A presente dissertação se propõe a discutir as transformações das relações societárias e empregatícia em razão das startups, empresas embrionárias com modelo de negócios inovador: escalável, repetível, rentável e de extrema incerteza. Para tanto, em um primeiro momento, serão analisados os conceitos clásicos de relação societária e empregatícia assim como as startups. Em um segundo momento, serão estudadas algumas das alterações trazidas pelas startups, por meio de cláusulas de vesting, ambiente de trabalho virtual e contrato de participação realizado pelo investidor-anjo. Buscar-se-á, por fim, repensar os modelos clássicos, com base em novas figuras jurídicas: intra-empreendedorismo, colaboração, quaseempregados, cogestão empresarial e cláusulas compromissórias, adaptando o Direito às novas exigências sociais, diante da tecnologia e do empreendedorismo. / The present dissertation proposes to discuss the transformations of the corporate and employment relationships due to the startups, embryonic companies with innovative business model: scalable, repeatable, profitable and of extreme uncertainty. To do so, in a first moment, we will analyze the classic concepts of corporate and employment relationshi as well as the startups. In a second moment, some of the changes brought by startups will be studied, through vesting clauses, virtual work environment and participation agreement made by the angel investor. Finally, we will try to rethink the classical models, based on new legal figures: intraentrepreneurship, collaboration, almost employees, corporate co-management and compromise clauses, trying to adapt the Law to new social demands, in the face of technology and entrepreneurship.

Esta pesquisa tem por objetivo analisar os processos de governança entre grupos culturalmente diferenciados e as áreas protegidas, e como esses processos interferem na definição de novos territórios e territorialidades, envolvendo unidades de conservação (proteção integral e uso sustentável) e espaços de uso comum. Identificou-se uma modalidade singular de gestão comunitária e compartilhada, iniciada em 1993, entre a comunidade caiçara do Marujá e o Parque Estadual da Ilha do Cardoso (PEIC), em Cananeia, SP. Protagonizada por lideranças locais e empreendedores de políticas públicas, o estudo de caso demonstra a viabilidade de comunidades tradicionais planejarem seus próprios futuros, o que inclui o ordenamento ecológico e territorial. Propõe-se a adoção do termo comunidade de referência para designar o Marujá e outras comunidades que desempenham protagonismo e constituem locus de aprendizagem de práticas sustentáveis. / This work analyzes governance processes in culturally differentiated groups and protected areas, seeking to understand how these processes interfere in the definition of new territorialities and territories, with protected areas (strict-use and sustainableuse) and commons. A singular model of community management and co-management starting in 1993 was identified among the caiçara community of Marujá and Ilha do Cardoso State Park, Cananeia, SP. Led by local leaderships and public policy entrepreneurs, the case study shows how apt traditional communities are to take care of their future, including ecologic and spatial planning. The term community of reference was adopted to refer to Marujá as well as other communities that are a learning locus of sustainable practices.

We live in a world that faces several social and environmental problems and achieving sustainable development in contexts where it is necessary to alleviate poverty without eroding the capacity of the ecosystems to support future generations is challenging. Therefore, fostering sustainable development requires enabling both society and environment to cope with disturbances, adapt to and shape change (resilience). Literature suggests that adaptive co-management practices are appropriate for building resilience and fostering sustainable development. Additionally, studies have highlighted the role of bridging organizations in coordinating and facilitating adaptive co-management. However, adaptive co-management has not been studied in poverty contexts. This thesis aims to understand what the main tasks of bridging organizations are, and how they facilitate and stimulate adaptive co-management in poverty contexts and their role in nurturing sustainability. The Environmental Monitors Programme of the Kruger to Canyons Biosphere Reserve was chosen as a case-study. Biosphere reserves are considered learning sites for sustainable development. The programme was studied through the lenses of a bridging organization. Semi-structured interviews and participatory observation with stakeholders identified: 1) the importance of existing networks and collaborations; 2) monitoring contribution to the identification of social and environmental issues, experimentation contribution to the implementation of sustainable harvesting practices; 3) environmental education combined with social learning lead to community empowerment and adaptive responses that e.g. address erosion; 4) environmental monitors have a crucial role in linking organizations and communities; 5) challenges related to low income settings include communities’ basic needs. This study illustrates the need to address both social and ecological problems in a concerted manner, by capacitating and empowering communities while conserving the environment. Additionally, points out the need of studying alternative co-management strategies that give focus on different priorities regarding stakeholders’ interests and the influence of power in decision-making in poverty contexts.

