I ungas vardagliga liv har digitala medier en central betydelse, vilket utgör en grund för en särskild sårbarhet att utsättas för digitalt våld. Syftet med denna integrativa litteraturstudie är att undersöka hur tidigare forskning beskriver digitalt våld i ungas parrelationer och dess konsekvenser. Studien baseras på 12 artiklar vilka presenteras utifrån en tematisk struktur följt av att resultatet analyseras med coercive control och strukturellt perspektiv som teoretisk ansats. Studiens huvudsakliga resultat visar att digitalt våld kan förstås som en effektivisering och förlängning av redan befintliga våldsformer. Ett utmärkande tema är de kontrollerande beteenden som ämnar att styra över sin partners liv på olika sätt med digitala medier som verktyg. Resultatet påvisar även att konsekvenserna av att utsättas för digitalt våld kan innebära fysiska och psykiska hälsoproblem, tillits- och intimitetsproblematik. / In young people's everyday life, technology plays a significant part, which composes a particular vulnerability to being exposed to digital abuse. The aim of this integrative literature review is to investigate how previous research describes digital abuse in young people´s relationships and its consequences. This study is based on 12 articles of which are presented with a thematic structure, that were analyzed with the theoretical frame of coercive control and structural perspective. Digital abuse can be seen as an extension and streamlining of existing forms of violence. The results suggest that digital abuse is perpetrated with the use of technology.  A distinctive theme found was the use of controlling behaviors to dominate one´s partner in various ways. Results suggest that being exposed to digital abuse can result in consequences such as physical and mental illness, trust issues and intimacy issues.

Bakgrund: Möten mellan människor är en del av vården och inom psykiatrin är de ofta komplicerade, i synnerhet inom tvångsvården. Multifaktoriella orsaker påverkar patienten och sjuksköterskan innan, under samt efter mötet. Det ställs stora krav på professionalitet för att hantera detta möte varvid kunskap är nödvändigt. Området är dock relativt outforskat. Syfte: Att belysa kliniska erfarenheter hur möten inom psykiatrin kan leda till byggandet av goda vårdrelationer. Metod: En allmän litteratursammanställning av åtta vetenskapliga artiklar. Resultat: Den forskning som finns inom området syntetiserades till tre teman; möte, relation och trygghet. Angående mötet är det första intrycket viktigt och under det läggs grunder för en vårdrelation, som behöver utvecklas ömsesidigt, och patienten behöver känna att det är tryggare på avdelningen än utanför. Slutsats: Professionella möten som del av byggandet av goda vårdrelationer har potential att förmedla känslan av trygghet som i sin tur underlättar konvalescensen. Klinisk betydelse: Den kliniskt ackumulerade erfarenheten av detta möte måste studeras djupgående och mer forskning behövs. Sjuksköterskan kan använda resultaten i sin strategiska planering i byggandet av patientrelationer. / Background: Meetings are part of nursing and within psychiatric care they are often complicated, especially those occurring within coercive care. There are multifactorial underlying causes affecting both the patient and the nurse before, during and after the meeting. There are many requirements on professionalism in order to make use of this occasion. Education is necessary but research is lacking. Aims: To elucidate how meetings within psychiatric care leads to good caring relationship. Methods: A general literature review based on eight scientific articles. Results: The research within the field was synthesized into three themes; meeting, relation and comfort. Regarding the meeting, the first impression is of great importance and fundamental for constructing the caring-relationship, based on mutual understanding, that make the patient feel safer inside the department, rather than outside. Conclusions: Professional meetings as a part of building good patient relationship has the potential to mediate a feeling of safety and this is essential for convalescence. Clinical implications: The clinical accumulated experience from the meetings must be studied in depth and more research is needed. The nurse can use these results in her strategic planning for building of patient relationship.

