This master thesis deals with middle school pupils and their comprehension of Part-whole theory within the area of Mathematics. The theory section is divided into five parts. The first part presents sets of knowledge and skills of lower-secondary school pupils that are essential for completing a particular time period in selected thematic areas of mathematics at primary schools. In the second part, individual stages and mechanisms of cognitive processes needed in Mathematics are determined, and the third part focuses on teaching methods of Mathematics. Among the issues mentioned in this part are for example the difference between formal and informal knowledge or transmissive and constructivist way of teaching. Lastly, the fourth and fifth parts specify various expressions of wholes and their parts. The research part of this paper provides an analysis of interviews with certain teachers that are employing different teaching methods, testing applied on their pupils and also an analysis of the textbooks that are being used by these teachers. The other part of the thesis is the evaluation of the interviews with the selected teachers, what gives us the information about the relationship of the teachers to particular didactic approaches, and the evaluation of the tests taken by pupils including standard...

It is usually said that "A picture is worth a thousand words". It is then interesting to look into how students perceive their own writing process when they use drawing as an pre-writing strategy. Previous research have shown that drawings help young pupils in the beginning of their writing development. The study is a phenomenographic study and are built on interviews and observation as method. The aim of this study is to investigate pupils perception of using drawings as a pre-writing strategy for writing. The following questions where formulated: • How do the students experience the drawing as a preparation for writing their narrative text? • How do the students perceive their own writing process? • What is the students perception of the drawing as a possible support during the      writing process? • How do the students perceive the drawing as support during their own writing process? This study is based on interviews with four pre-school students in second grade. The result in the study shows that the students are positive to use drawing as preparation for writing. It also shows that the students had different perceptions about how the drawing was as a support for writing. The drawing was perceived as a support for the working memory, a support to describe details form the drawing in the text and make structure in the text. The result also shows that the student´s perception of the drawing as a support of writing are connected to the student's perception of their own writing process.

Föreliggande studie analyserar muntliga aktiviteter i elevböckerna och lärarhandledningarna tillhörande läromedlet ABC-klubben. Läromedlet analyseras utifrån ett kognitivt perspektiv med hjälp av Blooms reviderade taxonomi, vilket även utgör studiens teoretiska referensram. Taxonomin synliggör vilka kognitiva processer och kunskapsdimensioner aktiviteterna erbjuder eleverna att nå. Resultatet av analysen jämförs med lärarnas uppfattning om de muntliga aktiviteterna som läromedlet erbjuder. Det granskade läromedlet valdes ut efter att verksamma lärare på lågstadiet besvarat en enkät om vilket läromedel de använder i svenskundervisningen. Enkäten innehöll också frågor där lärarna bland annat svarade på i vilken utsträckning de anser att läromedlet bidrar till elevernas utveckling av de muntliga förmågorna. Resultatet av läromedelsanalysen visar att antalet muntliga aktiviteter är begränsade. Det visar också att aktiviteterna inte erbjuder eleverna att utveckla den högsta nivån av kunskapsdimensioner och i endast en liten utsträckning den högsta nivån av kognitiva processer. Lärarna upplever dock att läromedlet bidrar till att eleverna utvecklar förmågorna att tala, lyssna och samtala. Studiens slutsats är att eleverna borde få fler möjligheter att nå högre kognitiva processer och kunskapsdimensioner gällande muntlighet. Det kräver att muntliga aktiviteter får större plats i läromedlet.

The diploma thesis deals with validity of direct measurement of stated willingness to pay (WTP) in the fair trade context based on two-phase measurement applied in the INESAN survey. Attention is also paid to the unit of answer to an open-ended question and to the functionality of WTP as an indicator of purchase intent. First, fair trade, the concept of WTP with focus on areas of its application, ways of measurement, critics and problems of its use are introduced from the theoretical perspective. Further, cognitive aspects of the process of answering survey questions as a way of testing the functionality of a measurement tool are analyzed. The thesis is built on a combination of two survey methods, cognitive interviews and secondary analysis of quantitative data. It concludes that measuring WTP for the purpose of capturing the value of fair trade using direct stated method of measurement is problematic as numerous risks with impact on validity of acquired data appear. Those risks concern both the particular way of measurement and the direct stated WTP measurement in general, starting with ambiguous interpretation of WTP questions for a fair trade product among respondents. The thesis also shows that answering open-ended question in the form of percentage is cognitively more demanding than in the...

