Cette thèse se donne pour objet d’explorer la place de la dimension culturelle vis-à-vis du phénomène d’alignement stratégique du SI- subtilité insuffisamment analysée- voire de comprendre en profondeur l’impact que peut exercer la culture organisationnelle sur l’alignement stratégique des usages du système ERP, notamment lors de la phase du post-basculement. Pour la stratégie de recherche qui est la nôtre, une exploration théorique, pertinente en regard de notre questionnement scientifique, nous a paru comme préalable indispensable pour constituer à la fois le fondement et la justification de la modélisation proposée. Laquelle a été mise à l’épreuve de la réalité professionnelle auprès d’une sélection d’entreprises opérant en Tunisie et se trouvant dans la phase du post-basculement de leurs systèmes ERP. Ce faisant, il nous a semblé plus constructif d’adopter la complémentarité des deux approches qualitative/quantitative au niveau de notre démarche empirique, et ce dans le cadre d’une triangulation méthodologique. Notre investigation s’est donc déroulée en deux phases. Durant la première, 5 études de cas ont été menées à partir de 16 entretiens semi-directifs auprès des DG, DM et DSI impliqués dans l’alignement stratégique des usages du système ERP. En s’adossant aux résultats de l’analyse de contenu de ces entretiens, un questionnaire d’enquête a été administré dans la seconde phase auprès de 55 DM en fonction dans 22 entreprises. La diversité des résultats obtenus, confirmant à la fois la faisabilité et la validation de la modélisation de recherche, tend à démontrer la singularité de notre travail de recherche dont la contribution principale réside dans l’émergence d’une hypothèse culturaliste novatrice. Laquelle postule la nécessaire prise en considération de la culture organisationnelle comme stimulateur potentiel de l’alignement stratégique des usages du système ERP, répondant de la sorte au besoin managérial relatif à la maîtrise de l’alignement stratégique des usages lors de la phase du post-basculement. / The purpose of this thesis is to investigate the squares scope of the cultural dimension towards the phenomenon of strategic alignment of IS- subtlety insufficiently analyzed- even to include in depth the impact that can practice the organizational culture on the strategic alignment of ERP system usages, in particular during the post go-live step.A theoretical exploration, relevant to our scientific questioning, appeared to us as indispensable prerequisite to constitute at the same time the foundation and the justification of the proposed modeling. Which was probation of the professional reality with a selection of companies operating in Tunisia and being in the phase of the post go-live of their ERP systems. Making it, it seemed to us more constructive to adopt the qualitative/quantitative complementarity of both approaches at the level of our empirical approach, and it within the framework of a methodological triangulation. Our investigation took place in two waves. During the first one, 5 case studies were led from 16 semi-directive interviews with General Manager, Operational/Functional Director and IS Director involved in the strategic alignment of ERP system usages. Based on the results of the analysis conducted by the contents of the interviews, a survey by questionnaire was administered in the second phase with 55 Operational/Functional Director recovering from 22 companies.The diversity of the obtained results confirming at the same time the feasibility and the validation of the modeling research and tends to demonstrate the peculiarity of our reflection in which the main contribution lies in the emergence of an innovative culturalist hypothesis. Which applies the importance of taking into consideration of the organizational culture as stimulating potential of the strategic alignment of ERP system usages, the referee so at the managerial need concerning the control of the strategic alignment of the uses during the post go-live step.

