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När elever besöker studie- och yrkesvägledaren bär de på en förhoppning om att få reda ut personliga egenskaper, men denna förhoppning besannas inte. Forskning kring hur studie- och yrkesvägledare arbetar med självkännedom är mindre omfattande, vilket ger oss en anledning till att studera ämnet. Syftet med studien är att få en insikt hur vägledare arbetar med självkännedom och hur betydelsefullt det är i en studie- och yrkesvalsprocess. Ett annat syfte med studien är att studera hur studie- och yrkesvägledarna själva ser på självkännedom.   Studiens valda metod är kvalitativa semistrukturerade forskningsintervjuer. Studie- och yrkesvägledarna som intervjuades var till antalet åtta och hälften av de intervjuade vägledarna arbetar på grundskolan och andra hälften på gymnasieskolan. I resultatet framkommer det att studie- och yrkesvägledarna anser att det är deras uppgift att bidra till elevers självkännedom. Hur studie- och yrkesvägledarna arbetar med att bidra till självkännedom utförs på differenta vis. Resultatet analyseras utifrån karriärteorin Cognitive informantion processing (CIP) och styrdokument från skolan. Den huvudsakliga slutsatsen i studien är att vägledare använder ett belysande, bekräftande eller reflekterande arbetsätt för att bidra till elevers självkännedom. Vidare fastställer studien att självkännedom bör få en större plats på utbildning till studie- och yrkesvägledare.

Gulf-War-era-II combat veterans have made professional contributions to the civilian workforce since returning from Iraq and Afghanistan combat operations. Service members in California encounter transition issues related to employment and adjusting their self-identity in the civilian employment culture. These complexities have led to career problems. Using Peterson, Sampson, Reardon, and Lenz's theory of cognitive information processing and Mincer & Becker's theory of human capital, the purpose of this phenomenological study was designed to provide a holistic account of the lived experiences of 11 Gulf War era II veterans who have successfully integrated into civilian employment with a focus on mitigating factors and decision making processes. Purposeful sampling and semistructured interviews were completed with Los Angeles Gulf-War-era-II veterans employed as civilians for more than 1 year. Data collected were analyzed using the Stevick-Colazzi-Keen method. Five themes emerged from the data represented the transitional experiences of the participant veterans': (a) presence of self-validating values, (b) love of country and social responsibility, (c) importance of veteran networking and social support, (d) continued self-improvement, and (e) self-awareness to adapt to decision-making skills required in civilian employment. The findings identified the phenomenon that veterans evolved personally and professionally after securing meaningful civilian jobs and continued to adapt using career problem solving. This study contributes to the positive social change by aggregating resources for employment stability for veterans, increasing dialogue regarding veteran career transitions, and increasing awareness of veteran human capital values in civilian employment.

The number of English language learners continues to grow in United States' schools and their achievement level continues to lag behind their peers. This developmental study investigated the design and development of a multimedia environment that embedded cognitive strategy instruction to assist ELL students' academic content learning. High school ELL students face the hardship of preparing for various state mandated graduation requirements while learning the English language and learning strategies are believed to help ELL students improve their learning. The multimedia tutorial embedded rehearsal, elaboration, and compensation learning strategies to help the ELL students understand and recall information about state mandated computer competencies. Formative evaluation was used to gather data from five intermediate Hispanic ELL high school students in grades 9 through 11. Lessons learned from embedding rehearsal, elaboration, and compensation learning strategies in multimedia instruction and recommendations for future development are discussed. / Ph. D.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the alignments in the use of theory, principles and guidelines in instructional design books and popular books on design. The review of literature was conducted in three parts. The first part of the literature review was a general review of literature and it was conducted on cognitive information processing, cognitive load theory, affordance theory and text display. The second part of the literature review extracted the theories, principles and guidelines from four books on instructional design and technology. Six theories were extracted. The six theories extracted from these four books of instructional design and technology were cognitive information processing theory, cognitive load theory, multimedia theory, perception theory, minimalism theory and motivation theories. The third part of the review of literature was on content analysis, the different definitions of content analysis and the historical background of content analysis. Two sets of books were used in the study. The first set of books was instructional design and technology textbooks. These books were referred to as the scholarly books. The second set of books was selected by systematic sampling. These second set of books were the ten most positively reviewed books on web design from Amazon.com Inc. These ten books were pruned down to four books by a panel of experts. This second set of books was referred to as the popular books. A content analysis was conducted on the scholarly and the popular books. The theories, principles and guidelines extracted from the four scholarly books were aligned with the codified themes, word phrases and word sense from the four popular books. The results were tabulated under categories identified. The results showed that two of the popular books did not address theory in their content. The two other popular books addressed guidelines and principles applicable to the theories extracted in the scholarly books. The scholarly books gave theoretical foundations for their guidelines while the popular books did not give a theoretical foundation for their guidelines. / Ph. D.

The aim of this study was to examine guidance counselors' experience of the transition to digital guidance counseling during the covid-19 pandemic. The guidance counselors attitude towards change, as well as contributing challenges are studied. Through semi-structured interviews and a thematic analysis the limitations and opportunities that the change entailed, are studied both on the basis of the guidance counselors' own perception, as well as the impact they feel it had on the students. The results were analyzed by using Cognitive information processing theory (CIP) and Pierre Bourdieu Theory of capital. The study shows that certain groups of students have been negatively affected by the change, and that body language and facial expressions are often lost during digital guidance counseling. The attitude has been important for the perceived challenges, and views on opportunities and limitations. The study shows that flexibility has been important during the transition to the use of ICT in guidance counseling. Guidance counselors have been forced to learn new digital tools during the pandemic and they can see the future benefits of using them. A combination of traditional and digital guidance counseling, so-called hybrid- guidance, is highlighted as a future way of working.

