One of the population groups most acutely infected and affected by HIV/AIDS are adolescent females. Coercive practices and gender inequalities have been cited as important determinants of women’s HIV risk. This research aims to explore adolescent girls’ understanding of their identity and heterosexual sexuality. In addition, this study intends to assess the implications that gendered powered relations held for understanding the risks and dilemmas that young women are confronted with in relation to HIV/AIDS contraction. This research presents the findings of a qualitative and quantitative study conducted using a self-constructed questionnaire that was administered to a purposive sample of adolescent girls aged 13-18. Content analysis is used to analyse the data, the aim being to extract themes as they emerged from the data. Some of the following themes were identified as significant in the girls’ responses: The physical changes that occur during adolescence were highlighted alongside the viewpoint that adolescence is a time of inconsistency and turmoil. Self-worth was closely linked and related to socially desirable characteristics, and in addition gendered behaviour was widely endorsed amongst these girls. Romantic relationships were an important component of these girls’ lives. However, many described their relationships as being less sexual and more emotional in nature. The awareness of sexual readiness and choice hold positive implications for HIV/AIDS. A common consensus existed regarding practicing safe sex and almost all respondents agreed that the onset of sexual intercourse should be postponed until the age of 18 years or older. It appeared that although adhering to feminine stereotyped behaviour could be protective in the sense that it may result in less risky sexual engagement, it however, was also apparent that it could render females less powerful within their heterosexual relationships, thereby increasing their vulnerability to HIV infection. Although only a small proportion of the respondents experienced being forced into a sexual encounter against their will, an underlying fear of sexual coercion or threat nevertheless, emerged. It is concluded that sex education should engage with gender-stereotyped behaviour especially during early and middle adolescence when identities are being formed and developed.

Background: Admitting psychiatric patients against their will is a criticized form of care. Decisions stating that a patient needs to be hospitalized under coercion are based on their incapability to voluntarily participate in their care. Former patients reported that coercive care led to lower satisfaction with their care. Although most former patients experienced negative care, there where patients that understood their care. Previous studies stated a need to examine how patients experienced being under coercive care and subjected to coercive measures such as seclusion, mechanical restraint and forced medication. Aim: This study aimed to illuminate adult psychiatric inpatients experiences of coercive care. Method: A literature-based study based on analysis of ten qualitative scientific studies. Results: 3 themes with 10 subthemes emerged from the analysis; interpersonal relationships, lack of influence while under coercive care and good coercion. The results showed that negative experiences of coercion were often linked to the actions of the mental health care staff. The relationship to the staff could contribute to their experiences being negative or positive. Patients also stated that they felt powerless and experienced loss of autonomy during coercive care. Good coercion was experienced when they felt seen and taken seriously. Conclusion: Patients expressed both negative and positive experiences of coercion. Patients wished for better adjusted information and opportunities to participate. They also expressed the need for trusting and supportive relationships to the mental health care staff. This could lead to greater understanding for their coercive care. / I dagens samhälle rapporteras en ökning av psykisk ohälsa. Samtidigt är den psykiatriska tvångsvården under tung belastning och hög beläggning. Tvångsvård kritiseras dessutom för låg bemanning och bristande kompetens. Detta anses påverka patienters förmåga att praktisera sina rättigheter och medverka i sin vård. Det påverkar i sin tur vårdkvaliteten. Patienter kräver idag ökad delaktighet och information vid tvångsvård. Målet med tvångsvård är att förmå patienten att frivilligt medverka till vård. Tvångsvård blir inte aktuellt om patienten inte har ett nödvändigt behov av psykiatrisk vård. Vid vård under tvång är det möjligt att genomföra specifika åtgärder. Det kan röra sig om fastspänning, avskiljning eller tvångsmedicinering. Tillämpning av sådana åtgärder kräver god motivering och ska inte utsätta patienten för onödigt övergrepp. Makt och etik är förekommande begrepp som bör reflekteras över vid tvångsvård. Patienter under tvångsvård upplever maktlöshet och bristande kontroll. Dessutom förekommer oförståelse för varför tvångsvård tillämpas. Otillräcklig information och bristande delaktighet anses bidra till oförståelsen. Därtill påverkar relationen till vårdpersonalen patienters erfarenheter av tvångsvård. Relationer baserade på tillit och stöd bidrar till ökad förståelse. Goda relationer kan dessutom leda till att åtgärder som tvångsmedicinering och fastspänning kan undvikas. De relationer där patienten inte känner sig sedd eller lyssnad på bidrar till negativa erfarenheter av tvångsvård. Patienter som inte får göra sina röster hörda upplever ofta att åtgärder under tvång vart onödiga, allt som egentligen hade behövts var stöd och samtal. God tvångsvård grundar sig i förståelse för varför vård under tvång var nödvändigt. Det beskrivs som ett nödvändigt ont. Acceptans kan återfinnas i att vården är för deras eget bästa. Tvångsvård blir då ett tillfälligt anstånd i patienters ansvar för sig själva och lättnad återfinns i att någon annan tar över. Därtill kan tvångsvård upplevas som en insats vilken räddat patienter från att skada sig själva eller andra. Resultatet i föreliggande litteraturbaserade studie kan användas av sjuksköterskor för att skapa förståelse för patienters önskemål och erfarenheter. Genom att skapa förståelse kan sjuksköterskan arbeta för en förbättring inom psykiatrisk tvångsvård.