Truancy is one of the problems that exist in schools and affect learners' performance. The aim of the current study was to determine how truancy manifests and also to explore the life world of truants in secondary schools. From the literature review, the two types of truancy, namely blanket truancy and post-registration truancy were described. Various programmes and approaches used in truancy intervention were explored. An empirical investigation was undertaken with a sample of 758 Grade 10 learners from three secondary schools. The results indicated that significantly more males than females engaged in truancy. There is also a significant dependency between learning problems and truancy. The results of the study were analysed and recommendations for intervention and for further study were made. / Educational Studies / M.Ed. (Guidance and Counseling)

Personality, psychological type and cognitive ability are frequently implied to be underlying causes of differences in reasoning processes, decision-making processes and general success in a job. However, there is a trend towards utilising cognitive and personality measures interchangeably in the context of selection and development, particularly as it pertains to selection based on cognitive ability and cognitive style. The general aim of this research was therefore to investigate the relationship between psychological type, as measured by the Myers-Briggs Type Inventory (MBTI), and cognitive abilities and styles as measured by the Cognitive Process Profile (CPP). Cognitive ability is discussed under the cognitive psychology paradigm. A clarification of concepts associated with cognitive psychology is provided, and the CPP model is introduced as an integrative model encompassing aspects of cognitive ability and cognitive style. Psychological type is discussed under the analytical psychology paradigm, with a focus on personality structure, dynamics and development. This is then integrated into an overview of Jung's theory of personality types and the development of the MBTI. An empirical investigation, utilising Pairwise comparisons and Chi-square statistics was conducted. The results were then integrated to enable a better understanding of the relationship between cognition and personality. Based on this, it was concluded that there is insufficient evidence to suggest that a relationship exists between cognitive styles (as defined by the CPP) and personality (as defined by the MBTI). There were however, sufficient statistically significant findings to suggest that there is some relationship between cognitive processes / competencies and personality. / Industrial and Organisational Psychology / M.A. (Industrial and Organisational Psychology)

The senior secondary school learners' limited English proficiency motivated the researcher to investigate the extent to which contextual and learner factors contributed to this problem. The ultimate aim was to recommend guidelines for dealing with the problem. The review of literature and empirical methods of research were used to this effect. The literature review revealed that the learners' societal, home/family and school/classroom contexts contributed to learners' development ofESL proficiency. It further showed that the independent learner factors (i.e. learner factors that are not influenced by the context from which the learner comes and/or in which SLA takes place) and dependent learner factors (i.e. learner factors that are completely or partly subject to the influence of the context from which the learner comes or in which SLA takes place) significantly influenced the development ofESL proficiency. With its focus on language learning strategies, the empirical investigation found a significant relationship between the learners' level ofESL proficiency and use of direct strategies (i.e. strategies that involve the mental processing of the target language, albeit in different ways and for different purposes). The investigation found no significant relationship between the learners' level of ESL proficiency and use of indirect strategies (i.e. strategies that underpin the process of language learning). Several contextual and learner factors were found to influence the relationship between the learner's strategy use and the development ofESL proficiency. These findings formed the basis for recommending specific guidelines for dealing with limited ESL proficiency, as well as recommending possible directions for future research. / Educational Studies / D. Ed. (Didactics)

Thèse en cotutelle internationale avec l'Université de Caen Normandie en France / La réalité virtuelle s’est imposée comme un nouveau paradigme de la recherche et des applica-tions scientifiques. La capacité de cette technologie à simuler des situations complexes sur me-sure offre aux chercheurs la possibilité d’étudier des comportements possédant contrôle méthodo-logique et dimension écologique. Cette dernière est rendue possible par l’émergence du sentiment de présence, la sensation « d’être là », phénomène au cœur des études in virtuo. Le présent tra-vail s’inscrit dans un cadre méthodologique et fondamental visant à faire avancer l’émergence d’un corps de connaissances sur la réalité virtuelle et son sentiment de présence. En effet, la compréhension globale de ce dernier demeure très limitée, notamment au regard de ses liens avec la performance en réalité virtuelle. Que ce soit dans un but de diagnostic ou d’investigation du comportement humain, la question de la relation entre sentiment de présence et performance est pourtant cruciale : si la présence favorise la performance, par exemple la performance à un test neuropsychologique, celle-ci devient un biais systématique inhérent à l’outil qu’il est néces-saire de contrôler pour toute expérimentation rigoureuse. Si cette question demeure peu