Doctor of Philosophy / Department of Counseling and Educational Psychology / Kenneth F. Hughey / This study examined the impact of two career interventions on the dysfunctional career thoughts (DCTs) and vocational identity (VI) of 55 high school seniors. Research has shown an inverse relationship between levels of DCTs and VI. One intervention was based on the Cognitive Information Processing approach (Peterson, Sampson, & Reardon, 1991; Peterson, Sampson, Lenz, & Reardon, 2002; Peterson, Sampson, Reardon, & Lenz, 1996; Sampson, Reardon, Peterson, & Lenz, 2004) and incorporated Improving Your Career Thoughts: A Workbook for the Career Thoughts Inventory (CTI workbook; Sampson, Peterson, Lenz, Reardon, & Saunders, 1996c) and the Self-Directed Search (SDS; Holland, 1994). The second intervention employed only the SDS. A control group used neither activity. Levels of DCTs and VI were assessed pre-intervention and post-intervention using the Career Thoughts Inventory (Sampson, Peterson, Lenz, Reardon, & Saunders, 1996a) and the Vocational Identity scale of My Vocational Situation (Holland, Daiger, & Power, 1980a). Earlier studies indicated improvements in levels of dysfunctional career thinking after CIP-based interventions (e.g., Kilk, 1998; Morano, 2005; Reed, 2006), but no previous studies employed the complete CTI workbook. Additional studies (e.g., Loughead & Black, 1990; Mau,1999; Wiggins, 1987) indicated that levels of vocational identity could be increased by using the SDS as an intervention. The combined use of the CTI workbook and SDS produced significant improvements in all five measures of DCTs and VI. It was also shown that use of the SDS as a stand-alone intervention did improve levels of VI, but not to the extent of the improvements shown by combined use of the SDS and CTI workbook. Use of the SDS as a stand-alone intervention did not produce improvements in levels of DCTs. The control group, which employed neither the CTI workbook nor the SDS, unexpectedly showed significant improvements in scores for two CTI scales which may have been due to the influence of confounding variables.

Doctor of Philosophy / Department of Special Education / Kenneth F. Hughey / This study investigated the impact of a seven-session career intervention in a First Year Experience course on the dysfunctional career thoughts, locus of control, and career decision self-efficacy of underprepared college students. The career intervention was based on the cognitive information processing approach to career decision making (Peterson, Sampson, & Reardon, 1991; Peterson, Sampson, Reardon, & Lenz, 1996; Reardon, Lenz, Sampson, & Peterson, 2000; Sampson, Reardon, Peterson, & Lenz, 2004) and utilized the CTI workbook (Sampson, Peterson, Lenz, Reardon, & Saunders, 1996b). Participants in the study were full-time freshmen enrolled in remedial academic courses at a small, open-enrollment institution. The study was a Nonequivalent Control Group design with delayed posttest. Ten hypotheses were identified and tested. The Career Thoughts Inventory, the Rotter IE Scale, and the Career Decision Self-Efficacy-Short Form were administered at pretest, posttest, and delayed posttest. ANCOVA was used to analyze differences between the mean scores by group for each of the dependent variables. In addition, dependent t-tests were used to examine the differences between the mean scores within group for each of the dependent variables. Results of this study indicated that underprepared students who participated in the career intervention significantly improved dysfunctional career thoughts on all variables from pretest to posttest. Further, improvement in dysfunctional career thoughts was maintained four weeks after the intervention. Significant differences were also found at posttest between the treatment and control groups for CTI Total and Decision-Making Confusion. In addition, a significant positive correlation was found between dysfunctional career thinking and locus of control, indicating the participants with higher levels of dysfunctional career thoughts also had a more external locus of control. Locus of control was not significantly different from pretest to posttest in the treatment group; however, locus of control did become more internal following the intervention. At delayed posttest, locus of control of the treatment group was not significantly different from Rotter’s (1966) normative sample while the control group continued to be significantly more external than the normative sample. While career decision self-efficacy was not significantly different from pretest to posttest, students’ scores indicated confidence in their ability to perform career tasks.

Syftet med uppsatsen är att undersöka hur privata aktörer arbetar med stöd och matchning av arbetssökande individer som saknar gymnasieexamen. Uppsatsen avser att besvara två frågeställningar: -Hur beskriver de privata aktörerna sitt arbete med lågutbildade individer? -Vilka insatser finns för lågutbildade individer i matchningsarbetet? Uppsatsen behandlar matchningsprocessen för arbetssökande. Främst belyses privata aktörers arbete med matchningsprocessen för lågutbildade individer samt vilka insatser som står till förfogande för målgruppen. Insamlad empiri består av fem kvalitativa intervjuer genomförda i en mindre och en större stad. Informanterna valdes strategiskt utifrån uppsatsens undersökta område. Intervjuguiden är formulerad i ett semistrukturerat format och baseras på teman som ansågs relevanta för att besvara frågeställningarna. Resultatet visade att det råder utmaningar med att matcha lågutbildade individer till sysselsättning samt att matchningsprocessen var densamma oberoende av utbildningsnivå. Signifikant för aktörerna var att de var beroende av arbetsmarknadspolitiska åtgärder och påverkades till stor del av Arbetsförmedlingens omorganisation.