Through collaborative monitoring and case study comparison, this thesis explores conceptual and methodological approaches to monitoring transitions toward adaptive co-management. In so doing, a number of knowledge gaps are addressed. Firstly, conceptual and methodological frameworks are developed for monitoring transitions toward adaptive co-management. Secondly, a conceptual and practical approach to monitoring the processes of collaboration and learning is developed and tested. Thirdly, a conceptual and practical approach to monitoring the governance outcomes of adaptive co-management is developed and tested. Fourthly, a conceptual and practical approach to monitoring the livelihood outcomes of adaptive co-management is developed and tested. Based on the outcomes from these four components of the study, this thesis explores the ways in which transitions toward adaptive co-management might be initiated under the resource poor conditions that characterise South Africa's communal areas. The four case studies explored in the study are described as 'resource poor' in terms of institutional capacity, ecosystem productivity and social vulnerability. From a resilience perspective these case studies can be described as being in the re-organisation phase of the adaptive cycle following multiple disturbances over time, largely due to South Africa's historical 'separate development' policies. Scholars have suggested that it is in this re-organisation phase that innovation and novelty might occur. The lens of social learning is applied to analyse collaborative processes within these contexts. Results indicate that the institutional innovation necessary for transitions toward adaptive co-management relies on careful facilitation by an 'honest broker'. Equally important is finding a balance between maintaining key individuals and knowledge holders within decision making networks, and preventing rigidity and vulnerability within communities of practice. The results point to an over simplification in the rhetoric that currently surrounds the learning outcomes of multi level networks. The governance outcomes of the initiatives are explored through the lenses of adaptive governance, social capital, adaptive capacity and self-organisation. Results indicate that under resource poor conditions creating the conditions that facilitate self-organisation is the major challenge facing transformations toward adaptive governance. Long term access to reliable information and capacity and financial support for adaptive management are key constraining variables. The livelihood outcomes of the initiatives are analysed through the lens of resilience and diversification. Results suggest that flexibility, rather than livelihood diversity, is the key livelihood strategy employed by households in situations were options are limited. Interventions that enhance opportunities for households to specialise in situ by actively dealing with structural constraints, such as access to markets and credit, is vital to encouraging innovation during transitions toward adaptive co-management. Based on the results from monitoring, this study identifies key focus areas that require a great deal more attention if transitions toward adaptive co-management are to be initiated under resource poor conditions.

It is evident that natural fish stocks are in rapid decline and that millions of people around the world rely on these resources for food and for securing a livelihood. This has brought many social scientists, biologists and fisheries experts to acknowledge that communities need to take more control in managing their natural resources. The paradigm shift in fisheries management from a top-down resource orientated control to a participatory people-centred control is now being advocated in many maritime nations in facilitating community-based natural resource management. At the heart of these projects is the establishment of institutions and social networks that allow for clear communication and information sharing, based on scientific data and traditional knowledge which ultimately allow empowered communities to collectively manage their resources in partnership with government, market actors and many other stakeholders. Central to the problem is the issue of access rights. In many situations where co-management of natural resources through community-government partnerships is advocated, the failure of coastal states to provide adequate legislature and regulatory frameworks has jeopardised such projects. A second issue is the failure of many states to provide adequate investments in social and human capital which will enable communities to become the primary stakeholder in the co-management of their natural resources. Whilst investments like capacity building, education, skills training and development, communications and institution building can initially require high financial investments, the regulatory costs for monitoring, controlling and surveying fish stocks along the coastline will go down as communities take ownership of their resources under sustainable awareness. The main unit of investment therefore is social capital which allows for the increase in trust, cooperativeness, assertiveness, collective action and general capabilities of natural resource governance. High levels of social capital require good social relations and interactions which ultimately create a social network of fishers, community members and leaders, government officials, market players, researchers and various other stakeholders. Co-management thus has an inherent network structure made up of social relations on a horizontal scale amongst community members as well as on a vertical scale with government and fisheries authorities. These bonding relations between people and the bridging relations with institutions provide the social capital currency that allows for a successful co-management solution to community-based natural resource governance. The South African coastline is home to thousands of people who harvest the marine resources for food security and securing a basic income. Fishing is a major cultural and historical component of the livelihoods of many people along the coastline, particularly along the Wild Coast of South Africa located on its South-eastern shoreline. Due to the geopolitical nature of South Africa’s apartheid past many people were located in former tribal lands called Bantustans. The Transkei, one of the biggest homelands, is home to some of South Africa’s poorest people, many of whom rely on the marine resources. By 1998 the government sought to acknowledge the previously unrecognised subsistence sector that lived along the South African coastline with the promulgation of the Marine Living Resources Act. The act sought to legalise access rights for fishers and provide opportunities for the development of commercial fisheries. The act and many subsequent policies largely called for co-management as a solution to the management of the subsistence sector. This thesis largely explains the administrative and legislative difficulties in transporting the participatory components of co-management to the ground level. As such co-management has largely remained in rhetoric whilst the government provides a contradictory policy regarding the management of subsistence and small-scale fishers. This thesis attempts to provide qualitative ethnographic research of the East Coast Rock Lobster fishery located in a small fishing village in the Transkei. The fishery falls somewhere on the spectrum between the small-scale and subsistence sector as there are a basket of high and low value resources being harvested. It will be argued that in order to economically and socially develop the fishery the social capital and social networks of the community and various stakeholders needs to be analysed in order to effectively create a co-management network that can create a successful collective management of natural resources thereby sustaining these communities in the future.