étudiée dans la littérature c’est parce qu’elle est largement complexifiée par les interactions entre tout un ensemble de variables adjacentes – genre, cybermalaises, style cognitif, expérience des jeux vi-déo –, mais aussi parce que la performance peut prendre des myriades de formes différentes et qu’il est ainsi particulièrement ardu d’inférer une causalité directionnelle. Afin d’explorer cette question, le présent travail propose trois expérimentations sur trois différents types d’évaluation : fonctions exécutives, cognition spatiale, apprentissage sémantique. Les données ainsi recueillies font également l’objet d’analyses transversales destinées à comparer les expérimentations. En-semble, ces résultats semblent distinguer l’existence de deux composants de la réalité virtuelle. Le premier, le profil cognitif, est constitué par les facteurs humains individuels interagissant avec les facteurs systèmes – notamment le degré d’intégration de la tâche – pour moduler le deu-xième, l’expérience utilisateur. De cette expérience utilisateur dépendent le sentiment de pré-sence, la performance, mais aussi leur relation. Ce modèle, présenté en conclusion, est discuté au regard d’approches théoriques différentes de la cognition et permet de dresser une liste de recommandations et de perspectives pour les utilisateurs de la réalité virtuelle, notamment les possibilités d’estimer a priori l’expérience utilisateur d’un individu. / Virtual reality has emerged as a new paradigm for research and scientific applications. The ability of this technology to simulate complex custom-made situations offers researchers the opportunity to study behaviours with a laboratory methodological control and an ecological dimensions. The latter is made possible by the emergence of the feeling (or “sense”) of presence, the sensation of "being there", a phenomenon at the heart of in virtuo studies. The present work is part of a meth-odological and fundamental framework aimed at advancing the emergence of a body of knowledge on virtual reality and its sense of presence. The global understanding of the sense of presence remains very limited, especially with regard to its links with performance in virtual reality. Whether it is for diagnostic purposes or for the investigation of human behaviour, the question of the relationship between the sense of presence and performance is crucial: if presence promotes performance, for example by increasing scores during a neuropsychological test, it becomes a systematic bias inherent to the tool that must be controlled in any rigorous experiment. This ques-tion remains little studied in the literature, mostly because it is complexified by the interactions between a whole set of adjacent variables – gender, cybersickness, cognitive style, video game experience – but also because performance can take many different forms, making it particularly difficult to infer directional causality. In order to explore this question, the present work proposes three experiments on three different types of evaluation: executive functions, spatial cognition, semantic learning. The data collected in this way is also the object of transversal analyses de-signed to compare the experiments. Together, these results seem to suggest the existence of two components of virtual reality. The first, the cognitive profile, is made up of individual human factors interacting with system factors – notably the degree of integration of the task into the virtual envi-ronment – to build the second, the user experience. The sense of presence and performance, but also their relationship depends on the user experience. This model, presented in conclusion, is discussed with regard to different theoretical approaches to cognition, notably the ecological and computational theories. This discussion makes it possible to draw up a list of recommendations and perspectives for virtual reality users, including the possibilities of estimating a priori the user experience of an individual immersed in virtual reality.

本研究旨在探討如何設計以建構主義為基礎的網際網路合作學習環境，以研發二次函數網際網路課程，並藉由實驗研究法分析在網際網路合作學習情境中，不同的學習型態與認知風格對於學習成效之影響，最後以質性研究法探討學生合作互動歷程之認知模式及相關影響因素，並分析學生學習二次函數易犯之錯誤類型。 本研究使用之研究方法包括學習軟體研發、實驗研究法、問卷調查法、晤談法、及內容分析法。研究者首先研發及評量「二次函數網際網路課程」，並隨機選擇國民中學二年級學生60名為研究對象，依學習型態及學生認知風格分成內控單獨組、外控單獨組、內控合作組、外控合作組、內外控混合合作組等五組進行教學實驗。俟教學實驗後進行紙筆測驗、問卷調查、及晤談，研究者並搜集學生在電子白板上的對話進行內容分析。根據研究結果分析，本研究主要之結論如下： 一、網際網路合作學習環境有助於學生學習數學二次函數概念在網際網路合作學習環境中，提供合作的視覺學習環境，協助學習者多重轉化代數表徵成為幾何表徵的動態網頁，使學習者在不同條件脈絡中進行比較、反思，以了解二次函數中代數與幾何的關係，已有具體的教學成效。 二、 在網路學習環中，不同認知風格的學生在個別學習效果上有差異存在在網際網路個別學習環境中，內控組的學習成效顯著優於外控組。即在網際網路學習環境中，採用個別學習策略，具外控取向特質的學習者，學習成效不佳；而具內控取向特質的學習者，有較佳的學習成效。 三、在網路學習環境中，不同認知風格的學生在合作學習效果上未有顯著差異存在在網際網路合作學習環境中，內控合作組、外控合作組、及內外控混合合作組的學習成效無顯著差異。研究顯示透過合作學習可提升外控取向學習者的學習成效，淡化認知風格對學習者的影響。 四、 網際網路合作學習互動歷程為個人建構、群體澄清、知識重構、群體重構的認知改變模式在網際網路合作學習互動歷程中，個人先形成自我的知識概念，並將個人建構的基模公開呈現與他人分享，當個體的認知概念間產生差異時，合作群體間即產生質疑，並提出澄清，經澄清後合作群體彼此協商，重構知識、統合意見並產生共識，即成為合作小組的認知概念。 五、 同儕模式的網際網路合作學習方式缺少高支持性鷹架結構以同儕為基礎的網際網路合作學習環境中，因學生的先備知識不足及溝通技巧的缺乏，容易產生錯誤概念的學習及習得片斷的知識。是以，針對年齡小或能力低的學習者所設計的網際網路合作學習課程，教師的參與討論與互動是必要的，以能提供學習者高支持性鷹架結構。 六、 在網際網路合作學習環境的互動歷程中，外控取向學習者佈題的行為多於內控取向學習者研究中發現外控取向學習者佈題的行為多於內控取向學習者，內控取向學習者解題的行為多於外控取向學習者。 根據研究結果，本研究提出下列建議，以供教學者、教學媒體設計者、教育行政單位、及後續研究者之參考： 一、應整合學科專家、教育專家、電腦網路程式設計師、美術專業人士以研發更符合學習者需求的網路課程。 二、宜針對學習者特性提供不同的網路教學策略，使建構的網際網路課程更符合學習者的需求。 三、在網際網路合作學習環境中，課程設計應以討論情境、分享知識、及解決問題為主，始能提升合作成效。 四、宜訂定網路界面設計標準及評鑑指標，以做為網路課程發展的依據。 五、在網際網路合作學習環境中，教師應適度參與學生的討論活動，提供鷹架支持的功能。 六、應加強國家整體網路基礎建設，使能改善網路教學品質，提高學習成效。 / The Purpose of this study is threefold.　