Abstract Since being developed in 1956, no matter it¡¦s category, function or quantity, Chinese ballistic missiles have kept renewing and increasing. For example, the development of its strategic missiles has undergone the 1st through the 3rd generation with models from Dongfeng-1 to currently developing Dongfeng-41 Ballistic Missile, and its warhead has been gradually developed from carrier of single nuclear head to combination of both traditional and nuclear warheads and to multiple warheads now. Under such multiple developments, Chinese nuclear strategy according to their official speech has still adopted ¡§minimum deterrence¡¨ claimed by the 1960¡¦s and 1970¡¦s until now, and which has already led to external speculations. They think that Chinese has devoted to modernization of ballistic missiles lately, actively developed more land-based strategic missiles and sea-based nuclear submarines, techniques of multiple warheads and space-based weapons, and reinforced the practicality of tactical nuclear missiles etc. that such development has already exceeded the ¡§minimum deterrence¡¨ strategy, which even develops towards the ¡§limited deterrence¡¨ strategy. Therefore, whether China¡¦s deterrence strategy is changing is one of the assumptions in this study. If China¡¦s deterrence strategy is no longer equipped with the minimum deterrence, then whether the most important features of the minimum deterrence by ¡§no use of nuclear weapons at first¡¨ and China¡¦s¡§three nos principle on nuclear weapons¡¨will be changed accordingly is the second assumption in this study. Chinese ballistic missiles apart from being used as deterrence can also be used to practice coercive and annihilative strategies. Especially in the issue of Taiwan, when Chinese deterrence strategy fails in terms of Taiwan, it may use coercive or annihilative strategies to achieve their political and military objectives. As the ability of Taiwan¡¦s anti-ballistic missile is obviously insufficient; so if Taiwan suffers the attack from Chinese missiles, the result will be unimaginable. Therefore, how to prevent the attack from its missiles is what I would like to discuss in this paper. For the probable battle by the two sides of the Taiwan Strait in the future, in order to quickly facilitate the victory, whether Chinese will use micro-kiloton nuclear warhead to destroy the important and stable military targets in Taiwan to help smooth the warfare and further crash the myth that Chinese will not use nuclear weapons against Taiwan is the 3rd assumption in this paper. Finally how to increase our defense against ballistic missiles and whether we should participate in the TMD (Theatre Missile Defense) provided by America, I will provide several suggestions for references of the related units, hoping to make certain contributions towards Taiwanese prevention against the threat from Chinese ballistic missile.

The problem with unequal distribution of land ownership, in developing countries, has been debated in numerous papers. It is important to solve this problem and one of the major contributions in finding a solution is the implementation of a land reform. The aim of this paper is to elucidate the outcome of two different approaches to land reform, i.e. coercive and market based, and to find out how successful they are in reducing the concentration of land ownership in a sustainable direction. The conclusion of this paper is that neither of the approaches alone is successful in this task, the strength lies instead in a combination of the coercive and market based approach.

In the wake of the cyber-attacks in 2007 against Estonia and in 2010 against Iran, academics have debated the character of cyberwar. This study applies the theories of coercive diplomacy to the cases of Estonia and Iran in order to explain cyber-attacks as instrument for coercive diplomacy. While the long term effects of the attacks have yet to be understood it is clear that cyber-attacks can, and will, become a serious threat against political decision-makers in times of conflict.

abstract: The goal of this study was to examine the correlation between the brain's preconscious processing of relationship events and direct observation of couples' behavior during a videotaped discussion task. Although we know about the interaction dynamics within romantic relationships that portend conflict and dissatisfaction, very little is known about how individuals read interpersonal events within their relationship. Romantic partners participated in a dyadic EEG (electroencephalogram) lab session in which they played a gambling task. The gambling task consisted of three conditions: 1) individual gambling 2) watching their partners gamble and 3) gambling with advice from their partners. Following the gambling tasks, partners were videotaped discussing relationship topics. Neurocognitive reactions to winning and losing a gamble in response to partner's advice were analyzed as an Evoked Response Potential (ERP). The ERP of interest was the P300, which is associated with the brain making sense of unexpected information. Using an actor partner framework, it was found that the females' P300 predicted observed coercive interaction patterns. This finding suggests that for females with an established coercive relationship with their male partners, positive feedback was unexpected compared to losing. / Dissertation/Thesis / Masters Thesis Psychology 2016