Resource control as a form of community participation in the mineral economy has gained much recognition. One prevailing argument is that direct control of natural resources by local communities is an important precondition for equitable utilisation of the natural resource wealth, peaceful co-existence between mining corporations and indigenous communities, and congenial relations between local communities and the state. Studies have also shown that the absence of direct community control of mineral wealth remains a major factor in the communal resistance and socio-political conflict witnessed in the natural resource-endowed regions of countries such as Nigeria, Ecuador, Sierra Leone and the Democratic Republic of the Congo. However, little is known about mineral resource control at the community level. Does community control necessarily translate to equity? How does local involvement in the mobilisation of mining royalties benefit different segments of the community? Indeed, how do different segments of the community “control” the wealth? What is the specific model adopted to engender broad-based community participation in the utilisation of mineral wealth – and does it matter? These theoretical and practical questions were the impetus for undertaking this study in the Royal Bafokeng and Bakgatla Ba Kgafela – two platinum-rich ‘traditional’ communities in South Africa’s North West Province that have significant control over platinum resources in their territories. Utilising ethnographic data collected in the two study communities in 2008 and 2009, the thesis examines the character of community participation in platinum wealth utilisation; specifically, the conditions under which community participation promotes or hinders sustainable community development. The analysis uses a “three-dimensional participation ladder” conceptual scheme, based in part on Sherry Arnstein’s (1969) “ladder of citizen participation” and subsequent typologies of participation. Among the key findings of the thesis are that despite observed benefits, the interface of resource wealth and community development is fraught with tokenistic participation, elite-targeted grassroots anger, and local tensions – all linked to the contradictory nature of participation. The thesis further reveals that in some instances the challenge of platinum wealth-engendered community development tends to undermine existing customary and democratic spaces for participation, and that this is exacerbated by community-level issues such as poverty and inequality. The findings of the study compel a shift of analytical focus from conflict as an epiphenomenon of collective community exclusion and deprivation (as in the case of many natural-rich countries in Sub-Saharan Africa and elsewhere), to conflict as also resulting from collective community inclusion (in natural resource utilisation). At the policy level, the study generates insights that will, hopefully, assist mineral resource-endowed countries, such as South Africa, in dealing with the challenge of developing appropriate policy frameworks for regulating business and social partnerships between local communities and mining corporations, and within resource-rich communities themselves.