This thesis focuses mainly on the general ethical considerations of staff and not pre-defined specific ethical problems or dilemmas. The aims of this thesis were: first, to map ethical considerations as described by staff members in their everyday work in child and adolescent psychiatry as well as in adult psychiatry; second, from a normative ethical perspective, examine encounters between staff and patients; and third, to describe staff justification for decisions on coercive care in child and adolescent psychiatry. The material in the three first studies comprised ethical diaries written by staff in 13 inpatient clinics. The fourth study included all the medical records of patients who were admitted to coercive care during one year in child and adolescent psychiatry in Sweden. In a final analysis, combining all the four studies, three staff ideals were identified: being a good carer, respecting the patient’s autonomy and integrity and having good relations with patients and relatives. Staff often felt that the only reasonable way in many situations was to act in a paternalistic way and take responsibility, but they considered it to be problematic. Four main themes were identified as ethical considerations. These were the borders of coercion, the emphasis on order and clarity rather than a more reciprocal relationship with patients, a strong expectation of loyalty within the team, and feelings of powerlessness, mostly in relation to patients. I have identified four challenges for inpatient psychiatry. First, formal and informal coercion in inpatient care raise ethical concerns that also can be emotionally difficult for staff. Second, the professional role and care needs to be redeveloped from providing routinised care to providing more individualised care. Third, staff often worry about how patients manage their life after discharge, indicating that patients need better support. Fourth, staff also need support; they often experience feelings of being alone with their thoughts about ethical difficulties at work. Future research could contribute in the mapping of ethical considerations, in helping to develop, implement and evaluate methods for managing these issues in psychiatric settings, and to develop the normative ethical language so that it is more relevant to the clinic reality.

The 2014 cyber attack on Sony Pictures Entertainment is an example of a disruptive event where a nation state utilized cyber tools in order to coerce a target into changing their course of action. Cyber attacks, something that might be perceived as a looming futuristic threat, became reality for Sony and its employees under the course of a few months in late 2014. The coercer’s attempt to change the behavior of the company eventually failed and North Korea who was attributed as coercer was imposed with new sanctions. This paper takes on the task of evaluating the Sony case against both the traditional theory of coercion and specific factors of cyber coercion in order to determine how the failure can be explained. The findings implicate that the failure can be explained by the traditional theory but needs to be complemented with the specifics of cyber coercion due to the difficulties in assessing the credibility of cyber attacks. Further studies are advised in the area of cyber coercion and a comparative approach would do particularly well in assessing causal explanations in a more comprehensive way.

The current political fraction between Russia and the West has led to the breakdown of the cooperative post-Cold War security order. Russia’s dramatic reliance on its tactical nuclear weapons arsenal is of concern for how Moscow might shape its foreign policy. Based on the gap in the existing literature on the role of Tactical Nuclear Weapons (TNW) and regional influence, this paper aims to examine the role of TNWs for Russia’s regional influence by answering the following research question: What changes in the nuclear doctrines, with regards to TNWs, contribute to a nuclear state’s increased regional influence? This thesis uses the theoretical frame of Coercive Diplomacy, with focus on compellence, which provides an alternative explanation to one state’s behavior against another in the pursuit of influence. In order to test the hypothesis, offensive changes in the doctrines, with regard to TNWs, contribute to a nuclear state’s likelihood of increasing its regional influence, this qualitative study examines the cases of Georgia and Armenia. The implementation of the analytical framework on the empirical material occurs through the method of structured focused comparison. The findings indicate that despite Russia’s engagement in compellence against Georgia and Armenia, the cases show very different outcomes.