One is to explore how to design a quadratic function internet curriculum in the internet computer-based collaborative learning environment, based on constructivism. Second, learning effects of different learning styles and cognitive styles in the internet collaborative learning context are analyzed through empirical research methods. Third, the students' cognitive modes and other relative factors in the collaborative learning interaction process, as well as the students' frequent error types in learning quadratic functions, are identified and analyzed through qualitative research methods. The research methods adopted in this study include the development of learning software, empirical research methods, questionnaires, interviews, and content analysis. The researcher first developed and assessed the "internet curriculum of quadratic functions", and selected 60 second graders of a junior high school as research subjects, according to the students' learning and cognitive styles, and categorizing them into the group of internal locus of control with individual learning, the group of external locus of control with individual learning, the group of internal locus of control collaborative learning, the group of external locus of control with collaborative learning, and the group of mixing internal-external locus of control with collaborative learning to implement teaching experiments. After the experiments were finished, the research conducted a written test, questionnaire surveys, and interviews. Besides, the students' dialogue data on Bulletin Board System was collected and analyzed. Based on the analysis results of this study, the main conclusionsare as follows: 1. Internet collaborative learning environment facilitates students learning the concepts of quadratic functions. In the environment of the internet collaborative learning, interactive web pages provide visualized collaborative learning context, assist learners to transform algebraic representation into geometric representation, and give learners opportunities to compare and rethink in different conditions about the relations of algebra and geometry in quadratic functions.　All of which have been proved to have concrete learning effects. 2. In the environment of the internet learning, individual learning effect differences exist among students of different cognitive learning styles. In the environment of the internet individual learning, learning effects of the external control group are better than those of the internal control group. In other words, learners with external locus of control, using individual learning strategies do not have good learning effects.　However, learners with internal locus of control have better learning effects. 3. In the environment of the internet learning, there is no significant differences among students with different cognitive styles. In the environment of the internet collaborative learning, the learning effects among the group of internal locus of control collaborative learning, the group of external locus of control with collaborative learning, and the group of mixing internal-external locus of control with collaborative learning show no significant differences.　This study shows collaborative learning help improve the learning effects of learners with external locus of control, and ease the impacts of cognitive styles on learners. 4. The interaction process of the internet collaborative learning is a cognitive revolution of individual construction, group clarification, knowledge reconstruction, and group reconstruction. In the interaction process of the internet collaborative learning, individuals form self knowledge concepts, and shares their self-constructed sckema with other people. When individual cognitive differences occur, there will be questioning, clarifying, negotiating, reconstructing the knowledge, integratingopinions, and reaching common agreements, which will become the cognitive concepts of the collaborative group. 5. Peer collaborative learning on the internet lacks highly-supportive scaffolding structures. In the context of peer collaborative internet learning, it is easy for students to learn incorrect concepts and incomplete knowledge content, owning to their insufficient prior knowledge and communication skills. Therefore, in designing the internet collaborative learning curriculum for young or incompetent learners, it is a must to involve the teachers to join the discussion and interaction, in order to provide learners highly-supportive scaffolding structures. 6. In the interaction process of the internet collaborative learning, learners with external locus of control have more problem posing behaviors than those with internal locus of control. The study finds that learners with external locus of control have more problem posing behaviors than those with internal locus of control. On the other hand, learners with internal locus of control have more problem solving behaviors than those with external locus of control. Based on the research results, this study proposes the following suggestion for the reference of teachers, educational media designers, education admonitions, and future researchers: 1. Discipline experts, education experts, internet engineers, computer programmers, art designers should cooperate to develop the internet curricula which meet learners' needs more perfectly. 2. Different internet teaching strategies should be provided based on learners' characteristics, in order to make the constructed internet curricula meet learners' needs more perfectly. 3. In the environment of internet collaborative learning, syllabus design should be mainly on discussing situations, sharing knowledge, and solving problems, in order to facilitate collaboration effects. 4. It is better to set the internet interface design standards and evaluation indexes to provide a basis for the internet curricular development. 5. In the environment of the internet collaborative learning, teachers should attend students' discussions when needed, functioning as scaffolding support. 6. National Information Infrastructure should be improved to have higher internet learning quality and thus to enhance learning effects.