While signatures of attention can be observed in widespread areas within and outside of cortex, the control of attention is thought to be regulated by higher cognitive brain areas, such as the prefrontal cortex. In their recent study on mice Kim et al. could show that successful allocation of attention is characterized by increased spiking of a specific type of inhibitory interneurons, the parvalbumin neurons, and higher oscillatory activity in the gamma band in the local prefrontal network. It was recently demonstrated that encoding of working memory in prefrontal areas is linked to bursts of gamma oscillations, a discontinuous network process characterized by short periods of intense power in the gamma band. The relationship between attention and working memory is unclear, and it is possible that these two cognitive processes share encoding principles. To address this gap, the electrophysiological data collected in the Carlén Lab have been analyzed with advanced spatio-temporal approaches. In particular, we have analyzed bursting gamma activity in medial prefrontal cortex during attentional processing and investigated the similarities to gamma bursting observed during working memory. Gamma-band bursts during attention were reliably detected with several methods. We have characterized several features of the bursts, including the occurrence, duration and amplitude. The neuronal firing rates during and outside of bursts have also been computed. We investigated the correlation between different criteria characterizing the gamma burst and successful vs failed allocation of attention. Control data were generated to discuss the obtained results. The aim of the study was to explore the hypothesis that the medial prefrontal cortex encodes attention trough gamma bursts, which could reveal some similarities and differences in coding of central cognitive processes. No clear difference was found in the characterization between successful and failed allocation of attention. In addition, results were very similar in control set and original data. No underlying mechanism could be identified from this analysis. Therefore, as the bursts occurring in the gamma band in the prefrontal cortex (PFC) were not discriminative with respect to the different tested conditions, they do not seem to encode information related to attention. / Även fast flera olika hjärnområdens aktivitet kan korreleras med uppmärksamhet, anses kontrollen av uppmärksamhet regleras av högre kognitiva hjärnområden, såsom främre hjärnbarken. I en nyligen publicerad artikel studerade Kim et al. hjärnaktiviteten hos möss och kunde visa att en framgångsrik uppmärksamhet kännetecknas av en ökad aktivitet av en specifik typ av inhiberande nervceller, parvalbumin celler, och högre oscillerande aktivitet i gammafrekvens i främre hjärnbarkens lokala nätverk. Det har nyligen visats att kodning av arbetsminne i främre hjärnbarken är kopplat till utbrott av gamma-oscillationer, en diskontinuerlig nätverksprocess som kännetecknas av korta perioder av intensiva oscillationer av det lokala nätverket i gammafrekvens . Relationen mellan uppmärksamhet och arbetsminne är oklar, och det är möjligt att dessa två kognitiva processer delar kodningsprinciper. För att minska detta gap av kunskap har den elektrofysiologiska datan som samlats in i Carlén Lab analyserats med avancerade spatio-temporala tillvägagångssätt. I synnerhet har vi analyserat utbrott i gammaaktivitet i främre hjärnbarken under uppmärksamhet och undersökt likheterna med gamma- utbrott observerade under arbetsminne. Gamma-bandutbrott under uppmärksamhet påvisades på ett tillförlitligt sätt med flera metoder. Vi har karaktäriserat flera funktioner hos utbrotten, inklusive förekomsten, varaktigheten och amplituden. De enskilda cellernas aktivitet undersöktes även under och utanför utprotten av gamma-oscillationer. Vi undersökte sambandet mellan de olika kriterier som karakteriserar gamma-utbrott under framgångsrik mot misslyckad allokering av uppmärksamhet. Kontrolldata genererades för att diskutera de erhållna resultaten. Syftet med studien var att utforska hypotesen att den främre hjärnbarken kodar uppmärksamhet genom gamma-utbrott, vilket kan avslöja vissa likheter och skillnader i kodning av centrala kognitiva processer. Ingen klar skillnad hittades i karaktäriseringen mellan framgångsrik och misslyckad allokering av uppmärksamhet. Dessutom var resultaten mycket likartade i kontrolluppsättningen och den ursprungliga datan. Ingen underliggande mekanism kunde identifieras ur denna analys. Eftersom de utbrott som uppstod i gamma-bandet i främre hjärnbarken inte var unika med hänsyn till de olika testade förhållandena, tycks de därför inte koda information relaterad till uppmärksamhet.

Globalisation had a major impact on the way organisations operate. Access to information and innovative technology connote that organisational leaders need to make timely decisions while considering a range of rapidly changing variables. Leaders of global organisations need to make sense of complex information and anticipate the long-term outcomes of making different decisions. This requires highly developed cognitive skills. However, these are not the only factors influencing strategic decisions. Value systems also affect the choices organisational leaders make. Limited existing research has investigated the relationship between values and cognition within organisational leadership. The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between cognitive complexity, cognitive processes and individual values at a senior management level in a multinational company. Cognition is explored in terms of cognitive processes and levels of work (as measured by the Cognitive Process Profile), and values are explored in terms of value systems (as measured by the Value Orientations questionnaire). The study is based on a quantitative research design, where a sample of 265 executives, senior managers and directors employed at a multinational organisation completed the assessments. The empirical study (N = 265) yielded some weak, yet statistically significant, relationships between cognition and value systems among organisational leaders in a multinational organisation. / Industrial & Organisational Psychology / M.A. (Industrial and Organisational Psychology)