O aço ferrítico-martensítico ODS Eurofer com 9%pCr (ODS - do inglês oxide dispersion strengthened), objeto de estudo dessa dissertação, é um potencial candidato para fins estruturais em reatores de fusão nuclear. Este material foi produzido via metalurgia do pó e consolidado por prensagem isostática. Em seguida sofreu laminação cruzada a quente e revenimento em 750°C por 2h. Esta foi a condição como recebida desse aço, o qual foi cedido pelo KIT (Karlsruher Institut für Technologie - Alemanha). Este aço possui 0,3%p de partículas de ítria (Y2O3) com diâmetro entre 10 e 30 nm. Uma das finalidades dessa dispersão de partículas de óxido é impedir a livre movimentação de contornos de grão no material, de modo a garantir a estabilidade microestrutural do mesmo sob recozimento. O aço ODS Eurofer como recebido foi laminado a frio com reduções de 20, 40, 60 e 80% da espessura e, posteriormente, foi recozido em diversas temperaturas entre 300 e 1350°C por 1h. Como o enfoque desse trabalho é sobre o aço ODS Eurofer recozido em altas temperaturas, para as temperaturas de 1250, 1300 e 1350°C foram feitos recozimentos adicionais (para o material com 80% de redução) variando-se o tempo de recozimento de 1 a 8 h. Para todos os recozimentos, com exceção dos realizados em 1350°C, o resfriamento das amostras se deu ao ar. Para a temperatura de 1350°C isso não foi possível e o resfriamento das amostras se deu no interior do forno. As amostras foram caracterizadas utilizando-se de medidas de dureza, medidas magnéticas e microscopia eletrônica de varredura (MEV). Amostras representativas também foram analisadas utilizando-se de difração de elétrons retroespalhados (EBSD) e espectroscopia por energia dispersiva (EDS). Para recozimentos em temperaturas acima de 800°C seguidos de resfriamento ao ar o material sofreu uma transformação martensítica. Na faixa de temperatura entre 800°C e 1300°C verificou-se um ligeiro decréscimo na dureza do material. Para as amostras com 80% de redução e recozidas em 1250 e 1300°C por diversos tempos até 8 h, seguido de resfriamento ao ar, não ocorreu uma variação significativa tanto nos valores de dureza e de campo coercivo das amostras com o tempo de recozimento. Estes valores se mantiveram em um patamar bem superior ao verificado para as amostras sem recozimento. Para as amostras recozidas em 1350°C, devido às características do resfriamento a microestrutura resultou em grãos ferríticos, aproximadamente equiaxiais e com tamanho de grão médio da ordem de 15 ?m. Observou-se uma notável queda tanto no valor de dureza como de campo coercivo dessas amostras. A observação mais importante nesse caso foi a observação de partículas da ordem de 100 nm ricas em ítrio no interior dos grãos, uma evidência de que ocorre o engrossamento das partículas de ítria nessa temperatura. Em virtude disso, a capacidade dessa dispersão de óxidos em impedir a livre movimentação de contornos de grãos no material fica prejudicada em 1350°C. / The object of this study is Eurofer 9% Cr Oxide Dispersion Strengthened (ODS) steel. This ferritic/martensitic steel is a potential candidate for structural applications in nuclear fusion reactors. It is produced through powder metallurgy and consolidated by hot isostatic pressing. The material undergoes hot cross lamination and is tempered at 760 °C. This was the condition of the steel as received, which was provided by KIT (Karlsruher Institut für Technologie, Germany). This steel contains 0.3 wt% yttria particles (Y2O3) with a diameter in the range 10-30nm. The main purpose of this oxide particle dispersion is to prevent the free movement of the grain boundaries in the material, so as to ensure stability of the microstructure during annealing. The material as received was cold rolled to reduce thickness by 20, 40, 60 and 80%. It was annealed at different temperatures from 300 to 1350 °C for 1 h. The focus of this study is the effects of high temperature annealing on the microstructure of ODS Eurofer. For this purpose, additional heat treatments were carried out on the steel that had been rolled to reduce thickness by 80% at temperatures of 1250, 1300 and 1350 °C. Annealing time varied between 15 min and 8 h. For all annealing conditions, except those carried out at 1350 °C, the samples were air cooled. For the temperature of 1350 °C, this was not possible. These samples were cooled in the oven. The samples were characterized using hardness testing, magnetic testing, and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Representative samples were also analyzed using electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD) and energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS). For annealing at temperatures above 800 °C, the material underwent a martensitic transformation after air cooling. Between 800 and 1300 °C, there was a slight decrease in the hardness of the material. For samples with 80% reduction annealed at 1250 and 1300 °C followed by air cooling, annealing time up to 8h didn\'t lead to a significant variation in either the hardness or the coercive field. Both hardness and coercive field of these samples were at a level well above the samples without annealing. For samples annealed at 1350 °C, due to the cooling characteristics of the samples, the microstructure took on a ferritic matrix with equiaxed grains with an average grain size of 15 um. There was a remarkable decrease in hardness and coercive field values of these samples. The most important result in this case was the observation of yttria-rich particles of the order of 100nm inside the grains. This is an evidence of the coarsening of the yttria particles at this temperature. As a result, the capacity of oxide dispersion to prevent the free movement of grain boundaries in the material is impaired at 1350°C.