Apesar do consenso sobre a necessidade de uma evolução substancial nos sistemas existentes de uso dos recursos pesqueiros, em especial nos países em desenvolvimento, para dar suporte ao manejo sustentável deste recurso, não há um senso comum sobre quais seriam as instituições que poderiam alcançar este objetivo. Uma nova filosofia de manejo seria aquela onde os usuários dos recursos pesqueiros fossem envolvidos no processo de gestão e onde o objetivo de sustentabilidade não se referisse apenas à dimensão ecológica, mas também às dimensões: social, econômica, política e cultural. A iniciativa do Governo do Estado do Amapá, eleito em 1994 e reeleito em 1998, em adotar o Programa de Desenvolvimento Sustentável do Amapá -PDSA, como política pública, representa uma valiosa oportunidade de se avaliar a viabilidade de um modelo alternativo de desenvolvimento para a Amazônia e de levantar elementos e condições que favorecem e que possam limitar este modelo. Esta pesquisa foi desenvolvida com o objetivo de analisar o processo de implantação do PDSA no setor pesqueiro, focando por um lado, as interações entre as mudanças institucionais, trazidas pelo programa, e a participação dos agentes e setores envolvidos, e por outro, os fatores e elementos que interferem na performance desse sistema. Foram coletados dados primários através de entrevistas semi-estruturadas e diagnósticos participativos junto a pescadores, lideranças das organizações que os representam e agentes do governo. Dados secundários foram levantados a partir de documentos e literatura disponível. A análise dos dados indica que através de fóruns de discussão, da descentralização e da co-gestão na execução de projetos o governo do PDSA aumentou as oportunidades de participação dos pescadores no manejo dos recursos pesqueiros. Verificou-se que a falta de costume destes agentes, com este tipo sistema, limitou o processo. Além da necessidade de maior fortalecimento organizacional, os atributos dos recursos pesqueiros e dos grupos de usuários e questões estruturais como representação, domínio e comunicação também influenciam a perfomance deste sistema. Conclui-se que não há uma solução simples de manejo que integre todas as diferentes necessidades, demandas e interesses existentes dentro do setor. Além de considerar a importância do envolvimento dos usuários, o modo pelo qual as instituições são criadas e o contexto no qual os arranjos são organizados são determinantes nos resultados que serão obtidos. / There is a consensus on the need for improvements in the current fisheries resources use and their sustainability, particularly in the developing countries. There is no consensus, however, on strategies and institutions necessary to achieve this goal. A new resource management philosophy calls for the participation of users in all steps of the process. It also points that the goals of resource sustainability include social, economic, political and cultural dimensions. The Program of Sustainable Development (PDSA) implemented by the government of the state of Amapa (elected in 1994 and re-elected in 1998) represents an opportunity to evaluate the viability of an alternative model of development to the Amazon region. This research analyzes the process of implementation of PDSA in the fishing sector. It focuses on the institutional changes brought by the program itself, the participation of agents and groups involved, and on the factors that interfere in the success of the program. Data were collected through semi-structured interviews and participant observation with fishermen, community and union leaders, and government officials. Secondary data were used when available. The study shows that the PDSA increased the participation of fishermen and their organizations in the management of fishing resources. However, fishermen\'s lack of previous experience on participatory policy implementation limited the program\'s achievements. In addition to social organization, user groups attribute, political representation, domain and communication also affected the participatory program. Given the needs and demands of different user groups, there is no simple management solution. In addition to co-management, a participatory program needs to consider the available institutional arrangements in order to achieve its goals.

Submitted by Ricardo Cedraz Duque Moliterno (ricardo.moliterno@uefs.br) on 2016-10-04T21:15:12Z No. of bitstreams: 1 carolinactg.pdf: 1825671 bytes, checksum: 240fecd0c706da1635555c608ae4db08 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-10-04T21:15:12Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 carolinactg.pdf: 1825671 bytes, checksum: 240fecd0c706da1635555c608ae4db08 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-03-27 / Funda??o de Amparo ? Pesquisa do Estado da Bahia - FAPEB / Research on the practices of SUS management in Primary Care in the city of Alagoinhas-BA, whose aims were understand the sense and/or the meaning on the care management in Primary Heath Care, considering the participation of managers, health workers and users in Primary Care in the city of Alagoinhas ?BA; analyze the practice of the SUS management in Primary Care and discuss the competence and attribution of the municipal government (managers, health workers and householders), policies