Globalisation had a major impact on the way organisations operate. Access to information and innovative technology connote that organisational leaders need to make timely decisions while considering a range of rapidly changing variables. Leaders of global organisations need to make sense of complex information and anticipate the long-term outcomes of making different decisions. This requires highly developed cognitive skills. However, these are not the only factors influencing strategic decisions. Value systems also affect the choices organisational leaders make. Limited existing research has investigated the relationship between values and cognition within organisational leadership. The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between cognitive complexity, cognitive processes and individual values at a senior management level in a multinational company. Cognition is explored in terms of cognitive processes and levels of work (as measured by the Cognitive Process Profile), and values are explored in terms of value systems (as measured by the Value Orientations questionnaire). The study is based on a quantitative research design, where a sample of 265 executives, senior managers and directors employed at a multinational organisation completed the assessments. The empirical study (N = 265) yielded some weak, yet statistically significant, relationships between cognition and value systems among organisational leaders in a multinational organisation. / Industrial and Organisational Psychology / M.A. (Industrial and Organisational Psychology)

1 Leo Vaniš: Abstrakt dizertace (EN): The dissertation theses "ART EDUCATION - LITERARY EDUCATION: The subjects of" higher "culture in aesthetic education on the example of geometric art" is based primarily on the field of educational sciences, focusing on two areas of the educational process: art and literary education. Two equivalent school subjects matters (which the very graphic concept of the name by capital letters suggests, as well as the intentional duplication of the word education) is based on the study of culture, which is conceived on two levels - "higher" and "lower," possibly simple, unprofessional, but not necessarily of lower quality. The intentional introduction of the word "higher" in quotation marks already in itself suggests that it will be a problem of defining what such a culture means, what it can look like and how it can be understood in an educational context. collection of so-called canonically anchored works, in the field of verbal and artistic creation, while cross-sectionally focusing on one researched aspect - geometry. Whith the concept of dual geometry (often referred to in the theses as the "phenomenon of simple and artistic geometrization") the author tries to show the projection of already established great artistic values into contemporary educational reality, defining...

La presente tesi teorica propone il MOPC index per misurare quanto i manager abbiano generato una comunità multinazionale di gestione aperta di un generico processo considerando congiuntamente l’affiliazione, la connettività interna, la forza e la multinazionalità. A tal fine ho impiegato il SAOM-Behavior valutando la collaborazione internazionale di processo ed annessa propensione come variabili multiple i cui valori e co-evoluzione dipendono dalla co-influenza tra le collaborazioni internazionali fasiche, tra le medesime e le rispettive propensioni fasiche e tra queste ultime. L’intensità relazionale dipende dal modello mentale condiviso, generatosi a livello di team internazionale, su una certa fase del processo mentre la propensione è funzione dell’orientamento e dell’attitudine alla collaborazione internazionale fasica. Il MOPC index è stato applicato alla comunità multinazionale di innovazione aperta e di gestione aperta introducendo due indici teorici: MOIC index e MOMC index. Infine ho teorizzato la catena del valore del manager (MVC) impiegando il processo innovativo e gestionale; considerando le collaborazioni internazionali sui due processi con annesse propensioni, si ho analizzato la collaborazione internazionale sulla MVC, la relativa propensione e la loro co-evoluzione. Cosi facendo, ho introdotto il MMC index per misurare la comunità multinazionale manageriale e, mediante questo, la multinazionalizzazione d’impresa da una prospettiva relazionale manageriale. / This thesis presents the theoretical MOPC index to measure how much the managers generate a multinational open process community by considering the affiliation, the internal connectivity, the strenghtness and the multinationality. I employed the SAOM-Behavior by evaluating the international process collaboration and the respective propensity as multiple variables whose value and co-evolution depend on the co-influence between the international collaborations phasic, between the same and the respective propensities phasic and between them. The intensity of these relationships depends on the International phasic team mental model sharing (TMMS) while the propensity’s one depends on the orientation and the attitude. Then the MOPC index has been applied to measure the multinational open innovation community and the multinational open management community by introducing the MOIC index and the MOMC index. Finally, I introduced the managerial value chain (MVC) as composed of the innovative and the management process. By integrating the international collaborations related to the two processes and their propensities It’s possible to measure the international MVC collaboration, the correlated propensity and their co-evolution. In doing so, I introduced the MMC index to determine the multinational managerial community’s degree and use it to evaluate the firm’s multinationalization by a managerial relational perspective.