Esse estudo investiga a influência do estilo de uso do orçamento empresarial sobre as percepções de seus públicos usuários. O uso do orçamento segue o framework de Adler e Borys (1996) que trata do uso coercitivo e facilitador. As percepções dos usuários do orçamento perfazem a utilidade do artefato e o nível de críticas atribuídas. Essa análise retoma a discussão se o orçamento se caracteriza como um importante instrumento de gestão, tendo em vista diversos estudos que tem defendido sua melhoria (Activity-Based Budgeting) ou abandono (Beyond Budgeting). A discussão é baseada em um framework relativamente recente nas pesquisas de Controle Gerencial (Ahrens & Chapman, 2004) e com potencial para futuras pesquisas no contexto nacional e internacional. O modelo teórico e as hipóteses de pesquisa foram construídos com o objetivo de discutir a influência do uso do orçamento sobre a percepção de utilidade e o nível de críticas. Dentre as dimensões do uso coercitivo e facilitador se destacam a capacidade de reparo, a transparência interna, a transparência global e a flexibilidade. A percepção de utilidade envolve a utilidade para a gestão e relevância para tomada de decisão. O nível de críticas abrange os efeitos perversos, inadaptação ao ambiente, ritual e foco excessivo no curto prazo. A metodologia do estudo é um levantamento com gerentes de uma empresa brasileira de grande porte do setor elétrico (survey single entity). Foram realizadas nove entrevistas com gerentes da empresa e elaborado um questionário eletrônico aplicado a uma amostra de 72 respondentes de uma população de aproximadamente 180, abrangendo gerentes de diversas áreas da organização. As informações coletadas nas entrevistas foram analisadas qualitativamente e apresentadas de modo descritivo, caracterizando os entrevistados, sua interface com o processo orçamentário, além de suas percepções. Os dados coletados pelo survey foram submetidos a técnicas de estatística descritiva e multivariada de equações estruturais (MEE-PLS). Os respondentes tem em média 25 anos de empresa. A análise descritiva do uso do orçamento empresarial indica que, para as dimensões transparência interna e transparência global, o orçamento está mais próximo do estilo de uso facilitador e, pela capacidade de reparo e flexibilidade, mais próximo do uso coercitivo. Além disso, a percepção de utilidade do orçamento é levemente alta e o nível de críticas é baixo. Quanto ao modelo de equações estruturais, se constatou influência indireta do uso facilitador do orçamento sobre o nível de críticas. Pôde-se verificar que o estilo de uso facilitador do orçamento influencia positivamente a percepção de utilidade e negativamente o nível de críticas. Esses resultados não indicam, necessariamente, que o uso facilitador do orçamento seja \"melhor\" que o coercitivo. Na realidade, as empresas tem a liberdade de determinar a forma como pretendem utilizar esse artefato contábil, e ao mesmo tempo devem estar cientes de que essas escolhas influenciam as percepções dos gestores. O presente trabalho fornece indicativos de modelos presentes na literatura que propiciam uma melhor compreensão desses aspectos. / This study investigates the influence of the budgeting style applied on users perceptions. Budgeting use follows the framework of Adler and Borys (1996) dealing with the coercive use and enabling use. Users\' perceptions of the budget account for the usefulness of the artifact and the level of criticism assigned. This analysis discusses if budgeting is characterized as an important management tool in view of several studies that have defended its improvement (Activity-Based Budgeting) or its abandonment (Beyond Budgeting). The discussion is based on a relatively recent framework in Management Control research (Ahrens & Chapman, 2004) and has a potential for future research in national and international context. The theoretical model and research hypotheses were constructed in order to discuss the influence of the style of budgeting use on the perceived usefulness and on the level of criticism. Among the dimensions of coercive and enabling use are repair capacity, internal transparency, global transparency, and flexibility. The perceived usefulness involves the utility and relevance to the management for decision making. The level of criticism covers the perverse effects on people, inability to adapt to the environment, ritual and excessive focus on the short term. The methodology of the study is a survey carried on with managers of a large Brazilian company of the electric sector (survey single entity). Nine interviews were developed with managers and an electronic questionnaire was also applied to a sample of 72 respondents from a population of approximately 180, including managers from different areas of the organization. The information collected in the interviews were qualitatively analyzed and presented in a descriptive manner, characterizing the respondents, their interface with the budget process, and their perceptions. The data collected by the survey were subjected to descriptive statistics and multivariate Structural Equation Modeling (SEM - PLS). Respondents have working time mean of 25 years in the organization. The descriptive analysis of the use of the corporate budgeting indicates that the dimensions of internal transparency and global transparency are closer to the enabling use. The repair capacity and flexibility are nearest to the coercive use. Furthermore, the perceived usefulness of the budgeting is slightly high and the level of critics is low. As for the structural equation model we have found indirect influence of the budgeting enabling use on the level of criticism. It was verified that the enabling style of budgeting use has positive influence on the perceived usefulness and negative on the level of criticism. These results do not necessarily indicate that the enabling style of budgeting use is \"better\" than coercive. In fact, companies have the freedom to determine how they will use this accounting artifact. Meanwhile organizations should be aware that these choices influence the perceptions of managers. This paper provides indicative of models in the literature which propitiate a better understanding of these aspects.

