicana gepflanzt werden sollten. Viburnum costaricanum kann ebenfalls am Nordhang eingesetzt werden. Unter sehr hohem Pflegeaufwand ist auch die Pflanzung von Sapium pachystachis an Nordost- und Nordhang möglich. Um Restauration im montanen Eichennebelwald Costa Ricas in Zukunft zielführend umzusetzen, wurden Pflanzschemata entwickelt, die auf Verfahren 3 basieren und die die Ansprüche der einzelnen Baumarten an Exposition und Wasserversorgung berücksichtigen. Die Pflanzung nach diesen Schemata bewirkt möglichst geringe Individuensterblichkeiten, hohe Wuchsleistungen und Vitalitäten. Ebenfalls wird dadurch eine hohe vertikale Struktur und Kronenüberdeckung des Bodens erreicht, um gute Voraussetzungen für das Anwachsen von Naturverjüngung zu gewährleisten.

Sustainable use of species-rich moist forests is hampered by an insufficient understanding of their dynamics and long-term response to different wood harvesting strategies. This thesis contributes to a better understanding of natural forest dynamics, explores the productivity of native forests subjected to different management strategies, and quantifies the ecological impacts of these strategies. The thesis focuses on two study regions: tropical montane cloud forest (TMCF) in central Veracruz, Mexico, and Valdivian temperate rain forest (VTRF) in northern Chiloé Island, Chile. The process-based forest growth model FORMIND is applied to study natural forest succession, to assess long-term ecological implications of fuelwood extraction on TMCF, to explore the potential of secondary TMCF for provision of ecosystem services and fuelwood, and to compare potential harvesting strategies for VTRF regarding forest productivity and ecological consequences.Simulation results show that both forest types have a high potential for wood production. As wood extraction increases, the forest structure becomes simplified because large old trees disappear from the forest. The species composition shifts to tree species that are favoured by the respective harvesting strategy. The overall ecological impact increases linearly with the amount of extracted wood. Simulation results allow to define management strategies that balance conservation and production objectives, promote the regeneration of desired tree species, or minimise shifts in the species composition of the forest. Process-based forest models enhance our understanding of the dynamics of species-rich moist forests and are indispensable tools to assess long-term implications of anthropogenic disturbances on forest ecosystems. Thereby they contribute to the conservation and sustainable use of native forests outside protected areas.

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