Bakgrund I Sverige vårdas årligen ca 12 000 män och kvinnor med tvångsvård. Tvångsvård regleras av lagar och får endast ges till personer som anses vara en fara för sig själv eller sin omgivning. Denna vårdform syftar till att upprätthålla säkerhet för både patient och dess omgivning, målet är att patienten ska ta emot frivillig vård. Att vårda någon med tvång är komplext och kan leda till svåra situationer för sjuksköterskor, vården ska därför utföras så hänsynsfullt som möjligt för att främja patienters autonomi och delaktighet.  Syfte Att beskriva sjuksköterskors upplevelser och erfarenheter av tvångsvård inom psykiatrin. Metod Litteraturstudien genomfördes med en deskriptiv design. Artiklar söktes i databaserna PubMed, Cinahl och PsychINFO. Totalt tio kvalitativa artiklar och en kvantitativ artikel användes i studiens resultat. Artiklarna har analyserats där teman och subteman har urskilts.    Resultat Resultatet visade att sjuksköterskor saknar alternativ till tvångsåtgärder och detta har lett till etiska dilemman och negativa känslor. Trots detta fanns förståelse hos sjuksköterskor för syftet med tvångsåtgärderna och det sågs som en del av arbetet. Tvångsvård beskrevs ha en negativ påverkan på vårdrelationerna och därmed beskrevs även vikten av en god och tillitsfull relation mellan sjuksköterska och patient. Resultatet beskrevs i tre teman och fyra subteman.  Slutsats Utifrån resultatet till föreliggande litteraturstudie har författarna kommit fram till att det råder delade meningar om synen på tvångsvård hos sjuksköterskor. Sammanfattningsvis dras slutsatsen att det fanns en önskan om möjliga alternativ till tvångsåtgärder och det behövs mer forskning i ämnet.  Nyckelord Tvångsvård, tvångsåtgärder, sjuksköterska / Background In Sweden approximately 12 000 men and women are treated with forced care annually. Forced care is regulated by laws and may only be given to persons who are considered a danger to themselves or their surroundings. This form of care aims to maintain safety for both the patient and the surroundings, the goal is always for the patient to receive voluntary care. Caring for someone with coercion is complex and can lead to difficult situations for nurses, therefore care should be performed as careful as possible to promote patient autonomy and participation.  Aim To describe the experiences of nurses working with involuntary treatment in psychiatric care.  Method The study was conducted with a descriptive design. The articles were searched in the databases PubMed, Cinahl och PsychINFO. Ten qualitative articles and one quantitative article were used the study’s result. The articles have been analyzed and then themes and subthemes have been distinguished. Results The result showed that nurses lack alternatives to coercive measures and this has led to ethical dilemmas and negative emotions. Despite this, nurses understood the purpose of the coercive measures and it was seen as a part of the work. Compulsive care was descibed as having a negative impact on health care relationships, and thus the importance of a good and trusting relationship between nurse and patient was also described. The results were descibed in three themes and four subthemes.  Conclusions Based on the results of the present literature study, the authors have concluded that there are shared opinions about the view of forced care in nurses. In summary the authors conclude that there was a desire for possible alternatives to coercive measures and more research is needed on the subject.  Keywords Compulsory care, Coercive measures, Nurse

There is an under-developed scale of research conducted on sustainable production and consumption of environmentally friendly packaging Tanzania. Using the main concepts from institutional theory along with the diffusion of innovation model, this paper will examine the environmentally friendly packaging innovations in the Tanzanian food and beverage industry. The purpose of this research is to understand the factors that enable adoption. It suggests that mimetic, coercive and normative pressures exist within manufacturing firms that can regulate and coordinate solutions. A level of understanding of perceived fidelity and perceived effort required were established to develop conditions where firms can create strategies for the adoption environmentally sustainable packaging. The research setting is in the manufacturing industry. The data gathered for this study was collected by distributing a survey to respondents using convenience and snow-balling technique. Manufacturing businesses and packaging suppliers of the food and beverage industry participated. The respondents were requested to forward the survey by passing on the google form link to business owners, company CEOs, CFOs, COOs. 29 firm responses from the target population were measured to establish the pressures that they face and their intention to adopt. After applying regression analysis to the data, coercive pressure and intention to adopt with perceived fidelity as a moderator suggested a significant relationship. Similarly, perceived effort required positively moderated the relationship between mimetic pressure and intention to adopt. However, the results showed that no significant relationship from each of the three isomorphic constructs namely normative, mimetic and coercive and intention to adopt. This was contradictory to previous researchers of isomorphic pressures and should be subjected to future research. / Mini Dissertation (MBA)--University of Pretoria, 2021. / Gordon Institute of Business Science (GIBS) / MBA / Unrestricted

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