Ancorados no princípio nemo ad factum praecise cogi potest e limitados pela completa ineficácia das ferramentas processuais disponibilizadas, nossos Tribunais vinham ofertando à parte prejudicada com o descumprimento de uma obrigação de fazer, não fazer ou entregar coisa apenas o equivalente pecuniário da prestação inadimplida. A percepção de que a via indenizatória nem sempre repararia de forma integral os danos experimentados e a conscientização de que o uso de meio coercitivo indireto para o desempenho da obrigação anteriormente assumida não caracterizaria ofensa à liberdade individual (entre tantos outros fatores) fizeram com que esse quadro começasse a ser contestado. Atendendo a reivindicação da doutrina, o legislador empreendeu uma série de reformas no Código de Processo Civil, quebrando o paradigma: a tutela específica passou a ocupar o lugar de primazia que vinha sendo indevidamente ocupado pelo sucedâneo indenizatório. O presente estudo se dedica a examinar a principal ferramenta processual utilizada para a obtenção da tutela específica em juízo: as astreintes. São analisados, neste trabalho, os antecedentes históricos da tutela específica e dos meios de coerção nos sistemas romano e lusitano e no próprio direito pátrio bem como os institutos assemelhados à multa coercitiva brasileira no direito francês e anglo-saxão. Com base nessa retrospectiva histórica e tendo em conta os institutos do direito comparado, o estudo define a natureza, função e campo de incidência das astreintes. Após, abordam-se temas polêmicos em torno da aplicabilidade da multa coercitiva: possibilidade de cumulação com outras formas de coerções/sanções, periodicidade e valor inicial, termo a quo e ad quem, existência ou não de limitação legal ou principiológica para o montante final, a possibilidade da alteração de seu valor e a questão do enriquecimento sem causa do credor. Por fim, é tratada a execução da multa coercitiva. Tudo para demonstrar que, a despeito da falta de regramento detalhado e das várias divergências doutrinárias e jurisprudenciais que daí advém, as astreintes se mostram como a mais efetiva ferramenta para a obtenção da tutela específica em juízo - tendência do processo civil contemporâneo. / Based on the principle of nemo ad factum praecise cogi potest and restrained by the total inefficacy of the available procedural tools, our Courts have been granting to the party affected by an obligation of specific performance only the pecuniary equivalent of the defaulted service provision. Such scenario started to be challenged upon the perception that the indemnity path would not always fully repair the damages suffered and in view of the awareness that the use of an indirect coercive means for the previously undertaken obligation to be fulfilled would not qualify as offense to the individual freedom (among many other factors). In response to the doctrine\'s claims, the lawmaker made a number of amendments to the Code of Civil Procedure, overturning the paradigm: the specific relief was given the primacy that had been unduly given to the indemnity substitute. This paper examines the main procedural tool used to obtain the specific relief in court: the daily fines. This paper analyzes the historical precedents of the specific relief and the coercive means in the Roman and Portuguese system and in Brazilian law, as well as the institutions similar to the Brazilian coercive fine in the French and Anglo-Saxon laws. Based on such historical review and considering the institutions in comparative law, the study defines the nature, function and coverage of the daily fines. It further addresses controversial issues revolving around the applicability of the coercive fine: possibility of accumulation with other types of coercion / sanctions, periodicity and initial value, term a quo and ad quem, existence or not of limitation for the final amount, arising from law or principle, possibility of changing its value and the issue of creditor\'s enrichment without cause. Finally, this paper addresses the execution of the coercive fine. The aim is to show that, in spite of the fact that there is not a detailed ruling and that several doctrine and jurisprudence controversies arise from it, the daily fines are the most effective tool to obtain the specific relief in court - a trend in contemporaneous civil procedure.