and 'new' models of health in Primary Care. Qualitative research, with family health units as investigation field. The participant subjects in the study were divided into four groups: Group I, managers; Group II, health workers; Group III, users; Group IV, key informants, in total 26 participants. We used systematic observation, semi-structured interviews and document analysis as data collection techniques. The method of data analysis was an approximation with Hermeneutics-dialectical, from which were drawn three categories of analysis: categorical-Practice of management in Primary Health Care: sense and meaning; category 2-A orchestra-'ideal' of rationality, hegemonic order and productive and category 3-social Control: in search of democracy. According to the survey results, the SUS management practices in Primary Care of Alagoinhas-BA municipality occur disjointed among user subjects, health workers and managers, characterized by the centralization of decision-making power of managers to the detriment of the interests of users and workers, reflecting the fragility of the citizenship exercise. Thus, social control, permanent education and health planning as a tool for sharing of power among subjects has only been theorized, reproducing one centralized management, since the senses and meanings for the management sometimes approach, sometimes depart from the practices of the involved participants. In the subject understanding, the management practices should be established in the user-centered model of health to provide the best service to users. However, these manager practices are still rooted in the hegemonic model, focused in normative planning. Regarding to the workers, there is a double understanding: the planning owns features of normative focus and a small part in the situational-local strategic focus. However, the workers practices have been developed in care model of Programmatic Actions, welcome and user participation in the work process. The social participation occurs in the county through the Municipal Health Council and community neighborhood Association. Faced with such reality, the practices of health management in the county of Alagoinhas are stuck to the model of a Taylorist management, although of starting hearing the echo of co-management in family health Units. / Estudo sobre as pr?ticas de gest?o do SUS na Aten??o B?sica no munic?pio de Alagoinhas-BA, cujos os objetivos foram Compreender o(s) sentido(s) e/ou significado(s) sobre a gest?o do cuidado na Aten??o B?sica de Sa?de, considerando-se a participa??o dos gestores, trabalhadores de sa?de e usu?rios da Aten??o B?sica no munic?pio de Alagoinhas-BA; analisar a pr?tica de gest?o do SUS na Aten??o B?sica e discutir a(s) compet?ncia(s) e a(s) atribui??o(?es) do governo municipal (gestores, trabalhadores de sa?de e mun?cipes) as pol?ticas e ?novos? modelos de sa?de na Aten??o B?sica. Pesquisa qualitativa, tendo como campo de investiga??o as unidades sa?de da fam?lia. Os sujeitos participantes do estudo foram divididos em quatro grupos: Grupo I, gestores; Grupo II, trabalhadores de sa?de; Grupo III, usu?rios; Grupo IV, informantes-chave, no total 26 participantes. Como t?cnicas de coleta dos dados utilizamos observa??o sistem?tica, entrevista semi-estruturada e an?lise de documentos. O m?todo de an?lise de dados foi uma aproxima??o com a Hermen?utica-dial?tica, a partir do qual foram elaboradas tr?s categorias de an?lise: categoria1-Pr?tica da Gest?o na Aten??o B?sica de Sa?de: sentidos e significados; categoria 2-A orquestra ?ideal? da racionalidade, ordem hegem?nica e produtiva e categoria 3-Controle social: em busca da democracia. De acordo com os resultados da pesquisa, as pr?ticas de gest?o do SUS na Aten??o B?sica do munic?pio de Alagoinhas-BA ocorrem desarticuladas entre os sujeitos usu?rios, trabalhadores de sa?de e gestores, caracterizada pela centraliza??o do poder de decis?o dos gestores em detrimento dos interesses dos usu?rios e trabalhadores, traduzindo a fragilidade do exerc?cio da cidadania. Desse modo, o controle social, a educa??o permanente e o planejamento em sa?de como instrumentos de partilhamento do poder entre sujeitos tem sido apenas teorizado, reproduzindo uma gest?o centralizada, j? que os sentidos e significados para gest?o ora aproximam, ora se afastam das pr?ticas dos sujeitos envolvidos. Na compreens?o dos sujeitos, as pr?ticas de gest?o devem ser baseadas no modelo de sa?de usu?rio-centrado para proporcionar o melhor atendimento aos usu?rios. No entanto, as pr?ticas dos gestores ainda continuam arraigadas no modelo hegem?nico, focado no planejamento normativo. Quanto aos trabalhadores h? um entendimento duplo: o planejamento possui caracter?sticas do enfoque normativo e uma pequena parte no enfoque estrat?gico situacional local. Contudo, as pr?ticas dos trabalhadores tem sido desenvolvidas no modelo de aten??o das A??es Program?ticas, acolhimento e participa??o dos usu?rios no processo de trabalho. A participa??o social ocorre no munic?pio atrav?s do Conselho Municipal de Sa?de e Associa??o comunit?ria de bairro. Diante de tal realidade, as pr?ticas de gest?o em sa?de no munic?pio de Alagoinhas encontram-se presas ao modelo de uma gest?o Taylorista, apesar de come?ar a ouvir o eco da co-gest?o nas Unidades de sa?de da fam?lia.