This thesis provides a framework to understand and apply the philosophical principles of paternalism to determine the most reasonable actions states can take in regard to marijuana legalization. As matters currently stand in U.S. policy, states must decide whether they will prohibit, decriminalize, or legalize marijuana. First, I will give a brief history of marijuana regulations and societal perceptions in the United States. Second, I will define and differentiate concepts of illegalization, decriminalization, and legalization from one another. Third, I will summarize and analyze Joel Feinberg and Sarah Conly's arguments against and for paternalism, respectively. I will conclude by applying the strengths of each philosopher's arguments with respect to the marijuana debate to offer a policy that is both just and effective.

Social dominance is an inherent component of human social organization (Hawley, 1999, Ryff & Singer, 2000; Uchino, Cacioppo, & Kiecolt-Glaser, 1996). Some behaviors typically associated with gaining dominance (e.g., bullying, aggression), have been linked with maladaptive outcomes (Hawley, 2016). However, Resource Control Theory (RCT) highlights the adaptive role of the prosocial (e.g., sharing, cooperating) and the coercive (e.g., taking, threatening) strategies that youth use to gain resources within their peer group (Hawley, 2003a). These behaviors may have important implications for individuals’ physiological stress reactivity, particularly during middle childhood when youth are undergoing rapid cognitive and social development (Parker et al., 2006). The overall goal of the current study was to examine whether patterns of prosocial and coercive resource control strategy use were associated with autonomic nervous system reactivity in a sample of 9-12 year old children. Specifically, this study used person-centered analyses to investigate whether membership in groups based on resource control strategy use was associated with measures of autonomic nervous system reactivity (i.e., skin conductance [SCL-R], heart rate [HR-R], and systolic and diastolic blood pressure [SBP-R, DBP-R, respectively]). This study also utilized variable-centered analyses to investigate whether coercive resource control strategies were associated with these measures of autonomic nervous system reactivity, and whether this relationship was moderated by prosocial resource control strategies. This study also investigated whether these associations were present in the context of social and non-social stressor tasks. One hundred children (50% female, Mage = 10.47 years) and one of their parents participated in the current study and were recruited from the community in a small northeastern city. Participants’ SCL-R, HR-R, SBP-R, and DBP-R were assessed using a stress protocol during which they discussed an experience of relational victimization (e.g., being left out), played an online ball-tossing game designed to mimic social exclusion experiences, and completed a mirror-tracing task. Levels of prosocial and coercive resource control strategy use were gathered using parent report. Findings suggested that, during the discussion of a relational victimization experience, the association between coercive control strategies and HR-R was moderated by prosocial control strategies. Specifically, for those low in prosocial control strategies, lower coercive control strategies were associated with increased HR-R. In contrast, in the context of the online ball-tossing game, the associations between coercive control strategies and both SBP-R and DBP-R, respectively, were moderated by prosocial control strategies. Specifically, for those low in prosocial control strategies, higher coercive control strategies were associated with both increased SBP-R and DBP-R. No other outcome measures were associated with main effects of resource control strategies or an interaction between coercive and prosocial control strategies. These patterns suggest that resource control strategy use may be differentially related to HR-R and blood pressure reactivity. Additionally, this pattern may have resulted from differences in the characteristics of the social stressor tasks. Though more research is needed, this study provides the first step in investigating the associations between resource control strategies and long-term physical health in children. This may have important implications for the development of intervention and prevention programs that will help improve the physical health of youth.