The permitting process to determine whether high volume hydraulic fracturing (HVHF) should be allowed in New York State has been controversial and protracted. There have been intense disputes between those who see HVHF as an economic benefit and those who assert it will jeopardize health and the environment. Using the case study research method, perceptions of directly affected stakeholders regarding the issues, benefits and limitations associated with the public participation process were explored. Purposive sampling yielded participants from the natural gas industry, municipal governments, local landowners and residents. Data collection methods involved in-depth interviews, focus groups and document analysis. Since the HVHF conflict concerned a future possibility of environmental degradation, theoretical foundations included complex systems and green ideology, the enactment of power and social dominance, environmental conflict resolution, and principles of collaborative management. Findings demonstrate that the public participation process was embedded in a traditional top-down policy development approach that did not accommodate conditions of high uncertainty, nor did it allow for the broader and deeper discourse needed when development involves socio-economic and environmental justice issues. Implications include the potential to apply principles and methods of collaborative management typically used for natural resource management. In particular, the adaptive co-management approach provides a framework for managing issues that require problem solving over time, an essential missing element of the current HVHF stakeholder engagement process where diverse stakeholders identified issues of trust, empowerment, rights and fairness.

Världens befolkning ökar idag i rask takt. Om cirka 30 år beräknas det bo närmare tio miljarder människor i världen, varav över sex miljarder beräknas bo urbant. Urbaniseringen ökar kraftigt vilket sätter stor press på den fysiska planeringen. För att kunna inhysa en ökande befolkning är det många kommuner som satsar på att förtäta städerna. Dock leder förtätning till att de grönområden som finns i städerna blir allt färre vilket gör att städerna blir fragmenterade och att invånarna får allt längre till rekreationsområden. Vilka är viktiga för människans hälsa och välbefinnande. Städer måste ha grönområden som klarar ett ökat besökstryck eftersom slitaget ökar. Slitage, förändrad markanvändning och fragmentering påverkar biologisk mångfald och ekosystemtjänster negativt, både lokalt och regionalt. Ett samhälle med låg biologisk mångfald och få ekosystemtjänster har sämre förutsättningar för att klara chock och stress såsom pandemier och en ökad befolkning. I denna kvalitativa studie undersöks hur Järfälla kommun, Sollentuna kommun samt Sundbybergs stad i Stockholmsregionen arbetar med ett ökat besökstryck på sina grönområden. Samtliga kommuner har olika förutsättningar men gemensamt är att alla har en förväntad befolkningsökning samt hög befolkningstäthet. Empirin har samlats in med hjälp av intervjuer med kommunala tjänstemän samt dokumentanalys av kommunernas översiktsplaner. Det teoretiska ramverket utgörs av tidigare forskning kring ekosystemtjänster i urban miljö samt social-ekologiska system. Resultatet visar att samtliga kommuner i någon form har förändrat sitt arbete till följd av det ökade besökstrycket och det beräknade ökade invånarantalet. Förvaltning, planering, samverkan, kunskap och värdering är viktigt för att skapa ett hållbart och resilient samhälle. / The world's population is growing rapidly. It is estimated that almost ten billion people will live in the world in about 30 years, of which over 6 billion people are estimated to live in urban areas. Urbanization is increasing, which puts great pressure on urban planning. In order to accommodate an increasing population, many municipalities plan to densify the cities. However, densification leads to fewer green areas in the cities, which means that the cities become fragmented and that the inhabitants have longer distances to recreational areas. Which are important to human health and welfare. Cities must have green areas that can withstand an increased visitor pressure as wear and tear increases. Wear and tear, changes in land use and fragmentation have negative effects on biodiversity and ecosystem services, both locally and regionally. A society with low biodiversity and few ecosystem services is less able to cope with shock and stress such as pandemics and an increased population. This qualitative study examines how Järfälla municipality, Sollentuna municipality and the city of Sundbyberg in the Stockholm region work with increased visitor pressure in their green areas. All municipalities have different conditions, but they all have in common that they have an expected population increase and a high population density. The empirical data has been collected with the help of interviews with municipal officials and document analysis of the municipalities' general plans. The theoretical framework consists of previous research on ecosystem services in urban environments and social-ecological systems. The results show that all municipalities in some forms have changed their work because of the increased visitor pressure and the estimated increased number of inhabitants. Management, planning, collaboration, knowledge and evaluation are important for creating a sustainable and resilient society.